<\/b><\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Minh M\u1ea1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng: hai c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c Anh, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n: xin bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, xin m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ebfm, xin c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha), ho\u1eb7c xin t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o…, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u0103m d\u1ecda s\u1ebd \u0111em qu\u00e2n tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea9y ra t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1802, khi vua Gia Long l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec (1802-1819). Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tham v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, khi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n Qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd trong cu\u1ed1n Cours d’histoire annamite (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam)<\/i> <\/i>l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o vua Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t t\u00e0n \u00e1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n: chi\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i ch\u00e1u, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh trong tri\u1ec1u[1]<\/a>, b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng <\/i>(kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o-gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o,<\/i> n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i “can thi\u1ec7p” v\u00e0o[2]<\/a> . H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh m\u1ee5c Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet v\u1ebd th\u00eam ch\u00e2n r\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean vua l\u00e0 \u00abb\u1ea1o ch\u00faa N\u00e9ron c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00bb trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch La Cochinchine Religieuse <\/i>(\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam)<\/i>, in n\u0103m 1885, ra \u0111\u1eddi sau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd s\u00e1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n Nh\u1edd hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u00abs\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c\u00bb c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. Tr\u00ean Internet, Wikip\u00e9dia ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft: \u00ab\u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m <\/i>[c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c Minh M\u1ea1ng] l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed t\u1eed Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Marchand\u00bb<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb vua th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n T\u1eeb s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/b><\/p>\n Vua Gia Long m\u1ea5t v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh th\u1ee7y th\u0169ng [ph\u00f9 th\u0169ng] ng\u00e0y 3-2-1820. Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, n\u0103m 29 tu\u1ed5i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi uy\u00ean-th\u00e2m nho h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 v\u0103n t\u00e0i, c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m cai tr\u1ecb, t\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n t\u00ednh cha, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, c\u00e1c quan trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p: Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier, hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m quan trong tri\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n V\u00ec s\u1ee3 Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb khi \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, n\u00ean n\u0103m 1819, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette v\u00e0 Vannier \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, t\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c de la Bissach\u00e8re, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “chuy\u00ean gia” v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c Baroudel, th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n tu vi\u1ec7n Macao, l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho Chi Dam<\/i> (Th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0110\u1edfm, t\u1ee9c Minh M\u1ea1ng sau n\u00e0y) v\u00e0 Chi Dai<\/i> (em \u00fat c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng) “c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1eddi chung v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa, th\u1ec1 sau khi cha ch\u1ebft, s\u1ebd “t\u00e0n s\u00e1t” \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y.<\/i>“[3]<\/a><\/p>\n X\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i, l\u1eddi \u00abth\u1ec1\u00bb n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, v\u00ec th\u1ec1 <\/i>l\u00e0 l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1i cao, mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c ra l\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 th\u1ed1t?<\/p>\n M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris do de la Bissach\u00e8re<\/i>[4]<\/a> <\/i>qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u00e0 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd hai vua Gia Long v\u00e0 Quang Trung, b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u00abth\u00f4ng tin\u00bb kh\u1ea3 nghi n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 Louvet, vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 vua.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, XVIII v\u00e0 XIX, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ec1u cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Inocent X (1644-1655) ra n\u0103m 1645, c\u1ea5m Nghi L\u1ec5 Trung hoa <\/i>(Les Rites Chinoises) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tam gi\u00e1o <\/i>(Ph\u1eadt, Kh\u1ed5ng, L\u00e3o) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/i>, l\u00e0 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Tuy v\u1eady, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n \u1ede Nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y 15-8-1549, khi linh m\u1ee5c Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 Muromachi (1336-1573), \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i t\u1eed t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a b\u1ecf hoang, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u01b0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n Sau 17 th\u00e1ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, cha Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier thu ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 12.000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n[6]<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa, n\u00ean \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sang T\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00fac \u00e2m. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 9-1552, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o Sancian (Shangchuan), c\u00e1ch Macao kho\u1ea3ng 100 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 t\u00e2y nam, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u00e0o l\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng ba th\u00e1ng sau \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi (ng\u00e0y 3-12-1552), sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Th\u00e1nh Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier. \u0110\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, t\u1eeb 1569 \u0111\u1ebfn 1614, cho n\u00ean khi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7y tu \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, tr\u1ed1n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 la tinh do h\u1ecd t\u00ecm ra, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00edch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Theo Sylvie Morishita, n\u0103m 1614, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu ban h\u00e0nh d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1edbi 1873, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ba \u0111i\u1ec3m: c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt trong v\u00f2ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1620, Nh\u1eadt \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1855-1860, khi Nh\u1eadt m\u1edf c\u1eeda, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf ba n\u01a1i: Hakodate, Yokohama v\u00e0 Nagasaki.[7]<\/b><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea5m gi\u00e1o s\u0129, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1eabn tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm. Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 de la Bissach\u00e8re (1764-1830), th\u00e1ng 3-1790 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc H\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh, gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ec7 An, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Quang Trung, vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/i> b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Quang Trung (1788-1792) v\u00e0 Gia Long (1802-1809) th\u1eadm t\u1ec7[8]<\/a>. N\u0103m 1802, khi Gia Long l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e1nh ra B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 7-1802, \u0111\u1ebfn Ngh\u1ec7 An, de la Bissach\u00e8re v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Castorie [La Mothe] (1751-1816) cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y B\u1eafc H\u00e0 ra ch\u00e0o. N\u0103m 1806, Bissach\u00e8re b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao, r\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1815, v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abchuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng\u00bb cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Louis XVIII. Bissach\u00e8re m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1830[9]<\/a><\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd vua Gia Long v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re,<\/i> in n\u0103m 1810, \u1edf Paris, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1815, khi Bissach\u00e8re tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abchuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng\u00bb.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n L\u00fd do c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o: ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m<\/b><\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ngo\u00e0i l\u00fd do b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh.<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1eeb khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1802, vua Gia Long v\u1eabn lo ng\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n, n\u00ean lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o “bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n”.