{"id":104091,"date":"2025-10-01T13:03:23","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T13:03:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=104091"},"modified":"2025-10-01T13:06:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T13:06:59","slug":"lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-11-truong-vinh-ky-1837-1898","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/104091\/lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-11-truong-vinh-ky-1837-1898","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef – Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11 – Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n VII: Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f2i b\u00fat Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Jean Bouchot, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n dung n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00abUn savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)<\/em> (M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam k\u1ef3: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/em>)[1]<\/a>, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb Nam k\u1ef3, qua th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m  m\u00e0 \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: <\/p>\n

\u00abTrong ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 20-2-1873,<\/strong> do \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Pothuau so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o <\/em>[\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh] \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 Thanh Tra (Corps de l’Inspection) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1eadu b\u1ed5 (Coll\u00e8ge des Stagiaires) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110ai \u00fay H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Luro, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, do ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y in th\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3n, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c in \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t,<\/strong> trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00fang ta<\/strong>; nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, qua vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a An Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd Nam k\u1ef3<\/strong>, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf, gi\u1eefa 1863 v\u00e0 1875, Petrus K\u00fd cho in m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\u00bb<\/em>[2]<\/a>. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Bouchot n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ea1:<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u0103m 1875, nh\u00e0 in c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>[Nam K\u1ef3] in c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac hai cu\u1ed1n \u00abPetit Cours de g\u00e9ographie de la Basse-Cochinchine\u00bb (Ti\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd Nam K\u1ef3)<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u00abCours d’histoire annamite<\/strong> \u00e0 l’usage des Ecoles de la Basse-cochinchine\u00bb (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam <\/strong>d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3) \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u00e2n d\u00e0nh cho hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y: Cu\u1ed1n \u00abTi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd Nam k\u1ef3\u00bb t\u00f3m t\u1eaft cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eeba m\u1edf c\u1eeda n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ebd t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII c\u1ee7a Dayot v\u00e0 Brun[3]<\/strong><\/a> hay \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <\/strong><\/em>[Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd] l\u1ea5y c\u1edb vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2,<\/em><\/strong> nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n<\/strong>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 ham bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111am m\u00ea. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n<\/em> \u00abCours d’Histoire annamite\u00bb (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch S\u1eed An Nam) chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1.<\/em>\u00bb[4]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Bouchot nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed1n Cours d’histoire annamite <\/em>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ra \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn Nam K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng Ch\u00ed<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c do Aubaret d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1863 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Histoire et description de la Basse-Cochinchine<\/em> (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Nam K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Les Notes historiques sur la nation annamite<\/em> (Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c An Nam) c\u1ee7a cha Legrand de la Liraye in tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Le Courrier de Sai g\u00f2n<\/em>, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1865.\u00bb[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng sai, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ea1y s\u1eed v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch s\u1eed-\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p<\/strong>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ba \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta:<\/p>\n

1- B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

2- Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y theo m\u1eabu th\u00e0nh Vauban.<\/p>\n

3- Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ecdi \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb: \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u00e0n \u00e1c, b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u00abcan thi\u1ec7p\u00bb v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Cours d’histoire annamite<\/em> (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam)<\/em><\/strong>, in n\u0103m 1875 v\u00e0 1879, hai cu\u1ed1n, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i sau v\u1ec1 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eeba n\u00eau ra \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1885, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, x\u01b0ng t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng lao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4n t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u00abSouvenirs historiques sur Saigon et ses environs\u00bb<\/em><\/strong> (K\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn), <\/em>nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh do Olivier de Puymanel<\/em> x\u00e2y<\/em>; m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (g\u1ed3m 30 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, 8 th\u00e0nh do vua Gia Long \u0111\u1eafp v\u00e0 22 th\u00e0nh do vua Minh M\u1ea1ng x\u00e2y) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Vauban do c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y c\u1ea3!<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1891, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd cho in cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Bi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4<\/em> gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>t\u00f4n vinh c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u00abgi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh d\u1ef1ng nghi\u1ec7p\u00bb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ba cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh m\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i ghi \u01a1n: n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Ph\u00e1p, sau Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00abs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00bb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. R\u1ed3i c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Phan Khoang… c\u0169ng tin nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1997, \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft K\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i g\u00f2n<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, c\u00f2n in th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh Vauban<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abminh ch\u1ee9ng\u00bb <\/strong>vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh Vauban \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong>; trong khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eeb Hu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 Vauban c\u1ea3!<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u1ef1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u khi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfm x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p giao ph\u00f3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 sai l\u1ea7m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t xa, t\u1eeb t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>: M\u00e0 t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. <\/em>Gia Long \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/em>Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i Nam,<\/em> \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0 An Nam, t\u00ean do nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i hai ch\u1eef An Nam n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Annam<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i<\/strong> th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gia Long v\u1edbi s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1804, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u0103m 1802, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Gia Long. N\u0103m 1804, \u00f4ng ban hai s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh quan tr\u1ecdng: S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 6-3-1804, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n. V\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 28-3-1804, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam:<\/p>\n

– Ng\u00e0y 31-5-1802 (1-5-Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Gia Long<\/em>. Ng\u00e0y 20-6-1802 (21-5-Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t), Gia Long r\u1eddi Hu\u1ebf ra B\u1eafc, \u0111em ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng) \u0111i theo, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 giao mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y 24-10-1802 (28-9-Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t), Gia Long r\u1eddi Th\u0103ng Long v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

-Ng\u00e0y 19-9-1803 (4-8-Qu\u00fd H\u1ee3i) Gia Long ra B\u1eafc nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc phong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh. Ng\u00e0y 29-11-1803 (16-10-Qu\u00fd H\u1ee3i) \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long, ng\u00e0y 23-2-1804 (13-1- Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd), nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc phong. Ng\u00e0y 2-3-1804 (ng\u00e0y T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i 21-1-Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd) vua r\u1eddi Th\u0103ng Long v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 6-3-1804 (ng\u00e0y \u1ea4t M\u00e3o 25-1-Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd), Gia Long v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Thanh Hoa [Thanh Ho\u00e1] l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/strong>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 6-3-1804<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 d\u00e2n \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0, <\/em>nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

1- V\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft \u0103n u\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

2- V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 vui m\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

3- V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1 th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

