{"id":104795,"date":"2026-01-22T01:00:04","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T01:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=104795"},"modified":"2026-01-22T22:00:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T22:00:26","slug":"hien-huu-nhu-mot-su-bung-nhuy-dom-hoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/104795\/hien-huu-nhu-mot-su-bung-nhuy-dom-hoa","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec7n H\u1eefu, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1eebng nhu\u1ef5 \u0111\u01a1m hoa (*)"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2010, b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ebft, Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi, Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt, V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v.)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

*<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u2014m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb l\u1edbn lao, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft\u2014g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 cho nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y in s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c anh ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cD\u00f9 ph\u00f9 du \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, trong khi s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb n\u0103m l\u00ean n\u0103m, trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y Justiniano t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n De la Salle \u1edf Cochabamba, Bolivia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. G\u1ea7n b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn nh\u1edb r\u00f5 ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Nemo du h\u00e0nh hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f9ng d’Artagnan, Athos, Portos v\u00e0 Aramis ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111e d\u1ecda N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Richelieu b\u00ed \u1ea9n, hay lo\u1ea1ng cho\u1ea1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1ng ng\u1ea7m \u1edf Paris, h\u00f3a th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh Jean Valjean c\u00f5ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Marius tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n bi\u1ebft tha th\u1ee9; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim \u0111ang kh\u00f3c.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i cho \u0111\u00f4i tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129, \u0111\u01b0a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn tai c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia: nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u00e0ng th\u01a1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cVi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u2014m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn, n\u01a1i nam n\u1eef thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1ng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ef1 do, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh hay sao? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0] \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e9n l\u00fat v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u0111ang vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hay quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf: quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 man r\u1ee3 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho t\u00ednh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng [Borges] l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u1eef v\u0103n, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, hay th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u00e0n l\u00e2m hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khoe khoang s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Borges v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u00fang c\u00e2u truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc m\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ri\u00eang. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Borges th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f4i khi mang t\u00ednh trang tr\u00ed, \u0111\u00f4i khi mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i Borges m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, mang ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho ta m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian. Trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng ta, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng cho ta g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o; v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trung th\u1ef1c khi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu \u0111ang vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng, r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u2014ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. T\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1eabn d\u1eaft sai l\u1ec7ch. K\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o b\u1edfi tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00f4i \u0111ang vi\u1ebft. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 sai ch\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong c\u00e1i m\u00ea cung n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, \u0111i qua, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111i. N\u00f3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra cho ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u00e0y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta v\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1edd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, v\u00e0 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, linh h\u1ed3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a hay c\u00e1i v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 qua l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi lui c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u00ednh.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Khi ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ng\u1ea7m n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1t ra hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u2014n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2014v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 ta khao kh\u00e1t, trong khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 trong s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t, h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu xu\u1ea9n.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta h\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, th\u00f3i quen, phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn chia r\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cho th\u1eddi gian, cho kh\u00f4ng gian, v\u00e0 cho tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u [1]<\/sup> n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0. Khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1eddi gian trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, hay s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00f4i mi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng, \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1edb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i\u2014ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y m\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1edbt l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i h\u01a1n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i khi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1eb7c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u00e0o, ngay c\u1ea3 khi tho\u00e1ng qua, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n lang thang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt, v\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Machiguengas [2]<\/sup> v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i (kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i).\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xa x\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu [gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng] \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, th\u00ec [nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf] v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1edd \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng khao kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 mong m\u1ecfi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ng\u00e0y nay \u00edt t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Esquisse de Paul Klee<\/strong> (Ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Paul Klee<\/em>)<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