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> ghi, n\u0103m 1803 “H\u1ed3ng Mao sai s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt, d\u00e2ng bi\u1ec3u xin l\u1eadp ph\u1ed1 bu\u00f4n \u1edf Tr\u00e0 S\u01a1n dinh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam. Vua n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng :”H\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i quan y\u1ebfu, sao l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c! Kh\u00f4ng cho. Sai tr\u1ea3 v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 <\/i>“[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1804, Anh l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt, xin th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Vua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng cho. Sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xin hai ba l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n Kergariou, thuy\u1ec1n tru\u1edfng t\u1ea7u Cyb\u00e8le c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1817: “\u00d4ng <\/i>[vua Gia Long] r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, lo ng\u1ea1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch mua l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>“[12]<\/a><\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft s\u01a1 s\u00e0i. Andr\u00e9 Salles, Thanh tra thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (Inspecteur des colonies) v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, trong cu\u1ed1n Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau et sa famille<\/i> [Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/i>][13]<\/a>, vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00abTh\u00e1ng 9 v\u00e0 10-1803, t\u1ea7u Anh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ty Anh \u1ea4n (Compagnie des Indes Britaniques), gh\u00e9 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. Chaingeau v\u00e0 Vannier \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ra ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Anh l\u00e0<\/i> <\/i>Roberts nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u01b0, d\u1ecbch th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong khi vua \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u1edf B\u1eafc ch\u01b0a v\u1ec1. T\u1ea7u Anh \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 gan l\u00ec \u0111\u1ee3i, ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 h\u1eadu \u00fd; m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tin cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea5t C\u00f9 Lao Ch\u00e0m c\u00e1ch H\u1ed9i An 2 h\u1ea3i l\u00fd. M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng sau, t\u1ea7u v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eadu \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ed5 neo ng\u00e0y 14-8-1804. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 trao cho s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vua m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, x\u1ea5c x\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong t\u1eadp \u00abLe Receuil de Saigon\u00bb, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/i>: “H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o cho B\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu ng\u00e0i cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Anh, m\u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111i\u1ebfm hay d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec, th\u00ec ng\u00e0i n\u00ean coi r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 chu\u1ed1c m\u1ed1i h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh.<\/b><\/i>“[14]<\/a><\/p>\n K\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1 g\u00ec, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (tuy ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t, Anh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Amiens ng\u00e0y 25-3-1802).<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vua Gia Long quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb1ng sau sau “s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n” l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vua c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p xin th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p qua B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng vua ng\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu cho ph\u00e9p Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1812, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Anh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, \u1edf l\u1ea1i 15 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00ab\u0111\u00f2i n\u1ee3\u00bb s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 300.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng cho h\u00e3ng bu\u00f4n Anh l\u00e0 Abbott v\u00e0 Maitland<\/i>, \u1edf Madras (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9), nh\u01b0ng vua Gia Long \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 bi\u00ean lai ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn; thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Anh ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ed5 neo \u0111i nh\u01b0ng h\u0103m d\u1ecda r\u1eb1ng “S\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i n\u1ee3 v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi”. <\/i>V\u00ec th\u1ebf vua Gia Long chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, cho x\u00e2y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t, vua d\u1eb7n con ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea3 Anh l\u1eabn Ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch nhau, n\u1ebfu cho Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec Anh s\u1ebd ganh t\u1ef5 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00e1c t\u1ea7u T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1eadu \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o, tr\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng,<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, trong khi t\u1ea7u b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do \u1edf m\u1ecdi h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/b><\/p>\n Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 29 tu\u1ed5i, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, vua c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n, ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp binh m\u00e3, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00absai x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp c\u1eeda H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n <\/i>[n\u0103m B\u00ednh Tu\u1ea5t (1826)]… Ng\u1ea1ch <\/i>[B\u1eadc c\u1eeda] tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ebft ba ch\u1eef H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n quan[17]<\/b><\/a><\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng cho x\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0i ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i canh g\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng v\u1ec1 kinh \u0111\u00f4, n\u00ean khi T\u01b0\u1edbng Rigault de Genouilly chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Hu\u1ebf (1858) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn: “H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n, h\u1ecd \u0111i ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef”<\/i><\/b>[18]<\/b><\/i><\/a>, <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 ban ra.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, Minh M\u1ea1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Gia Long:t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ra v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/i> Nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ec1n t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed7 \u1edf v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 thu\u1ebf cho m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ea3i quan c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ghi trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, <\/i>nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n: \u00abvua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng\u00bb, v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft: cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1847, khi t\u1ea7u h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eadu \u1edf v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf \u0111i, vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0o<\/i>.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1858, sau khi li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p-T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edbi ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m t\u1ea7u T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i>.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ra v\u00e0o c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng<\/i>, ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng<\/i>, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1832, vua g\u1eedi L\u00fd V\u0103n Ph\u1ee9c \u0111i L\u1eef T\u1ed1ng (Lucon hay Luzon, \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Y Pha Nho t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1571) v\u00e0 g\u1eedi Phan Huy Ch\u00fa \u0111i Batavia (Djakarta), khi v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n H\u1ea3i Tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng H\u1ea1 ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1833, Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1eed L\u00fd V\u0103n Ph\u1ee9c \u0111i T\u00e2n Gia Ba (Singapour).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1840, vua c\u1eed m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, khi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1941, vua \u0111\u00e3 b\u0103ng ng\u00e0y 20-1-1841.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/b><\/p>\n Khi m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1825, Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 6, khi t\u00e0u Th\u00e9tis \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ch\u1edf gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Rogerot tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, vua m\u1edbi ra d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng Nam. <\/b><\/p>\n D\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, ra th\u00e1ng 2-1825<\/b>, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/b>, \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00abC\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7u T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cha c\u1ed1 \u1edf trong v\u00f9ng <\/i>[Qu\u1ea3ng Nam] n\u00e0y. <\/i><\/p>\n C\u00e1c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7, l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy \u0111\u1ed3i phong t\u1ee5c. Ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecda cho qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n sao? V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00ecu d\u1eaft d\u00e2n ta v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo.<\/i>\u00bb<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n cho quan Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam:<\/p>\n \u00abKhi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i canh g\u00e1c c\u1ea9n m\u1eadt c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn t\u1ea7u, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 thu\u1ef7, b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 cha c\u1ed1 T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o l\u00e9n l\u00fat tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o, l\u1ea9n trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, gieo r\u1eafc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ngu mu\u1ed9i, \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc…\u00bb<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n Minh M\u1ea1ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6, ng\u00e0y 1, tu\u1ea7n tr\u0103ng 1 <\/i>(th\u00e1ng 2-1825)[19]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu<\/b><\/p>\n Khi Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1o s\u0129 nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh; tuy v\u1eady c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1eabn v\u00e0o l\u1eadu. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier, tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh, sau \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m quan trong tri\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1820, khi Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, vua bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng l\u1edd \u0111i.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u00e0u Larose:<\/i> Chaigneau xin ph\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec9, r\u1ed3i \u0111i t\u1ea7u Larose tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00e0u r\u1eddi Bordeaux ng\u00e0y 1-12-1820, \u0111\u1ebfn Hu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y 17-5-1821, \u0111em theo 4 gi\u00e1o s\u0129: Ollivier, G\u00e9land, Taberd, Gagelin<\/i>. (G\u00e9land ch\u1ebft trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i). Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf qua, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Chaigneau k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho de la Bissach\u00e8re ng\u00e0y 1-1-1823, nh\u01b0 sau: \u00abLinh m\u1ee5c Th\u1eadt (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t), th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c con t\u00f4i, sau b\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i: \u1ede Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1821, \u0111i t\u1ea7u Larose, \u0111em theo ba gi\u00e1o s\u0129: Ollivier, Taberd v\u00e0 Gagelin. Ba b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y sau h\u1ecd l\u00ean b\u1ed9, “m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ea5u k\u1ef9 trong m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf”, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u00bb[20]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 3-1822, t\u1ea7u Cl\u00e9op\u00e2tre b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Imbert l\u00ean b\u1edd, Chaigneau t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft. Tuy \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb Paris ng\u00e0y 27-6-1822, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng “\u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb quan lo vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u00e3 sang \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p”. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Chaigneau \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 sang t\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, theo l\u1eddi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 9-12-1822, linh m\u1ee5c Taberd vi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n: “Hai \u00f4ng n\u00e0y <\/i>[Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier] ch\u00e1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ed3i, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p”.<\/i> Chaigneau c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft cho linh m\u1ee5c Baroudel ng\u00e0y 23-5-1823: “T\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y t\u1ea7u Larose v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p trong k\u1ef3 gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a s\u1eafp t\u1edbi<\/i>“.<\/p>\n Khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labarlette t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, ng\u00e0y 6-8-1823, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1m, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho hai \u00f4ng th\u00eam bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3[21]<\/a><\/p>\n Trong th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 1-11-1823 g\u1eedi Bissach\u00e8re, Chaigneau vi\u1ebft: “T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u1eefa \u1edf c\u00e1i x\u1ee9 th\u1ed5 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y (ce maudit pays). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t kh\u00f9ng.” [22]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 10-1824, Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier xin ngh\u1ec9. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y 8-10. Ng\u00e0y 11-10 vua Minh M\u1ea1ng cho hai \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p danh d\u1ef1. Ng\u00e0y 25-10 b\u00e1n nh\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y 15-11 hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1eddi Hu\u1ebf, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/p>\n Andr\u00e9 Salles thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 th\u1ebf? R\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p: V\u00ec “Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho Chaigneau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i khay tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y l\u1ee5a, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eaft c\u1ed5”. <\/i><\/p>\n Salles mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec b\u1ecb vua Minh M\u1ea1ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1eed (tam ban tri\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3n) <\/i>n\u00ean Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier ph\u1ea3i v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng r\u1eddi Hu\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Salles l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi c\u00e1i \u00abx\u1ee9 th\u1ed5 t\u1ea3\u00bb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p cho nhanh.<\/p>\n R\u1ed3i v\u00e0i trang sau, Salles k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: Th\u00e1ng 10-1827, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi cho Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 d\u00e0i (vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 24-12-1826) v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh men Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, khi\u1ebfn hai b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Lorient th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c.[23]<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng Salles v\u1eabn cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00abth\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n\u00bb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 t\u1eed t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch vua: trong th\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Chaigneau, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ecdn hai ch\u1eef Ch\u01b0\u1edfng C\u01a1. N\u0103m 1830, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p b\u00e3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u c\u1ee7a Chaigneau. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Lorient ng\u00e0y 31-1-1832, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 63[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Chuy\u1ec7n Chaigneau cho ta th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chung: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i, v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 khi v\u1ec1, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3i, qu\u00e0 c\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Ph\u00e1p) thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng, lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch m\u1ec9a mai, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o, tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c vua v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd<\/b><\/p>\n Jean-Louis Taberd, sinh ng\u00e0y 18-6-1794, t\u1ea1i Saint-\u00c9tienne (Loire), th\u1ee5 linh m\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y 27-7-1817, l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 t\u1ebf \u1edf Montluel (Ain) v\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u00e1o khu Saint-Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e, Lyon. \u0110i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 7-11-1820, th\u0103ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Isauropolis v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a Nam H\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 18-9-1827, th\u1ee5 phong t\u1ea1i Bangkok ng\u00e0y 30-5-1830. N\u0103m 1838, gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a v\u00f9ng Bengale, qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Calcutta ng\u00e0y 31-7-1840.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n Taberd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1820 \u0111\u1ebfn 1837, s\u1ed1ng 17 n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Minh M\u1ea1ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1825, th\u00eam hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Jaccard v\u00e0 R\u00e9gereau v\u00e0o l\u1eadu. Jaccard tr\u1ed1n ra B\u1eafc. Th\u00e1ng 1-1825 R\u00e9gereau \u0111i t\u1ea7u Th\u00e9tis v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o, b\u1ecb truy n\u00e3, tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o Nam, r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i Singapour, hai n\u0103m sau m\u1edbi v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n V\u1ee5 R\u00e9gereau, khi\u1ebfn vua Minh M\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, x\u1ea9y ra th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1825, vua ra ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 cho quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/i> n\u00e0o l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o<\/i>. Tuy v\u1eady t\u1eeb 1825 \u0111\u1ebfn 1830 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 6 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1ecdt: Noblet, Bringole, Cuenot, Marchand, Mialon v\u00e0 Viale.<\/i> N\u0103m 1827, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a, ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng 5 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1823.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Taberd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u01b0 n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft \u1edf Hu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y 28-2-1828:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00ab… (L\u00ea-Van-Duyet) h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 (\u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n) duy nh\u1ea5t y\u00eau qu\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pigneau <\/i>[B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c] v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta <\/i>[Ph\u00e1p]. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Vua s\u1ee3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a vua n\u00e0y <\/i>[Minh M\u1ea1ng], b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng vua qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 <\/i>[Gia Long] nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean <\/i>[…]<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y <\/i>[L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t] v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u00f4ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i B\u1eafc H\u00e0. Khi nghe k\u1ec3, \u00f4ng k\u00eau l\u00ean: \u00abTa ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec h\u1ebft c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?… Nh\u00e0 vua chi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed9ng b\u1ecdn s\u01b0 m\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecdn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap g\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y? Nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u01a1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta c\u01a1m g\u1ea1o khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, cho ch\u00fang ta qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, khi ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 che th\u00e2n… Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec1n bao nhi\u00eau \u01a1n hu\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau b\u1ed9i b\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 … Ta s\u1ebd ra Hu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta\u00bb<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai ra Hu\u1ebf v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c trong th\u00e1ng 12-1827.