4- V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tang t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

5- Vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n phong t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, r\u0103n d\u1ea1y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 hai \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Gia T\u00f4.<\/em>[8]<\/a> Ngay bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u, Gia Long \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y M\u1eadu Th\u00ecn, 8 th\u00e1ng 2 Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd, (19-3-1804), Gia Long v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Kinh s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y Qu\u00fd D\u1eadu, 13 th\u00e1ng 2 Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd (24-3-1804), y\u1ebft Th\u00e1i mi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y \u0110inh S\u1eedu 17 th\u00e1ng 2, Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd, h\u1ea1 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 28-3-1804, <\/strong>ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc: <\/p>\n

“… Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m nay <\/em>[Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd], k\u00ednh c\u00e1o Th\u00e1i Mi\u1ebfu, c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, truy\u1ec1n l\u00e2u xa. Ph\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0m t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quen x\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u c\u0169 l\u00e0 An Nam n\u1eefa…<\/em>“[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u: T\u1eeb khi tho\u00e1t \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 1-10 n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p Ng\u1ecd (1054), L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. \u0110\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0<\/em><\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>[10]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. <\/em>K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i: L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, H\u1ed3, L\u00ea, Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u, Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n, T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn khi Gia Long l\u00ean ng\u00f4i (1802) qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00ean An Nam<\/em> v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1eed s\u00e1ch, v\u0103n th\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e9p theo s\u00e1ch T\u00e0u, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 An Nam.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 28-3-1804, Gia Long \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong>, kh\u00f4ng cho d\u00f9ng hai ch\u1eef An Nam<\/em>, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169 n\u1eefa.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam, t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t-Nam. <\/em>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: N\u01b0\u1edbc ta, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. <\/em>T\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t x\u01b0a v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf phi\u00e1 B\u1eafc [\u00fd n\u00f3i t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1 (Hu\u1ebf) tr\u1edf ra B\u1eafc] v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t L\u0129nh Nam [t\u1ee9c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng] ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ta nh\u01b0ng sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb khi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam v\u00e0 Gia Long th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc, th\u00ec b\u1edd c\u00f5i n\u01b0\u00f3c ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/em> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/em> vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t, Minh M\u1ec7nh n\u0103m th\u1ee9 19 <\/em>[1838]. M\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, th\u00e1ng 3, ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1p Tu\u1ea5t <\/em>[27-3-1838], m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em>“[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

D\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“\u2026Nay b\u1ea3n tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, b\u1edd c\u00f5i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n Nam, v\u00f2ng qua bi\u1ec3n T\u00e2y, ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00f3c c\u00f3 r\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea3n, b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n x\u00f3 r\u1eebng theo v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam, c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf nghi\u00e3 l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3 (…) Chu\u1ea9n cho t\u1eeb nay tr\u1edf \u0111i, qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd x\u01b0ng h\u00f4, ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u00f3 tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh<\/strong>, gi\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 n\u00f3i li\u1ec1n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong>, v\u1ec1 l\u1ebd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i 2 ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (…) ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y n\u0103m Minh M\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 20 l\u00e0m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9p ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ban h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01a1i xa g\u1ea7n<\/em>“[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi th\u1eddi B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i. Trong t\u1ebf Nam Giao, v\u0103n t\u1ebf m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ed1c, tu\u1ebf th\u1ee9…<\/em><\/p>\n

“Ti\u1ec3u th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B… ph\u1ee5ng ng\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, k\u1ebf th\u1ebf c\u00e1c Ti\u1ec1n tri\u1ec1u li\u1ec7t th\u00e1nh…”<\/em>[13]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Vua B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n mi\u1ec1n Trung thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u00ean hai ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a vua Gia Long, v\u00e0 hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Annam<\/em> nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ghi trong s\u00e1ch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Annam<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ea1y s\u1eed cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00abm\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi\u00bb: C\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi \u00abnhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00abkhai ho\u00e1\u00bb ch\u00fang ta. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao qu\u00fd n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: Annam<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef Annam<\/em>, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam, <\/em>l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c do vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7t. Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00ean An Nam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (618-939), ng\u1ee5 \u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 coi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Annam \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee7 <\/em>c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa: h\u1ecd c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Annamite. <\/em><\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfp v\u0129 ng\u1eef ite<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng<\/em>, nh\u01b0 gastrite<\/em> (nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng d\u1ea1 d\u1ea7y), \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ite<\/em> v\u1edbi ch\u1eef m<\/em> trong Annam, <\/em>th\u00e0nh mite, <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 con b\u1ecd chuy\u00ean c\u1eafn qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o (gi\u00e1n, nh\u1eady)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: C\u00e1i t\u00ean Annam<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1eef Annamite <\/em>coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u00e2u b\u1ecd<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1954, khi Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Vietnamien, <\/em><\/strong>\u0111\u1ec3 coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>: l\u00fac \u1ea5y h\u1ecd m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i sang Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1eef annamite<\/em> v\u1eabn th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 tr\u00e0o g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u00abm\u00edt<\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, t\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef m\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, s\u1eafc th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Annam<\/em> cho n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh; v\u1eady m\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Annam <\/em>l\u00e0m t\u00ean s\u00e1ch s\u1eed, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1eef annamite<\/em> v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ean s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1n, nh\u1eady, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0a con ch\u1eef \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean t\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

– Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de grammaire annamite<\/strong>,1867<\/em> [T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m An Nam].<\/em><\/p>\n

– Contes annamites<\/strong>– Chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0a<\/em>, 1867.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Cours pratique de langue annamite <\/strong>\u00e0 l’usage du Coll\u00e8ge des interpr\u00e8tes, 1868 <\/em>[B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng An Nam d\u00f9ng trong Tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n].<\/em><\/p>\n

– Cours d’histoire annamite<\/strong><\/em>,<\/strong> 1875 <\/em>v\u00e0 1879<\/em>. [Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam].<\/p>\n

– Manuel des \u00e9coles primaires – Syllabaire qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef- Histoire annamite<\/strong>– Histoire chinoise,  1876<\/em> [S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc (d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1eadu B\u1ed5) – V\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef – L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam- L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Hoa]<\/p>\n