\u201c[H]\u01b0 c\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m s\u1eafc b\u00e9n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hoang d\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, co c\u1ee5m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec bao quanh, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ta ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho ch\u00fang. V\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m kh\u00e1t khao, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111i th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[S]\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ta n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, \u00edt ra ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc hay t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCh\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, \u00edt b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n h\u01a1n, ngoan ngo\u00e3n ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u2014\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u2014th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u ra \u0111\u1eddi: \u0111\u1ec3, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, tho\u00e1ng qua, b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eeba th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eeba phi th\u1ef1c, v\u1eeba l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eeba ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, v\u1eeba cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa, tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hay, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c\u2014d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng\u2014\u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ea1y b\u1ea1n y\u00eau v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o kinh ho\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn gi\u1eefa v\u00f4 v\u00e0n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng: s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m b\u00ean trong, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra cho m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, hay t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua n\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cK\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby, thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a anh ta.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam c\u1ea9n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd ngh\u00e8o \u0111i, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m vui\u2026 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ma qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, l\u00fac c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u00e0y ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c khu\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cVi\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u00e9o t\u00e0n tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i sinh ch\u00fang? May m\u1eafn thay, nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y lu\u00f4n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 noi theo. Flaubert d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Faulkner d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c\u2014c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac\u2014n\u00e2ng cao ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. Martorell, Cervantes, Dickens, Balzac, Tolstoy, Conrad, Thomas Mann d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u1ec1 v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n. Sartre d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, hay m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Camus v\u00e0 Orwell d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 Malraux d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed thi v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Argonauts, Odyssey v\u00e0 Iliad.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00f4i m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u1ed7i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, quy\u1ec1n uy, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay, \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt huy ho\u00e0ng, m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch, trong b\u00ed m\u1eadt, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi du m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i h\u01b0 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ra, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh khi t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng ho\u1eb7c g\u1ee5c ng\u00e3, b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m, l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n d\u1ea1t v\u00e0o b\u1edd.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 [vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft] r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i m\u00e1u, v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00ea li\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9c t\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ee9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ban ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m t\u1ebb n\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng ma th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. ‘Vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng,’ Flaubert \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. V\u00e2ng, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y trong \u0111\u1ea7u anh, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi anh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00fang, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 s\u0103n \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i con m\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i b\u00e0o v\u00e0 xoa d\u1ecbu c\u01a1n th\u00e8m \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0, khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean, n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng m\u1ecdi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111ang th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn, khi n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c\u2014\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef anh y\u00eau trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, l\u1ea1i d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ed cho m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u? \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t minh ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do, \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng hay \u0111\u00e1ng khinh, h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng hay \u00edch k\u1ef7, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi v\u1ea5n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 theo t\u00f4i n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u1ed1i xay gi\u00f3\u2014s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf \u1ea3o di\u1ec7u l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u00edt, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1ch r\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i: anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a anh ta thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0, d\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00edt h\u01a1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng ‘\u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3\u2019, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd chia s\u1ebb, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c ti ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n cao l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c. H\u01b0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9ng \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u ra \u0111\u1eddi: \u0111\u1ec3, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, tho\u00e1ng qua, b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eeba l\u00e0 phi th\u1ef1c, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u k\u1ef3 th\u00fa.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00ec tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed3i.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u00edt nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh khi b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm ch\u00fang ta trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1eeb trong n\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft l\u1ea1i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p n\u00f3 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n d\u00f5i theo nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft nguy c\u01a1 khi cho ph\u00e9p tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lang thang t\u1ef1 do trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi trong ch\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 u t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111ang r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. D\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng, bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng, khi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111ang truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n cu\u1ed9c sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f3 b\u1ecb thao t\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u00edt s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 cai ng\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau song s\u1eaft, h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cCh\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m kinh nghi\u1ec7m chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00fat lui v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. H\u01b0 c\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u do cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1t nh\u1ebdo v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u1eeb hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi, t\u1eeb g\u1eady g\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang ta khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u00f4n m\u00ea, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, s\u1ef1 cam ch\u1ecbu. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec gieo r\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n, l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1edd v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, th\u00eam v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea l\u1edbn lao m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd trao cho ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ecb l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t v\u00e0, do l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n nghi v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u00e0 ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, khi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1eeba t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 t\u1eed v\u1eeba t\u00ednh v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n tr\u1eeb gi\u1ea3m b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1ea3m b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0, may m\u1eafn thay, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n k\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00e0o m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1edf th\u00edch, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao, m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed th\u00fa v\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bao tr\u00f9m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n bi\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft: \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a tay ngh\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u m\u00e0, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c trong bao l\u00e2u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 chi\u1ebfm tr\u1ecdn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i s\u00e1n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cV\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady, l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, gi\u1eef cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cM\u1ecdi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang; kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5y trang m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t n\u00fat th\u1eaft b\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u1eafn k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng [c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia] khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd khao kh\u00e1t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3, s\u1ef1 nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng \u00edch k\u1ef7 hay s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho.\u201d<\/p>\n

BVP<\/strong> tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0
\nTustin Ranch, Calif.
\n<\/em>Th\u00e1ng XI. 2025<\/p>\n

(*)\u00a0 T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i l\u00e0 do d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch v\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Mario Vargas Llosa. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

[1]\u00a0 Ch\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nguy\u00ean v\u0103n, l\u00e0 “Voragine”. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u00dd v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u, v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t xo\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc hay d\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c chao \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

[2]\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Machiguenga (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Matsigenka) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng r\u1eadm cao tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Andes v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng r\u1eadm l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Amazon thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng nam Peru\u2026 H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Machiguenga ng\u00e0y nay theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o), nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung h\u1ecd v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt linh. Linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u00e1c qu\u1ef7 chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui v\u00e0 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Mario Vargas Llosa, Nobel V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2010, b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ebft, Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi, Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt, V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v.)
\n\u201cNh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d
\n\u201c\u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u2014m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2087,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,288],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104795","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dich-thuat","category-tuy-luan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104795","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2087"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=104795"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104795\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":104813,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104795\/revisions\/104813"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=104795"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=104795"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=104795"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}