<\/i><\/p>\n Trong l\u00fac t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 n\u00e0y cho \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y… T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai l\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu…\u00bb[26]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ghi r\u00f5 Taberd vi\u1ebft cho ai, nh\u01b0ng cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u, nh\u01b0: Nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u01a1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta c\u01a1m g\u1ea1o khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, cho ch\u00fang ta qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, khi ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 che th\u00e2n<\/b>” <\/i>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f9ng chi c\u1ea3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 Histoire de la Mission de Cochinchine, 1658-1823<\/i> (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, 1658-1823) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Andrien Launay, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n: C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta <\/i>[ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t] c\u01a1m g\u1ea1o khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, cho ch\u00fang ta qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, khi ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 che th\u00e2n\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Taberd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 khen ng\u1ee3i L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t. Ho\u00e0ng Cao Kh\u1ea3i c\u0169ng v\u00e0o b\u00e8 Taberd, vinh th\u0103ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 kinh d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u0103m 1827, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 kinh d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi uy\u00ean th\u00e2m nho h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a vua r\u1ea5t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c: \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o t\u00f9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n N\u0103m \u0110inh H\u1ee3i (1827) Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 8, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> ch\u00e9p:<\/p>\n “B\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n <\/i>[Marchand] l\u00e0m Ch\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch ty H\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n, T\u00e2y Ho\u00e0i Hoa <\/i>[Taberd hay Odorio?] v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ho\u00e0i H\u00f3a <\/i>[Gagelin] l\u00e0m T\u00f2ng th\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch ty H\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi 20 quan ti\u1ec1n, 4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u01a1ng, 1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea1o tr\u1eafng, sai ph\u1ee7 Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean tr\u00f4ng coi, c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. (B\u1ecdn Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00ean h\u1ecd vua cho)”.[27]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd g\u1eedi th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n Hu\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y 20-2-1828<\/i><\/p>\n “Trong th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1826, vua g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u00f4i \u1edf ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 kinh, \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf hai \u00f4ng Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch, vua cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ba thoi b\u1ea1c l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ph\u00ed, n\u1ebfu ai tr\u1ed1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i. \u1ede B\u1eafc H\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai ra tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n. \u1ede \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai <\/i>[S\u00e0i G\u00f2n], quan C\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/i>[L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t] ph\u00e1i \u00f4ng R\u00e9gereau \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00f4ng nom tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u00f4ng Gagelin, cha Odorico<\/i>[28]<\/b><\/i><\/a> v\u00e0 t\u00f4i <\/i>[Taberd] v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, vua c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ki\u1ebft l\u1ef5 t\u1eeb 15 th\u00e1ng nay, \u1ed1m g\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong x\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. Hai l\u1ea7n vua g\u1eedi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9 <\/i>[1827] ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft vua mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec: ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Vua g\u1eedi cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea9m h\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbc quan, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 xin vua cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. Ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn tay vua hay kh\u00f4ng. R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi vua v\u00ec c\u00e1c quan r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 \u00f4ng. Vua<\/i> mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>… “[29]<\/a><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Taberd ki\u00ean tr\u00ec trong v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u: t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1ec7nh vua, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p thanh tr\u1eebng. <\/p>\n V\u00e0 ta th\u1ea5y: Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n <\/i>t\u1ee9c <\/i>Marchand, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t, phong l\u00e0m Ch\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch ty H\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n. <\/i>Sau n\u00e0y Marchand s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lo\u1ea1n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 4-1833, L\u00ea Duy L\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e2n danh con ch\u00e1u nh\u00e0 L\u00ea, kh\u1edfi lo\u1ea1n \u1edf B\u1eafc, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n m\u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 L\u00ea m\u1edbi, theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 5-1833, L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, con nu\u00f4i L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, kh\u1edfi lo\u1ea1n trong Nam, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n do linh m\u1ee5c Marchand ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t “n\u01b0\u1edbc” \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1832: nguy\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 quan cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ec9nh Phan An (t\u1ee9c Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh), c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh B\u1ea1ch Xu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean t\u00e0n \u00e1c, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i b\u1ecdn b\u00e0y t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Duy\u1ec7t, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, con nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Duy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u1edbi b\u1ecdn l\u00ednh H\u1ed3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> v\u00e0 B\u1eafc thu\u1eadn<\/i>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i pham \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0o Nam l\u00e0m l\u00ednh, \u0111\u00eam 18 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m Qu\u00ed T\u1ef5 (5-7-1833), Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 14, Kh\u00f4i c\u00f9ng 27 l\u00ednh H\u1ed3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> v\u00e0o dinh quan b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 B\u1ea1ch Xu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean. T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Qu\u1ebf \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4i t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i<\/i>, \u0111\u1eb7t quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1u t\u1ec9nh Nam k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o d\u1eb9p, g\u1ed3m: c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng T\u1ed1ng Ph\u00fac L\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m tham t\u00e1n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Phan V\u0103n Th\u00fay v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n N\u0103ng, th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 binh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh, trung qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, Kh\u00f4i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i, thu qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh Phan An, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 v\u00e0 sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang Xi\u00eam c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n. Qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam chia l\u00e0m 5 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 sang \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ta: \u0110\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee7y binh, h\u01a1n 100 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1ed9 binh, \u0111\u00e1nh Nam Vang (Pnom Penh) r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c v\u00e0 An Giang, \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e1nh Cam L\u1ed9 [Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb], \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh Cam C\u00e1t, Cam M\u00f4n [Ngh\u1ec7 An], \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1nh Tr\u1ea5n Ninh.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n, ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam \u1edf m\u1eb7t Nam. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec3n ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n L\u00e0o \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea5n Ninh. Th\u00e0nh Phan An t\u1ee9c Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh do L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t x\u00e2y to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ong (n\u0103m 1830) th\u00e0nh cao, h\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng, r\u1ea5t ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 n\u1ed5i. Quan qu\u00e2n thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c d\u1eb9p b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u00ednh vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u201ccu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn\u201d. Quan qu\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh Phan An, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00ec lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 v\u00e2y ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh: nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1eadt, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m \u1ea4t M\u00f9i (th\u00e1ng 9-1835) vua Minh M\u1ea1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1ed5ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n Gi\u1edd th\u00ecn, ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m \u1ea4t M\u00f9i (8-9-1835): c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n, Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu T\u00e2m, c\u00e1c Tham t\u00e1n H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Khu\u00ea, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Tr\u00ed, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Hoan, T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ecdng, Kh\u00e2m ph\u00e1i Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c L\u00e3nh binh Mai C\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4n, L\u00ea S\u00e1ch, Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Th\u0103ng, chia l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o, l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh. B\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e9m 1832 lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n. Tin th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Kinh, vua m\u1eebng l\u1eafm. L\u00e0m th\u01a1, khao qu\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1edbng.