– Histoire annamite <\/strong>en vers – \u0110\u1ea1i Nam S\u1eed k\u00fd di\u1ec5n ca, 1875<\/em> [phi\u00eam \u00e2m sang qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef cu\u1ed1n  \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ca<\/em> c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ng\u00f4 C\u00e1t, do Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh To\u00e1i bi\u00ean t\u1eadp].<\/em><\/p>\n

– Cours de langue annamite<\/strong> autographi\u00e9e, 1876 <\/em>[Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfng Annam, in th\u1ea1ch b\u1ea3n]<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Annam<\/em> v\u00e0 annamite, <\/em>nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, d\u00f9 \u0111i x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1789, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n ch\u1eef nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ch\u1eef nghi\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef theo \u0111\u00fang \u00fd m\u00ecnh<\/em>, tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 x\u1ea5u qu\u00e1 l\u1ed9 li\u1ec5u nh\u01b0 annamite<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng t\u00ean s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef annamite<\/em> nh\u01b0 Chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi x\u01b0a <\/em>hay \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ca, <\/em>v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh nh\u00e9t ch\u1eef annamite<\/em> v\u00e0o, th\u00e0nh Contes annamites (C\u1ed5 t\u00edch An Nam<\/em>), hay l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1i t\u1ef1a \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ca <\/em>c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ng\u00f4 C\u00e1t, b\u1eb1ng Histoire annamite en vers (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam b\u1eb1ng th\u01a1). <\/em> <\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ta xem l\u1ea1i t\u00ean s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft sau \u00f4ng, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Annam v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tr\u00e1nh h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

S\u1eed gia Charles Gosselin, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n L’Empire d’Annam<\/em> (\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c An Nam<\/em>), in n\u0103m 1904.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed gia Charles B. Maybon vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Histoire moderme du Pays d’Annam (1592-1820) (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam (1592-1820)<\/em>, in n\u0103m 1920.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed gia Fran\u00e7ois Guillemot, sau n\u00e0y, d\u00f9ng t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tr\u00ean t\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t ind\u00e9pendance et r\u00e9volution au Vi\u1ec7t nam<\/em> (\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>), in n\u0103m 2012.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u00fd ch\u1ecdn ch\u1eef An Nam<\/em>, trong khi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u1edbi ba ch\u1eef: \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> hay \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u1eef annamite <\/em>trong c\u00e1c t\u00ean s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng,<\/em> kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c \u00e2m t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb.<\/em> <\/strong>L\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, chu\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a d\u00f9ng t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em>, l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c do vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

Sau n\u00e0y B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau, <\/em>c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giang s\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Minh M\u1ea1ng n\u1eefa, n\u00ean ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n Cours d’Histoire Annamite<\/em> (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd in n\u0103m 1875, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd xong h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p Tu\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 15-3-1874, v\u00e0 theo h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n mi\u1ec1n Trung l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, mi\u1ec1n Trung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Annam<\/em>. Mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n cho Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cochinchine (Nam k\u1ef3) <\/em>v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Tonkin (B\u1eafc k\u1ef3) <\/em>s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfm xong Nam K\u1ef3, Ph\u00e1p chia n\u01b0\u1edbc ta l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau: L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Basse-Cochinchine <\/em>hay Cochinchine fran\u00e7aise<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nam k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p.<\/em> Mi\u1ec1n Trung, thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Annam<\/em>. V\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tonkin <\/em>(tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 do Ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i).<\/p>\n

Khi g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Annam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c b\u1edd c\u00f5i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta thu g\u1ecdn trong mi\u1ec1n Trung.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a<\/em> cu\u1ed1n Histoire moderne du pays d’Annam<\/em> (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc An nam<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Maybon, in n\u0103m 1920, Henri Cordier vi\u1ebft: \u00abTrong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, cu\u1ed1n \u00abCours d’histoire annamite\u00bb c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, in n\u0103m 1875, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd d\u00f9ng hai ch\u1eef Annam<\/em> nh\u01b0 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i d\u1ea1y ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch An Nam c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u00ecnh y\u00ean<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1edd h\u1eb3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u00abm\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 gi\u1eb7c T\u1ea7u<\/em>\u00bb ng\u1ee5 trong ch\u1eef Annam, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 ba qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n Bi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i mang \u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Bi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em><\/strong>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, in n\u0103m 1897.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai t\u00ean, tr\u00ean trang b\u00eca, ghi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00abBi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

P.J.B.Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ph\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y D\u00e9pierre Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c d\u1ea1y in ra.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee9t.<\/em><\/p>\n

Saigon, Claude & Cie, Imprimeri, Editeurs, 1897\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ede trang trong, ghi t\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abBi\u00ean T\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y V\u00ear\u00f4 Pinho Qu\u1eadn C\u00f4ng ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng (Gia Long Th\u1ebf t\u1ed5 Cao ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf) ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m B\u00ednh Th\u00e2n 1775 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m K\u0129 v\u1ecb 1798 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y t\u1ea1 th\u1ebf<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1edbi n\u0103m M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t 1892 cho c\u00f9ng truy\u1ec7n.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f3 bi\u00ean ra nh\u1eefng v\u0103n t\u1ebf vua, \u0110\u00f4ng cung c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c quan tri\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ebfu t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y n\u1eefa.<\/em><\/p>\n

P.J.B.T\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ph\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y D\u00e9pierre Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c d\u1ea1y in ra.<\/em><\/p>\n

Saigon<\/em><\/p>\n

Imprimerie &Librairie Nouvelles<\/em><\/p>\n

1897<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y: Bi\u00ean T\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y V\u00ear\u00f4 Pinho Qu\u1eadn C\u00f4ng ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng (Gia Long Th\u1ebf t\u1ed5 Cao ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf) ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c, <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung: vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea-r\u00f4 Pinho Qu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c D\u00e9pierre sai Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft ra. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 48 trang. Theo b\u00e0i Ti\u1ec3u d\u1eabn<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (trang 3-4), s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n cho l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 ng\u00e0y gi\u1ed7 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c (9-10-1799) v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng \u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd cho bi\u1ebft: \u00abTruy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n 27 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m B\u00ednh Th\u00e2n 1775 cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t 1802, chia l\u00e0m 4 h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 sau n\u1ea7y:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ee9t h\u1ed3i<\/em>: (xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft): B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n sang gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Annam, trong l\u00fac vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111ang g\u1eaft gao, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n [Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n] c\u00f9ng ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh b\u1ecf kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf, ch\u1ea1y v\u00f4 Nam K\u1ef3, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u00abra tay ph\u00f2 t\u00e1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong 18 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1767 t\u1edbi 1785<\/em>\u00bb. (trang 4-18).<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb h\u1ed3i II: <\/em>B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh sang Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n (trang 18-27).<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec7 tam h\u1ed3i III:<\/em> B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111em Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00abc\u00e1c s\u0129 quan, t\u1ea7u b\u00e8 s\u00fang \u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 300 qu\u00e2n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111i theo<\/strong>\u00bb. C\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh.<\/strong> B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qua \u0111\u1eddi. (trang 27-43).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec7 t\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i IV<\/em>: T\u1eeb sau khi B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t 1802: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd t\u1ea7u b\u00e8, v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c; c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n binh l\u00ednh theo l\u1ed1i T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1edbi Hu\u1ebf, r\u1ed3i ra B\u1eafc. V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Gia Long (trang 43- 48).<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u00abBi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y…\u00bb <\/em>x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. Ch\u00e9p danh s\u00e1ch t\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng d\u1ef1ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u00e1ch in n\u0103m 1897, 12 n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam<\/em> (1875). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00eau cao \u00abc\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c\u00bb,<\/em> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7u b\u00e8, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111em v\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c theo cu\u1ed1n Monseigneur Pigneau de B\u00e9haine \u00e9v\u00eaque d’Adran<\/em> (\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c)<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexis Faure, do nxb Augustin Challamel in \u1edf Paris, n\u0103m 1891, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m  ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1- B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh<\/u>:<\/p>\n

\u00ab<\/em>[\u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y] l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang cha m\u1eb9 cho h\u1ed3i ch\u01b0a v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y t\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1500 livres m\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i <\/em>[c\u1ee7a] c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf t\u1ea1i c\u00f9 lao L’Ile de France, c\u00f9 lao Bourbon v\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Pondich\u00e9ry \u0111\u00e3 dan tay g\u00f3p m\u00e0 gi\u00fap v\u00f4. \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t ra m\u00e0 mua t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1788 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc t\u1ea7u, ch\u1edf s\u00fang l\u1edbn m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m v\u1ecb, s\u00fang tay m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y, thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 t\u00fac \u0111em v\u1ec1 gi\u00fap vua Annam\u00bb<\/em>  (trang 27-28). Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00ec ch\u00ednh B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho L\u00e9tondal, b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Macao, nh\u01b0 sau: \u00abT\u00f4i v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t trung h\u1ea1m (une seule fr\u00e9gate) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111i Manille ngay\u00bb<\/em>[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

2- Danh s\u00e1ch \u00abs\u0129 quan T\u00e2y t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y\u00bb sang gi\u00fap vua cai qu\u1ea3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/u>:<\/p>\n

– J.M. Dayot, \u00abTh\u1ee7y s\u01b0 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1ef7\u00bb<\/em>, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3: Vannier, Chaigneau, Magon de M\u00e9dine, de l’Isle sell\u00e9, Guillon, Guilloux, de Forcant, Desperles, Tardivet, Emmanuel. Malespine.<\/p>\n

– Lebrun v\u1ebd h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

– Laurent Barizy coi vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft: \u00abL\u1ea1i c\u00f3 350 l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y T\u00e2y t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n<\/em><\/strong>…T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 vua ph\u1edbi ph\u1edf ph\u1ea5n ch\u00ed m\u00e0 lo tr\u1eeb T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n ra Hu\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n… Th\u00e1ng 2, trong N\u0103m<\/em> [kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u0103m n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n th\u00ec ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1789] vua d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng Ollivier v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Lebrun coi x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng T\u00e2n Khai,<\/strong> x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh b\u00e1t qu\u00e1i c\u00f3 8 c\u1eeda, x\u00e2y v\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ong Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0. \u00d4ng Ollivier l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o binh<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9 gi\u00e1, 6000 <\/em>[l\u00ednh] \u0103n m\u1eb7c, mang g\u01b0\u01a1m, s\u00fang, t\u1eadp theo m\u00e3o <\/em>[m\u1eabu] binh T\u00e2y. C\u00f2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn binh <\/em>[qu\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy] th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 mu\u00f4n <\/em>[v\u1ea1n], \u00f4ng Lieutenant Colonel de Barisy lo t\u1eadp theo binh T\u00e2y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n\u00bb<\/em>  (tr\u00edch c\u00e1c trang 31-32-33).<\/p>\n

Khi vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1, ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1ea5y, ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Mayot, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 s\u0129 quan h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o g\u00ec c\u1ea3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexis Faure, ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u00e1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1n Bi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p. <\/em><\/p>\n

3-Sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh chinh ph\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i<\/u>:<\/p>\n