[30]<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> ghi:<\/p>\n \u201cS\u00e1u t\u00ean gi\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ngh\u1ecbch <\/b><\/i>[ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u] Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Ch\u1eafm c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi L\u00ea B\u00e1 Minh, \u0110\u1ed7 V\u0103n D\u1ef1, L\u01b0u T\u00edn, Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n <\/b>v\u00e0 con L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i l\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Vi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i mau mau t\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o c\u0169i s\u1eaft, ph\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn Kinh [\u2026] C\u00f2n l\u0169 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c ng\u1ee5y <\/i>[\u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hay m\u1ed9t l\u00e0ng] v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3ng ng\u1ee5y theo gi\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 n\u0103m, khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n gan \u00f3c l\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft [\u2026] V\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e3y tra r\u00f5 ngay qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n nh\u1eefng t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c gi\u1eb7c, \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 x\u00e9t, r\u1ed3i sau s\u1ebd g\u1ed9p v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 c\u1ea3, v\u1ee3 l\u1ebd, con trai, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecbch Kh\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u0103ng tr\u00ec x\u1eed t\u1eed m\u00e0 qu\u0103ng xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. [\u2026] C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3ng gi\u1eb7c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 trai, g\u00e1i, gi\u00e0, tr\u1ebb, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n tra r\u00f5 qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7u ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u1edf c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i d\u1eb7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sau, v\u1ee9t th\u00e2y x\u00e1c xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh g\u00f2 to tr\u00ean d\u1ef1ng bia kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef \u201cngh\u1ecbch t\u1eb7c bi\u1ec1n tru x\u1ee9\u201d(ch\u1ed7 ngh\u1ecbch t\u1eb7c ch\u1ee5m \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf r\u00f5 ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 h\u1ec3 h\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d<\/i>.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n S\u00e1u \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c: Sau khi b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u0103ng tr\u00ec, \u201c\u0110\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecbch Minh, ngh\u1ecbch T\u00edn, ngh\u1ecbch D\u1ef1 v\u00e0 V\u0103n Vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e3y gi\u00e3 nh\u1ecf, cho v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 x\u00ed. \u0110\u1ea7u ngh\u1ecbch Kh\u00f4i <\/i>[con L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i], ngh\u1ecbch Ch\u1eafm, ngh\u1ecbch Du \u0111\u01b0a kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb ra B\u1eafc, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam v\u00e0o Nam, c\u0169ng treo l\u00ean s\u00e0o cao b\u00eau ba ng\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, gi\u00e3 nh\u1ecf, cho v\u00e0o h\u1ed1 x\u00ed\u201d[32]<\/b><\/a><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n<\/i><\/b>, t\u1ee9c C\u1ed1 Du, t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 M\u00e3 Song (Marchand) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ban ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n, c\u1ee1i voi t\u1ea9u tho\u00e1t, trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Marchand b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u0103ng tr\u00ec c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 5 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, v\u1eeba d\u1eb9p lo\u1ea1n, trong ba n\u0103m: 1833, 1834, 1835, l\u00e0m hao binh, t\u1ed5n t\u01b0\u1edbng. D\u00f9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 cha c\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng vua Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng g\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 Du (Marchand) t\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4: Ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1eaft gao h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m, l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n che ch\u1edf.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1840, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> ghi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n “B\u1ecdn theo t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng canh v\u1eafng \u0111\u00eam khuya th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u1ea7m kinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4.<\/i><\/p>\n Vua d\u1ee5 r\u1eb1ng<\/i>: “Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o, trong \u00f3c b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m, ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ec7 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t, th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nay n\u00ean nghi\u00eam s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 huy\u1ec7n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o cho kh\u00e9o<\/b>, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1c tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean cho l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1i qu\u00ean \u0111i, c\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i d\u1ed7 b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch, khi\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean,<\/b> l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y ng\u1ea5m nghi\u00e3, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau tan ng\u1ea7m ng\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u v\u1eady<\/i>“[33]<\/a><\/p>\n L\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c sau n\u00e0y, g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i>: kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p hay gi\u1ebft d\u00e2n, trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 vi\u1ebft hay n\u00f3i, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eb7n c\u00e1c quan ph\u1ea3i “khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o cho kh\u00e9o, d\u1ed7 b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch<\/i>“, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ee5 r\u1eb1ng: d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb lung l\u1ea1c, ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n chia h\u1ecd \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u1edf g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c cha c\u1ed1.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n D\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b><\/p>\n D\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ra ng\u00e0y 6-1-1833<\/b> (ng\u00e0y 16-11-Nh\u00e2m Th\u00ecn), th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i kh\u1edfi lo\u1ea1n, l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u00f4n t\u1ed3n, khuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo:<\/p>\n \u00abVua nghe th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u00ab\u0110\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4, ta cho ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u0169 ngu m\u1edbi b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd ngay \u1edf b\u00ean t\u1ea3 h\u1eefu ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb tin theo, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1\u00bb. Vua b\u00e8n sai b\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i.<\/i><\/p>\n D\u00e2n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u1eddng Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft h\u1ed1i, \u0111em h\u1ee7y h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kinh th\u00e1nh, c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng th\u00ec tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1, sung c\u00f4ng. Quan t\u1ec9nh \u0111em vi\u1ec7c t\u00e2u l\u00ean.<\/i><\/p>\n Vua \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch tha t\u1ed9i cho h\u1ecd, nh\u00e2n d\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng: \u00ab\u0110\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, d\u00e2n ngu ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ed1i. Th\u1eed ngh\u0129: c\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh th\u1ea7n minh, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1eadp ri\u00eang nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 d\u00e2m \u00f4 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed1m. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, h\u1ea1i phong ho\u00e1, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y k\u1ec3 ra c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u, th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1o \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i quy l\u00e0 t\u00e0 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. Trong lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1ed3i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 M\u00f4ng Ph\u1ee5 \u1edf S\u01a1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 x\u00e3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n \u1edf Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y, v\u1eeba m\u1edbi nh\u00f3m l\u00ean, t\u1ee9c th\u00ec nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe, \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh tr\u00e1nh xa t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. Nay d\u00e2n h\u1ea1t Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ed3i t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, theo v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7n, ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean, ta \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 gia \u01a1n mi\u1ec5n t\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i. Nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129, c\u00f3 k\u1ebb c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p m\u00ea man, tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1. Song, t\u00ednh gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i> ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9, li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00ean m\u1ed9t phen khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf c\u00e1i \u00fd, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e3y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, sau m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u1eady truy\u1ec1n d\u1ee5 T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, Tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh b\u00e1 c\u00e1o kh\u1eafp quan, qu\u00e2n, d\u00e2n, th\u1ee9 trong h\u1ea1t. C\u00f3 ai tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia t\u00f4, nay n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3, bi\u1ebft h\u1ed1i, th\u00ec cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u1edbi quan s\u1edf t\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o. Quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e9t qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c th\u00ec cho l\u00e0m ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7: b\u01b0\u1edbc qua c\u00e2y th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m t\u1eadp t\u00e2u l\u00ean vua, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n cho mi\u1ec5n t\u1ed9i. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng, th\u00ec cho l\u1ec7nh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u0111i. Bao nhi\u00eau vi\u1ec7c m\u00ea t\u00edn sai l\u1ea7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t n\u1eefa. Sau phen r\u0103n b\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft tha n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu k\u1ebb n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eeba th\u00f3i c\u0169 c\u00f2n d\u00e1m l\u1ebbn l\u00fat t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp nhau, cam t\u00e2m vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m, m\u1ed9t khi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c ra th\u00ec li\u1ec1n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng<\/i>. L\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m l\u0169 v\u00f5 bi\u1ec1n, l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1 s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 n\u1ed9 n\u1ea1t, h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch, b\u1eaft c\u00e0n, nhi\u1ec5u d\u00e2n. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o vi ph\u1ea1m s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i.<\/i>\u00bb[34]<\/a><\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vua Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ch\u1eef, l\u1eddi v\u0103n \u0111i\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1m, khoan dung m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n uy. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc. Vua coi \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-t\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u00abt\u00e0 thu\u1eadt\u00bb, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00abthi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00bb l\u00e0 \u00abhoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00bb v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. \u00abKh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh th\u1ea7n minh <\/i>[Th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt] ch\u1eb3ng th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean\u00bb <\/i>l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i n\u1eb7ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/i>Vi\u1ec7c \u00abl\u1eadp ri\u00eang nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 d\u00e2m \u00f4 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed1m\u00bb <\/i>c\u00f3 l\u1ebd <\/i>vua nghe b\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p, tuy v\u1eady, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3, b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y sang L\u00e0o, Xi\u00eam, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 Kinh d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac t\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Gagelin v\u00e0 Marchand<\/b><\/p>\n V\u00ec lo\u1ea1n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi ra ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Gagelin, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, n\u0103m 1833.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Fran\u00e7ois-Isidore Gagelin, sinh ng\u00e0y 10-5-1799 t\u1ea1i Montperreux (Doubs), \u0111i Nam H\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 7-11-1820, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong linh m\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y 28-9-1822, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n x\u1eed gi\u1ea3o (th\u1eaft c\u1ed5), x\u1eed ng\u00e0y 17-10-1833, t\u1ea1i B\u00e3i D\u00e2u, tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00e9on XIII, tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng Bienheureux (Ch\u00ednh qu\u1ea3) ng\u00e0y 7-5-1900[35]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Gagelin<\/b> b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac, \u0111i kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Jaccard<\/b> v\u00e0 Odorico<\/b> c\u0169ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i sang Xi\u00eam, r\u1ed3i \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 th\u1edf h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd Gagelin c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed gi\u1ea3o ng\u00e0y 17-10-1833.<\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Gagelin l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh.<\/b><\/p>\n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0, b\u1ecb con chi\u00ean bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1, ch\u1ea1y tu\u1ed1t sang Xi\u00eam, r\u1ed3i \u0111i Pinang, phong ch\u1ee9c cho Cuenot, tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1, l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c M\u00e9tellopolis (th\u00e1ng 5-1835). Th\u00e1ng 6-1835 Cuenot tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o Nam H\u00e0.<\/p>\n Taberd \u0111i Calcutta, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y cho in cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd, ghi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1771-1772. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Calcutta, n\u0103m 1840.[36]<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 Du t\u1ee9c cha Marchand<\/b>, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong s\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u0103ng tr\u00ec ng\u00e0y 30-11-1835 <\/b>c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n L\u0103ng tr\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t (c\u1eaft t\u1eebng mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft), Gia Long \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n con c\u1ee7a Quang Trung, nh\u01b0ng cho voi x\u00e9 x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111em h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, gi\u00e3 n\u00e1t r\u1ed3i v\u1ee9t \u0111i.<\/p>\n Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn (\u0111\u00e1nh ba n\u0103m m\u1edbi d\u1eb9p xong lo\u1ea1n L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i) v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh trong lu\u1eadt Gia Long.<\/p>\n Tuy v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Cuenot, tr\u1ed1n \u1edf Go thi (G\u00f2 Th\u1ecb) v\u00f9ng B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1836, th\u00eam b\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o s\u0129: Candalh, Jeanne, Lef\u00e8bvre, Viale, Miche, Duclos, Chamaison<\/i> v\u00e0o l\u1eadu, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t \u1edf B\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t \u1edf Nam, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o.[37]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u0103m 1836, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 c\u1ea5m t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 2-1836, Minh M\u1ea1ng sai \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 \u00abc\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00bb<\/b>.<\/p>\n T\u1ea3 ph\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4 ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4 S\u00e1t, Phan B\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1t t\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd:<\/p>\n \u00abT\u00e0 gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m say \u0111\u1eafm l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ecb doan. B\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u0103n d\u1ea1y c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd, hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u1ea5m h\u1ecdp gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>\u00bb mong cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u00abn\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 14 (1833) th\u00e0nh Phi\u00ean An c\u0169 n\u1ed5i bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u00e3 Song <\/i>[Marchand], \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u00e3 v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecbch Kh\u00f4i, ng\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi gi\u1eb7c Xi\u00eam, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4, c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef c\u00f4 th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 quan qu\u00e2n, l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn 3 n\u0103m!\u00bb… <\/i>V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u1eeb nay quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea5n ph\u1eadn [ch\u1ed7 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7] \u1edf c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea7u b\u00e8 T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ea5m h\u1ebft. Thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec vi\u00ean t\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 b\u1eaft gi\u1ea3i, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u00e9p v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i trinh th\u00e1m ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o d\u00f2 la trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u1eed t\u1ed9i ch\u00e9m<\/b><\/i>.<\/b> N\u1ebfu vi\u00ean t\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh dung t\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e9n l\u00fat tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i ch\u00e9m nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n 2- Thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u00ea hoa ti\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, hoa ti\u00eau T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean b\u1edd.<\/p>\n 3- \u0110\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o tr\u1ed1n trong d\u00e2n gian, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft<\/i>. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o dung t\u00fang c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n 4- C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1c, ph\u1ee7, b\u1ed1, \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin r\u0103n d\u1ea1y trong h\u1ea1t m\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t, chi\u1ebfu theo n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9, ph\u1ea1t 80 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p…vv[38]<\/a><\/p>\n B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 c\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u0103m 1836, l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed.<\/b><\/i> \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng hai vua nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, n\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/b><\/p>\n Chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn: <\/b>N\u0103m 1838, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 g\u0103ng l\u1eafm. Lo ng\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o. <\/p>\n Th\u00eam hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Linh m\u1ee5c Jaccard \u1edf Cam L\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y 21-9-1838 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Borie b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi ng\u00e0y 24-11-1838.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh.<\/i><\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 “b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng”<\/b><\/p>\n Vua Gia Long, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, v\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 Anh, Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, nh\u01b0ng vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1825, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi Anh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Singapour, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng sai ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n “S\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa Singapour v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1825, vua \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi hai \u0111\u1ed9i v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n quan l\u1ea1i t\u1edbi Singapour \u0111\u1ec3 mua h\u00e0ng len v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7y tinh. Sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh <\/i>[v\u1edbi vua] nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf Eo Malacca. (…) Cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 vua v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi Singapour”[39]<\/b><\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi s\u1ee9 sang T\u1ea7u d\u00f2 x\u00e9t nh\u00e0 Thanh, n\u0103m 1830, Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n g\u1eedi L\u00fd V\u0103n Ph\u1ee9c (ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c T\u1ea7u) \u0111i Bengale, xem t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Khi v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u00e2y h\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n k\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3c,<\/i> T\u00e2y h\u00e0nh thi l\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u00e2y h\u00e0nh thi k\u1ef7. <\/i>Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ch\u01b0a.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1831, vua l\u1ea1i g\u1eedi Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 H\u00e0 T\u00f4n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111i Batavia (Jakarta), d\u00f2 x\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u1edf T\u00e2n Gia Ba (Singapour) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan \u1edf Indon\u00e9sia.