\u00abT\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y t\u1ea1 tr\u1ea7n <\/em>[9-9-1798?]  r\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 sau cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t 1802, Vua nh\u1edd t\u1ea7u b\u00e8 binh kh\u00ed v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh t\u1eadp r\u00e8n theo T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan T\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y t\u1edbi Hu\u1ebf ra Ngh\u1ec7 An Thanh Ho\u00e1, t\u1ee9c v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u Gia Long n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n ra l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc m\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 Nam ch\u00ed B\u1eafc<\/em>\u00bb  (trang 43).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ebfu ta xem nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Nguy\u1ec3n \u00c1nh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi cu\u1ed1n Bi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1 m\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: vi\u1ebft theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c D\u00e9pierre,<\/em> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Alexis Faure trong cu\u1ed1n Monseigneur Pigneau de B\u00e9haine, \u00e9v\u00eaque d’Adran (\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c), <\/em>v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n: B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n mua thuy\u1ec1n t\u1ea7u s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111em v\u1ec1 gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh, v\u00e0 s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hai ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 cho nh\u00e0 vua<\/em>. Sau khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c qua \u0111\u1eddi, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh v\u1eabn \u00abnh\u1edd \u01a1n\u00bb \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c (nh\u1edd t\u1ea7u b\u00e8, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n theo l\u1ed1i T\u00e2y) n\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh ra B\u1eafc!<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t, trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch Cours d’Histoire Annamite (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed An nam)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec7n B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c trong cu\u1ed1n Bi\u00ean t\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y V\u00ea R\u00f4 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee9c Cao Ho\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c nghi\u1ec7p <\/em>ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u0103ng<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Cours d’Histoire Annamite (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed An nam) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 Nam k\u1ef3, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1875, th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p, Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Cours d’Histoire Annamite, \u00e0 l’usage des \u00e9coles de la Basse-Cochinchine (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3) <\/em>c\u1ee7a P.J.B.Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba trao cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 Nam k\u1ef3. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m do Imprimerie du Gouvernement<\/em> (Nh\u00e0 in c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch chia l\u00e0m hai t\u1eadp:<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n 1, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2874, tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1428 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi L\u00ea L\u1ee3i chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Minh, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 h\u1eadu L\u00ea (184 trang),  <\/em>in n\u0103m 1875, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n 2, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1428 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1875, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 (L\u00ea L\u1ee3i) \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm xong Nam K\u1ef3. (278 trang), b\u00eca ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 in 1879. B\u00eca trong \u0111\u1ec1: Saigon, 1877.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng hai t\u1eadp 462 trang, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft nh\u00e0 L\u00ea (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2878 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1497 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) so\u1ea1n theo ch\u00ednh s\u1eed: L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0… <\/em>T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec7n M\u1ef5 Ch\u00e2u Tr\u1ecdng Th\u1ee7y<\/em>, truy\u1ec7n Huy\u1ec1n Tr\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa<\/em>… kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0<\/em>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam (t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, L\u00ea) qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch \u00abAnnam\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u1edf trong<\/em>, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vai ch\u00ednh, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, trong quy\u1ec3n 2, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb trang 112, \u0111\u1ebfn trang cu\u1ed1i 278.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00abk\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab\u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed9i\u00bb tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb c\u1ee7a Gia Long, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng \u00abtham t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00bb, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, r\u1ed3i T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i g\u00f3t, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy \u0111\u1ed3i, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abd\u00ecu d\u1eaft\u00bb d\u00e2n ta kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh l\u1ea7m than.<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u00abtrang s\u1eed\u00bb<\/strong> n\u00e0y ra sao? Maybon \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, trong cu\u1ed1n Histoire moderne du pays d’Annam <\/em>(1920) V\u00e0  Jean Bouchot,  \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ca t\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y, trong cu\u1ed1n Un savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898) <\/em> (1927) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

– H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ed1, n\u0103m 1937, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ca t\u1ee5ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Petrus K\u00fd (1837-1898)[16]<\/strong><\/a>, <\/em>n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n vinh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Cours d’Histoire Annamite. <\/em>V\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 L\u00ea (v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u1edd \u0111i ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec Petrus K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 1863<\/em>\u00bb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u00abd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 \u0111o t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1n ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u0103m lo t\u00ecm cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, ng\u00e0y nay<\/strong><\/em> [\u00f4ng] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc An Nam<\/em><\/strong>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

– Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00f4ng gi\u00e0 ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ec7m\u00bb, n\u0103m 1992, vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt)[17]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 minh oan cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfu \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i vua Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00ab\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m\u00bb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1u trung, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00abnh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00bb m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ra cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u00f4 d\u00f9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c nghe theo. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, c\u00e1i \u00f4 d\u00f9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ernest Renan (1823-1892), tri\u1ebft gia, nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, H\u00e0n L\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n s\u0129… m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX.  <\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eaby l\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ernest Renan (ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Larousse), r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a Ernest Renan nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc An nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00abTrong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y 10-06-1880 \u1edf h\u1ed9i \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, E. Renan \u0111\u00e3 khen nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n An nam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc An nam:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00d4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi An nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o t\u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed y\u1ebfu hay b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd\u00bb<\/em><\/strong>[18]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng cu\u1ed1n Cours d’histoire annamite <\/em>c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

\u00abS\u1eed gia Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 S\u1eed An nam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Cours d’histoire annamite nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y:<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00abB\u00e2y gi\u1edd d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta an l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 Gia Long v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m<\/em>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 Nam k\u1ef3<\/em><\/strong>, s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd<\/strong><\/em>[19]<\/a>. Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nam K\u1ef3 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ef1ng, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 tham t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a quan l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5, v\u1eady n\u00ean n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/em>\u00bb[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sau khi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn d\u00e0i r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00abk\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i\u00bb nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n c\u00f2n th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e2u: \u0110\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ee1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9?<\/em> (trang 50)<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

\u00abV\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 nghe Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u00abkh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t\u00bb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103m t\u1ed1i trong tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00abt\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c\u00bb trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Petrus K\u00fd) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ef1c n\u00e0o.<\/em>\u00bb (trang 52)<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n:<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ed1i tha, r\u1eefa n\u00e1t, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i t\u00e0n \u00e1c l\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/strong>, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd mong n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n [d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c] \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abc\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00abgi\u00e1o h\u00f3a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u00bb theo k\u1ecbp n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ba v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n

1- Ca t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n mua thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh, m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c “s\u0129 quan” Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u00abth\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i\u00bb, \u00abx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0i\u00bb, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

2- Quy t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c Minh M\u1ea1ng: so\u00e1n ng\u00f4i, v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n, t\u00e0n \u00e1c, gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u00abcan thi\u1ec7p\u00bb v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

3- Ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 An Nam, v\u00e0 ca t\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n trong Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0103n b\u1ea3n xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n La Relation sur le Tonkin et la Cochinchine de Mr de la Bissach\u00e8re <\/em>(K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc h\u00e0 v\u00e0 Nam h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng de la Bissach\u00e8re<\/em>)[21]<\/a> trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 B\u00e0i T\u1ef1a (Introduction) <\/em>c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean s\u1ef9 quan k\u1ef5 binh F\u00e9lix Renouard de Sainte-Croix (1767-1840)[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c de Sainte-Croix \u0111em v\u1ec1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1810. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Quang Trung v\u00e0 Gia Long c\u1ee7a Bissach\u00e8re \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1810. N\u0103m 1817, Bissach\u00e8re tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1820. S\u1ef1 th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 de la Bissach\u00e8re \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh gay g\u1eaft trong K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp gi\u00e1o s\u0129 m\u1edbi, n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 Marchand (C\u1ed1 Du), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pellerin, linh m\u1ee5c Huc, linh m\u1ee5c Legrand de la Liraye, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Puginier, linh m\u1ee5c Louis Eug\u00e8ne Louvet,… kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00ab\u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5\u00bb Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba sai n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n (gi\u1eb7c) L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i, tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 linh m\u1ee5c Marchand, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng; ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea1ch ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c Huc, Legrand de la Liraye, Pellegrin, Puginier; ho\u1eb7c b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh nghi\u00e3 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c hay gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1m t\u1eed \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.[24]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong nh\u00e0 D\u00f2ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1 g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c de la Bissach\u00e8re: c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y b\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft s\u1eed b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n<\/strong>,<\/em> ngay sau khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm xong mi\u1ec1n L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh Nam k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Maybon, Cadi\u00e8re, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u00f5: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a Ernest Renand \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u ng\u00e0y 10-06-1880, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khen ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 L\u00ea, b\u1edfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3n vinh: ba l\u1ea7n \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e1nh T\u1ed1ng, b\u00ecnh Chi\u00eam, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb n\u1ed5i t\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby trong s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c ta \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ba l\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ghi l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t! <\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u: h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 khen v\u00e0 h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u1edf trong v\u00e0<\/em> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u00eau cao c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd:<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abkhai h\u00f3a\u00bb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7y!<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9t \u00e1o \u00abngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafp l\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ea5m \u00e1o \u00ab\u00e2n nh\u00e2n\u00bb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

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Quy t\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n vi\u1ec7c Gia Long ra B\u1eafc, k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh, thu giang s\u01a1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00f4ng vinh hi\u1ec3n, c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u1edbi nay, Gia Long v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh-Nam K\u1ef3, <\/strong>vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc; c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Annam n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 gian tham c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i<\/strong> trong m\u1ecdi t\u1eebng l\u1edbp m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u1edbc Annam \u1edf Hu\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1eefu \u00edch, n\u1ebfu tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 noi theo. Ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 s\u1eed gia trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn,<\/strong> ch\u00fang t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3 hay B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/strong> cai tr\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y<\/strong>, n\u00f3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea7y s\u00fac v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1edfi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tham quan v\u00f4 l\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 m\u00e0 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng chinh ph\u1ee5c thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u00ec th\u1ea5y bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ef1 do, bao nhi\u00eau che ch\u1edf, bao nhi\u00eau an ninh, \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean coi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9”.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p:<\/u><\/p>\n

“Nous avons aujourd’hui sous les yeux le tableau, peu consolant, de ce qu’ont su faire Gia Long et ses successeurs, jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, les nouveaux ma\u00eetres du domaine royal. Leur obstination aveugle leur a fait perdre la Basse-Cochinchine, leur mauvaise administration leur a ali\u00e9n\u00e9 les c\u0153urs du Tonquin <\/em>[sic]; quant \u00e0 la Cochinchine proprement dite, la suite de ses malheurs, la terreur par laquelle les populations sont domin\u00e9es, la tyrannie et l’improbit\u00e9 des fonctionnaires de tous rangs sont assez connues, pour qu’il soit superflu d’en faire l’histoire. Si on veut \u00e0 Hu\u00ea que l’Annam vive de la vie politique des peuples utiles, si la dynastie de Nguy\u1ec5n veut durer, il faut qu’elle cherche sa voie et qu’elle la suive r\u00e9solument. Quant \u00e0 nous, historien fid\u00e8le et consciencieux, nous saurons  toujours respecter le pass\u00e9 et lui rendre hommage et justice; nous n’ oublierons point qu’Annamites de la France; ou Annamites de la Cochinchine et du Tonquin, nous avons des origines communes. Bien que s\u00e9par\u00e9s par les destin\u00e9es politiques, nous nous \u00e9l\u00e8verons de toutes nos forces contre ce syst\u00e8me erron\u00e9  d’administration, contraire \u00e0 la saine \u00e9conomie politique, qui fait du peuple  le b\u00e9tails des rois; qui n’est que l’exploitation maladroite et criminelle d’une nation par la caste des fonctionnaires avides et ambitieux.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Tandis, nous n’h\u00e9sitons pas \u00e0 l’avouer, que la belle organisation politique des peuples de l’Occident, et du peuple fran\u00e7ais en premi\u00e8re ligne, a s\u00e9duit notre esprit, a conquis notre estime, notre respect et notre d\u00e9vouement, comme elle a su gagner la sympathie des populations que la France a annex\u00e9es \u00e0 son empire, \u00e9tonn\u00e9es de trouver tant de libert\u00e9, tant de protections, tant de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 chez des ma\u00eetres qu’elle avait  logiquement consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des ennemies.”[25]<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u00abs\u1eed gia trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn\u00bb <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u00ab l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00abc\u00f4ng \u01a1n khai h\u00f3a\u00bb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft su\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o<\/em>. Theo \u00f4ng, t\u1eeb Gia Long tr\u1edf \u0111i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n, quan l\u1ea1i tham nh\u0169ng, t\u00e0n \u00e1c, m\u00e0 “to\u00e0n d\u00e2n” \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5<\/em>. \u00d4ng kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb \u00abt\u1ef1 do, bao dung\u00bb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/em> m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111ang ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nho: \u00abh\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec l\u00f2ng ghen tu\u00f4ng c\u0103m th\u00f9. H\u1ecd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng k\u00e9o Gia Long ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p\u00bb.[26]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng “trang s\u1eed” k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f2i b\u00fat vinh th\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, coi s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u00ab\u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00fac\u00bb cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm. T\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n danh ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n danh c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” Ph\u00e1p th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ebft n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u00f2i b\u00fat c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o Minh M\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 “t\u1ed9i \u00e1c” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: L\u00ean ng\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, h\u1ee7 ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb d\u00e2u<\/em> (v\u1ee3 g\u00f3a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh) \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 mang, ra l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ebft b\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai ch\u00e1u. S\u00e1t h\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n<\/em> c\u1ee7a cha: gi\u1ebft Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh. B\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3i L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ec7 b\u1ea1c<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c “\u00e2n nh\u00e2n” ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap vua Gia Long “l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3”. Kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p<\/em>. \u0110\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa,<\/em> b\u1eaft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 kinh d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ecd l\u00ean v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c cho ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n, vv…<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m hai vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, trong vi\u1ec7c xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