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1832-1833, vua g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Huy Ch\u00fa \u0111i Singapour v\u00e0 Batavia, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n H\u1ea3i Tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00ed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> (Phan Huy L\u00ea, T\u1ea1 Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec7p, Claudine Salmon d\u1ecbch). Qua t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 Minh M\u1ea1ng giao cho ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u00f2 th\u00e1m nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n b\u1eaft con trai c\u1ee7a Chaigneau, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p theo cha v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft cho \u00f4ng nghe b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh g\u00ec?<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 11-1839, Minh M\u1ea1ng cho ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed1n 11.000 quan ti\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c quan c\u00f3 \u00fd ti\u1ebfc, vua b\u1ea3o: ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn, t\u1ed1n bao nhi\u00eau c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Ri\u00eang trong th\u00e1ng 11-1839 [b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Trung Hoa], Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i: \u0110\u00e0o Tr\u00ed Ph\u00fa, Tr\u1ea7n T\u00fa D\u0129nh \u0111i Batavia (Jakarta) Cao H\u1eefu T\u00e1n \u0111i Tambelan (m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Indon\u00e9sia), Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Long, L\u00ea B\u00e1 T\u00fa, Phan T\u0129nh \u0111i Ti\u1ec3u T\u00e2y (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9), Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i B\u1ea3n, Nguy\u1ec5n Du, L\u00ea V\u0103n Thu, \u0110\u1ed7 M\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i Singapour, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, vua sai Tr\u1ea7n Vi\u1ebft X\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u01b0\u1eddng sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh v\u1edbi hai th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 do th\u00e1m t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u00c2u ch\u00e2u.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u n\u0103m 1839-1841<\/b><\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Trung Hoa tr\u1edf n\u00ean nguy ng\u1eadp, v\u00ec b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. Qu\u00e2n Anh \u0111em nha phi\u1ebfn tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o b\u00e1n cho d\u00e2n Trung Hoa. N\u0103m 1830, n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa c\u00f3 10 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1838, vua Quang \u0110\u1ea1o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 cai, h\u1ebft th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u00fat s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. Quan Kh\u00e2m sai L\u00e2m T\u1eafc T\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y nha phi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, th\u00e1ng 6-1840, 15 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n Anh ch\u1edf 15.000 qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi Macao, khai chi\u1ebfn. Chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng lo l\u1eafng, mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gh\u00e9 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, vua sai m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Linh m\u1ee5c Delvaux, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i L’Ambassade Minh M\u1ea1ng \u00e0 Louis-Philippe<\/i> 1839 \u00e0 1841 (S\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi sang Louis-Philippe<\/i> 1839-1841)[41]<\/a>, sau khi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng “t\u1ed9i \u00e1c” m\u00e0 Louvet v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ed5 cho Minh M\u1ea1ng, Delvaux \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do vua <\/i>Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi sang Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1839. Delvaux vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n “Vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111em s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda, nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng c\u00f2i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u”<\/i>.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf, n\u0103m 1839, l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1: sau khi qu\u00e2n Anh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Trung Hoa, Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y Anh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa nh\u1edd b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, b\u00e8n b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1839, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang \u00c2u ch\u00e2u th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Trong th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 25-4-1840, linh m\u1ee5c R\u00e9gereau, nguy\u00ean tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd, sau l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ea1o Pinang, vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n “Ng\u00e0y 28-2-1840, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Pinang… Chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn Calcutta \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i v\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u1ea7u, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n Anh r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh <\/i>[16 chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Anh s\u1ebd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00e1ng 6-1840]. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111i Batavia \u0111\u1ec3 xem qu\u00e2n H\u00f2a Lan \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0129nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 ba g\u1eedi \u0111i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u00e0 vua r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1ecf ra 20.000 quan ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 chi ph\u00ed chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 <\/i>[VN] s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed <\/i>[t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7] v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong x\u1ee9 h\u1ecd, v.v… M\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i l\u00e1o, ch\u1ee9 g\u00ec.” <\/i>(L\u1eddi b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Delvaux trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn).<\/p>\n Delvaux, ghi th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft:<\/p>\n Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed3m 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi: 2 s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3: T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u01b0\u1eddng 40 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Vi\u1ebft X\u01b0\u01a1ng, 45 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 hai th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n 20 v\u00e0 22 tu\u1ed5i, thu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh V\u00f5 D\u00f5ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng Anh. \u0110i t\u1eeb Singapour \u0111\u1ebfn Locmariaquer (Bretagne) ng\u00e0y 2-11-1840. T\u1edd Armoricain \u1edf Brest, s\u1ed1 ra ng\u00e0y 25-11-1840, d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t cho ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, y ph\u1ee5c, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u01b0a tin, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng: “\u0110\u1ed9i h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Batavia, Ph\u00e1p \u00edt c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam… Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129, sau th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1n \u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf trong tri\u1ec1u…”<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y <\/i>vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Anh, Ph\u00e1p, khi g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn Paris, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu, m\u1eddi \u0111i xem Op\u00e9ra, ng\u1ed3i gh\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Ng\u00e0y 5-1-1841, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Soult, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Cunin-Gridaine, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n T\u1edd Moniteur Universel ra ng\u00e0y 5-1-1841 k\u1ec3: “H\u00f4m ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u. M\u1ed7i khi th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u1ea1, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean r\u00fat b\u00fat, m\u1ef1c, gi\u1ea5y, g\u00e0i \u1edf \u0111ai l\u01b0ng ra ghi ch\u00e9p, d\u00f9 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng phi\u1ec1n h\u00e0 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m g\u00ec c\u1ea3”. <\/i>Ng\u00e0y 6-1-1841, t\u1edd b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft: “Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 5-1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn, h\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nao n\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng con m\u1eaft hi\u1ebfu k\u1ef3.”<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 6-1-1841 tr\u1edf \u0111i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a tin g\u00ec n\u1eefa; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c “gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o” \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho vua Louis-Philippe v\u00e0 cho \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng “b\u00e1o c\u00e1o” s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng \u1edf Paris, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Louis-Philippe y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i ng\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ebf Soult, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd can thi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Chalons-sur Marne, r\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Mans vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Martin du Nord, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ki\u00eam T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd:<\/i><\/p>\n “Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”<\/i> (Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n: Minh M\u1ea1ng, le plus furieux tyran qui surpasse tous ceux dont on a parl\u00e9 dans l’histoire).[42]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Martin du Nord chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn Guizot, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb 1840 \u0111\u1ebfn 1848. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Guizot tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Guizot c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf ng\u1eebng \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o thi\u00ean ch\u00faa. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vua Louis-Philippe kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng xin b\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn theo \u0111\u00fang nghi th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang Anh, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Bordeaux l\u00ean t\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i th\u00ec vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eeba sai c\u0169ng s\u1eafp l\u00ean t\u1ea7u \u1edf Bordeaux, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: “T\u1ea1i Pouliac ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Minh M\u1ea1ng s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1eabn anh tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n. H\u1ecfi anh ta v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf x\u1ee9 anh. Anh ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lanh tr\u00ed hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 th\u1eadt th\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng. Anh ta b\u1ea3o cha m\u1eb9 anh theo \u0111\u1ea1o; r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf anh \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n; anh ta \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 25 (hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi 19), s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9… anh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1eebng r\u1ee1 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh <\/i>[\u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00faa] m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng cha m\u1eb9 anh.”