– T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u: b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean phong d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, s\u1eed gia Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Maybon, Cadi\u00e8re, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1ea3, <\/em>v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u00abc\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u\u00bb trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1ea3<\/em> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed gia th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t vi\u1ebft theo, v\u1edbi hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

1-T\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch: c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ebf quan t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3ng, cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

2- Vinh th\u0103ng c\u00f4ng \u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 khai h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abs\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00bb.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f2i b\u00fat Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong cu\u1ed1n Cours d’Histoire Annamite (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam) <\/em>vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00abTh\u1ef1c th\u1ebf, Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, ti\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a con trai Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, lo ng\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh gia \u0111\u00ecnh tranh ng\u00f4i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, trong khi \u1edf ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, con ch\u00e1u nh\u00e0 L\u00ea b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh C\u1ea3nh <\/em>[th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh] ch\u1ebft \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i hai con trai, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n m\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nghe n\u00f3i, Minh M\u1ea1ng, t\u01b0 th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 g\u00f3a c\u1ee7a anh m\u00ecnh<\/strong>, b\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thai, khi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ed9 r\u00f5, b\u1ecb \u00f4ng ta bu\u1ed9c cho t\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai con trai, l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Tuy c\u00f3 cho h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3m \u00e1c th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c <\/em><\/strong>tranh  nhau di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n vinh hi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai<\/strong>? Kh\u00f4ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Minh M\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng, \u0111en t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gian tr\u00e1, t\u1eeb nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, <\/strong>m\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau khi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c <\/em>[hai con c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh], \u00f4ng ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t hai l\u00e3o t\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec3n vinh, quan \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a cha, m\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng ta trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n nham hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c: Ch\u01b0\u1edfng Trung qu\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1ng <\/em>[Th\u00e0nh], T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1n quan <\/em>[Ch\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n] L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Hu\u1ebf g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u m\u00f4 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n ra m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o kh\u1ed1n n\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y s\u00e2u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua:<\/em><\/p>\n

Minh M\u1ea1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e1n t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n cho h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua chu\u1ed9c hai vi\u00ean th\u01b0 k\u00fd gi\u1eef tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u00e3 v\u1edbi vua, sai ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef cu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1eef con trai ch\u1ee7. \u00cdt l\u00e2u sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean Minh M\u1ea1ng. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef con trai kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc H\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1ng<\/em>. Thi\u1ec1ng, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi t\u1eeb B\u1eafc v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i d\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a con m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 oanh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1ng, Minh M\u1ea1ng x\u1eed t\u1eed.<\/em> Thi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 con trai nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua; Thi\u1ec1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u00f4ng. Duy\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Minh M\u1ea1ng; hi\u1ec3u ngay b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1o tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n ra \u00e2m m\u01b0u gh\u00ea t\u1edfm m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o; l\u00f2ng o\u00e1n h\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi tri\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1i tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean ch\u1ed7 c\u0169 hay kh\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc sai t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c tri\u1ec7n, th\u1ea5y y \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh, d\u00e1ng di\u1ec7u l\u01a1 l\u00e1o, b\u00ean gi\u1ebfng, y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ee5c so\u00e1t. Th\u1ea5y ngay c\u00e1i tri\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3, ch\u01b0a g\u1eedi. Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf <\/em>[L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t] sai ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u y t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p Minh M\u1ea1ng, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh \u0111ang c\u00f3 b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m gi\u1eef; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n sung s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd r\u1eddi xa. L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u1ee9.” <\/em>[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p:<\/u><\/p>\n

\u00abMinh M\u1ea1ng, en effet, mont\u00e9 sur le tr\u00f4ne au d\u00e9triment du fils du prince C\u1ea3nh, redoutait de voir un jour ou l’autre quelque comp\u00e9titeur surgir au sein m\u00eame de sa famille, tandis que, dans le Tonkin, les descendants des L\u00ea commencaient \u00e0 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier du m\u00e9contentement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Son fr\u00e8re C\u1ea3nh \u00e9tait mort, laissant deux fils; leur perte fut r\u00e9solue. Minh M\u1ea1ng, dit-on, eut des relations avec la veuve de son fr\u00e8re<\/strong> et la rendit enceinte. Quand la grossesse fut apparente, il l’a condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 mort pour inceste, elle et ses deux fils, ses propres neuveux. Il leur accorda cependant la faveur du choix du genre de mort.[28]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Faut-il apr\u00e8s un pareil crime, o\u00f9 le cynisme et l’hypocrisie la plus noire, se m\u00ealant \u00e0 la plus profonde sc\u00e9l\u00e9ratesse semblaient se disputer la palme, s’\u00e9tonner de sa conduite envers les officiers francais et les missionnaires? Non, \u00e9videmment. Minh M\u1ea1ng, nature m\u00e9chante, froide, sombre et fausse, pouvait d\u00e9sormais tout entreprendre<\/strong>, s^ur de ne jamais aller au-del\u00e0.<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00e9barrass\u00e9 des rivaux l\u00e9gitimes. Il songea \u00e0 la perte de deux glorieux v\u00e9t\u00e9rans, ministres autoris\u00e9s et influents, vieux compagnons d’armes et de victoires de son p\u00e8re, dont l’action p\u00e9pond\u00e9rante le g\u00eanait dans l’accomplissement de ses plans tortueux et criminels: le mar\u00e9chal du centre, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1ng <\/em>[Th\u00e0nh], vice roi du Tonkin, et le grand \u00e9nuque L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, qui estimait les Fran\u00e7ais et dont la pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 Hu\u1ebf nuisait \u00e0 la conduite de ses odieuses combinaisons.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ici encore appara\u00eet cette mis\u00e9rable astuce qui est le fond de sa nature perverse:<\/em><\/p>\n