[43]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u0103ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, Delvaux ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, con c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o). Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebft trung c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a anh ta t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o”.<\/i><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong hai v\u1ecb s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 [T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u01b0\u1eddng hay Tr\u1ea7n Vi\u1ebft X\u01b0\u01a1ng] sau khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb quan v\u00f5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7y tu \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng to\u00e0n b\u1ecdn kh\u1ed1n n\u1ea1n v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 v\u00f4 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ebfu vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng th\u00edch ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ai c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfc g\u00ec” <\/i>[Tous ces pr\u00eates qui vont chez vous ne sont que des mis\u00e9rables sans feu ni lieu. S’il plait \u00e0 votre Roi de leur trancher la t\u00eate, nous ne le regrettons pas<\/i>].<\/i> Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y, qua vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cha Miche, \u0111\u1ebfn tai Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Soult, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh, coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u “kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3<\/i>“, “kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”.<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n “ph\u0169 ph\u00e0ng” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc \u00fd kh\u00f4ng sai: qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb3ng m\u00e0ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 “c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o”, h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e1 Lapierre tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00abc\u1ee9u\u00bb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lef\u00e8bvre, n\u0103m 1847, \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1839-1841, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 khi vua Minh M\u1ea1ng g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1edbi th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd nh\u00e0 vua, mong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p “thanh tr\u1eebng” Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n sang \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Minh M\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi: M\u1edf c\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng khi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 50.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i> ghi ng\u00e0y \u1ea4t d\u1eadu (27) vua \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng, ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n (28) vua m\u1ea5t. T\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 28, th\u00e1ng 12, n\u0103m Canh T\u00fd (20-1-1841)[44]<\/a> C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi vua ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc k\u1ef7 t\u1eed.<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: vua m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 20-1-1841, v\u00ec ng\u00e3 ng\u1ef1a.[45]<\/a><\/p>\n Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u00e0 vua hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam thay \u0111\u1ed5i: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lef\u00e8bvre <\/i>s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n <\/em><\/p>\n (C\u00f2n n\u1eefa)<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea <\/i><\/p>\n \n \n [1]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ee7 h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb d\u00e2u r\u1ed3i gi\u1ebft \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, xem k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Trong cu\u1ed1n \u00abCours d’histoire annamite \u00e0 l’usage des Ecoles de la Basse-cochinchine\u00bb (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam) <\/i>in n\u0103m 1875 v\u00e0 1879.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette vi\u1ebft cho \u00f4ng Baroudel<\/i>, th\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n tu vi\u1ec7n Macao ng\u00e0y 8-5-1819;<\/i> th\u01b0 Labartette vi\u1ebft cho de la Bissach\u00e8re, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, ng\u00e0y 9-5-1819;<\/i> th\u01b0 Labartette vi\u1ebft cho H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai ng\u00e0y 17-5-1819 v\u00e0 th\u01b0 Vannier vi\u1ebft cho Baroudel ng\u00e0y 15-6-1819, in trong Launay, III, trang 434- 435.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> V\u1ec1 Bissach\u00e8re, xin xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/i> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Nxb H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Saigonbooks, 2017.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> T\u1eeb 1192 \u0111\u1ebfn 1868, Nh\u1eadt \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, vua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m v\u00ec, Shogun (T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 vua ch\u00faa th\u1eddi Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Theo Jean Lacouture, trong b\u00e0i \u00abLa mission japonnais de Fran\u00e7ois Xavier<\/i>\u00bb, in trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 Choisir s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 11-2002.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Theo Syvie Morishita, Histoire de l’Eglise du Japon <\/i>(L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nh\u1eadt) in trong t\u1eadp san La Nef th\u00e1ng 2-2017, s\u1ed1 289, b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, <\/i>ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9: K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re, th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed,<\/i> t.215- 232.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, <\/i>trang 217, vi\u1ebft theo Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed de la Bissach\u00e8re do Maybon so\u1ea1n, in trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a cu\u1ed1n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/i>.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp M\u1ed9t, trang 564.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> <\/i>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp M\u1ed9t, trang 603.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Kergariou, La Mission de la Cyb\u00e8le en Extr\u00eame Orient 1817<\/i>, trang 127.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> In trong T\u1eadp san \u0110\u00f4 Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfu C\u1ed5 (BAVH) 1923, quy\u1ec3n I.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i: \u00abJe dois de plus informer V.M que si elle accorde un \u00e9tablissement ou facilit\u00e9 de commerce en quelque mani\u00e8re que ce soit, aux ennemis de la Grande-Bretagne, V. M. voudra bien consid\u00e9rer qu’en contractant avec eux, c’est en cons\u00e9quence encourir le ressentiment du Gouvernement britannique”<\/i>. (Andr\u00e9 Salles, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau et sa famille (Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh)<\/i> in trong BAVH, 1923, trang 60).<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/i>, trang 637-638.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, T\u1eadp B\u1ed1n, trang 779.<\/p>\n [17]<\/a> <\/i>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, T\u1eadp Hai, trang 485.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, T\u1eadp B\u1ed1n, trang 917.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> D\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Georges Taboulet, in trong cu\u1ed1n La Geste fran\u00e7aise en Indochine (Hu\u00e2n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng),<\/i> tome 1, nxb Andrien-Maisonneuve, Paris 1955, trang 322.<\/p>\n [20]<\/a> Documents relatifs \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque de Gia Long<\/i> (T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Gia Long<\/i>) c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Cadi\u00e8re, (Document LXII), in trong Bulletin de l’Ecole fran\u00e7aise d’Etreme-Orient<\/i> (BEFEO) (T\u1eadp San Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5), Tome 12, 1912, trang 1-82.<\/p>\n [21]<\/a> Andr\u00e9 Salles, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau et sa famille<\/i> (Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh) in trong (BAVH, 1923, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 90.<\/p>\n [22]<\/a> Andr\u00e9 Salles, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau et sa famille, <\/i>BAVH, 1923, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 91.<\/p>\n [23]<\/a> Andr\u00e9 Salles, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau et sa famille, <\/i>BAVH, 1923, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 101.<\/p>\n [24]<\/a> Andr\u00e9 Salles, Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau et sa famille, <\/i>BAVH, 1923, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 102.<\/p>\n [25]<\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/i>, Launay, III, trang 400-401.<\/p>\n [26]<\/a> Annales de la Propagation de la Foi<\/i> (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o)<\/i> 1830-31<\/i>, t. IV, p.359-361, in l\u1ea1i trong Taboulet, La geste fran\u00e7aise en Indochine<\/i>, Tome I, trang 325.<\/p>\n [27]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean,<\/i> t\u1eadp 2, trang 649.<\/p>\n [28]<\/a> Cha Odorico, franciscain, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft n\u0103m 1833, ch\u1ebft trong t\u00f9 n\u0103m 1833, ch\u00fa th\u00edch Taboulet, quy\u1ec3n 2, trang 327.<\/p>\n [29]<\/a> Th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb Hu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y 20-2-1828, Arch. Miss. Etrang. Dossier Cochinchine occcidentale,<\/i> Texte in\u00e9dit, in trong Taboulet, quy\u1ec3n 1, trang 327.<\/p>\n [30]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 4, c\u00e1c trang 713,714,715.<\/p>\n [31]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 4, c\u00e1c trang 717, 782, 783.<\/p>\n [32]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 4, trang 783.<\/p>\n [33]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 2, trang 684.<\/p>\n [34]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean,<\/i> t\u1eadp 3, trang 415-416.<\/p>\n [35]<\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/i>, Launay, III, trang 401.<\/p>\n [36]<\/a> Louvet, La Cochinchine religieuse<\/i>, t\u1eadp II, trang 96.<\/p>\n [37]<\/a> Louvet, La Cochinchine religieuse<\/i>, t\u1eadp II, trang 99-100.<\/p>\n [38]<\/a> <\/i>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, T\u1eadp 4, trang 838-842.<\/p>\n [39]<\/a> <\/i>Wong Lin Ken, 1960, t. 155-56, theo ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 14 c\u1ee7a Phan Huy L\u00ea, t. 129, H\u1ea3i Tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00ed L\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/p>\n [40]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/i>, T\u1eadp 5, trang 588.<\/p>\n [41]<\/a> B\u00e0i n\u00e0y in trong T\u1eadp San \u0110\u00f4 Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfu C\u1ed5 (BAVH), 1928, quy\u1ec3n 4, trang 257-264.<\/p>\n [42]<\/a> Tr\u00edch th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Prilly, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Chalons sur Marne g\u1eedi B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ki\u00eam T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 24-1-1841.<\/p>\n [43]<\/a> <\/i>Tr\u00edch Annales de la Propagation de la Foi<\/i> (Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o)<\/i> quy\u1ec3n XIV, 1842, trang 150-151.<\/p>\n
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