Minh M\u1ea1ng se propose de les convaincre de r\u00e9bellion; il gagne leurs secr\u00e9taires et garde-sceaux. Ces mis\u00e9rables, unis \u00e0 leur royal complice, s’appliquent \u00e0 imiter l’\u00e9criture de leurs maitres et celle de leur fils. Bient\u00f4t, une fausse lettre, intercept\u00e9e dans un guet-apens arr\u00eat\u00e9 en commun, fut port\u00e9e \u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng. Elle faisait un appel aux armes; elle \u00e9tait de l’\u00e9criture du fils du vice-roi du Tonquin; elle portait le sceau du vice-roi Thi\u1ec1ng lui m\u00eame. Thi\u1ec1ng, rappel\u00e9 imm\u00e9diatement du Tonquin, ne put m\u00e9conna\u00eetre son sceau, ni l’\u00e9criture de son fils. La preuve \u00e9tait \u00e9clatante, \u00e9crasante; et sans \u00e9gard pour ses explications et sa d\u00e9fense, sans \u00e9gard \u00e0 son glorieux pass\u00e9, Minh-M\u1ea1ng le condamna \u00e0 mourir. Thi\u1ec1ng et son fils re\u00e7urent l’ordre de se donner la mort.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00ea v\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t \u00e9tait \u00e0 l’audience du roi; Thi\u1ec1ng fut condamn\u00e9 sous ses yeux. Duy\u1ec7t connaissait Minh-M\u1ea1ng; il comprit que son vieil ami \u00e9tait victime de la duplicit\u00e9 du roi et devina la machination infernale sous laquelle il succombait; et comme m\u00fb par un pressentiment soudain, il quitta le palais pour aller voir si le sceau \u00e9tait \u00e0 sa place habituelle. Il ne l’y trouva plus; sa conviction fut faite imm\u00e9diatement.<\/em><\/p>\n

Il fit rechercher sans d\u00e9lai son garde-sceau qu’on trouva comme \u00e9tourdi, dans une attitude \u00e9gar\u00e9e, au bord d’un puits. il fut conduit devant son maitre et fouill\u00e9. On trouva sur lui le cachet du mar\u00e9chal Duy\u1ec7t et une fausse letrre non encore timbr\u00e9e. Le mar\u00e9chal le fit d\u00e9capiter sur l’heure. Il alla ensuite trouver Minh-m\u1ea1ng, lui dit que la Basse-Cochinchine \u00e9tait victime d’exactions de chefs de bandes, et que sa pr\u00e9sences sur les lieux mettrait un terme \u00e0 ces d\u00e9sordres qui mena\u00e7aient de s’aggraver. Minh-m\u1ea1ng n’osant pas le retenir; et heureux d’ailleurs de cet \u00e9loignement volontaire, le laisa partir. L\u00ea v\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, donc, vint \u00e0 Saigon comme vice-roi”.<\/em><\/strong>[29]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 hai gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p: ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ef1a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec: Th\u1eed xem bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam vi\u1ebft g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n Cours d’Histoire Annamite (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Annam) <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra trong kho\u1ea3ng 1875- 1877 (hay 1879), l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em> s\u01a1 t\u1eadp<\/em> (t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n 1 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec3n 32), ghi r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a ba nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: Th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1889, m\u1edbi kh\u1eafc in. B\u00e0i t\u1ef1a \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n s\u01a1 t\u1eadp,<\/em> vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 in s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abB\u1ecdn th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 tra c\u1ee9u su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb n\u0103m Minh M\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 2 (1821) \u0111\u1eb7t ra s\u1eed qu\u00e1n, ch\u1ecdn sai nho th\u1ea7n bi\u00ean ch\u00e9p l\u00e2u n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ebfn bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb k\u00ednh v\u00e2ng s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 chu\u1ea9n cho s\u1eeda l\u00e0m li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m quan chi\u00eam c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi sau. T\u1edbi n\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 5 (1852) b\u1ed9 \u00abTi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n\u00bb l\u00e0m xong; ph\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 \u00ab\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t k\u1ef7 ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n\u00bb, c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u1edf s\u1eed qu\u00e1n l\u00fac \u1ea5y, tham b\u1ed5, kh\u1ea3o x\u00e9t \u0111\u00ednh  ch\u00ednh, chia ra t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c, bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu phi, th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i [… ] nhan \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u00abCh\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n s\u01a1 t\u1eadp\u00bb. Trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 sau, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t \u0111\u00fang, v\u0103n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o x\u00e9t, nh\u00e2n l\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec9p \u0111em kh\u1eafc ra ban h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf Lan \u0110\u00e0i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eed qu\u00e1n), kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y<\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

 […]<\/p>\n

K\u00ednh c\u1ea9n t\u00e2u l\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i n\u0103m th\u1ee9 1 (1889) th\u00e1ng 10 ng\u00e0y 13 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u00e2u (ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1889). V\u00e2ng ch\u1ec9 chu\u1ea9n y l\u1eddi t\u00e2u, ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh theo l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Th\u1ea7n) Nguy\u1ec5n Trong H\u1ee3p, B\u00f9i \u00c2n Ni\u00ean<\/em>… [30]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n <\/em>\u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 2 (1821) khi vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra s\u1eed qu\u00e1n, <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 5 (1852) b\u1ed9 Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean <\/em>[c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa] l\u00e0m xong v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean <\/em>[t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Gia Long tr\u1edf \u0111i]. Khi so\u1ea1n xong, \u0111\u1ec3 trong s\u1eed qu\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i th\u1ee9 1 (1889), m\u1edbi d\u00e2ng vua xin in.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng vua Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00abki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t\u00bb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft trong hai b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> (b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u in d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n <\/em>(b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u in d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i). \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng in trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Annam <\/em>v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, <\/em>s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u00e0 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Xin n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0110\u1edfm <\/strong>(Minh M\u1ea1ng sau n\u00e0y) l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/strong>, theo Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a hai quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1ng [Th\u00e0nh] v\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, cho n\u00ean hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft):<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 1-1816, vua Gia Long quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed:<\/p>\n

“Vua \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1ed5i cao m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 <\/em>[\u0110\u1edfm] hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 <\/em>[25 tu\u1ed5i]. Vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. B\u1ea7y t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng theo<\/em>“. Tr\u1eeb Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, mu\u1ed1n c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 cho d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o<\/em>[31]<\/a>, \u0111\u00f2i l\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng Gia Long l\u1edd \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng nghe[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y canh d\u1ea7n, th\u00e1ng ba, n\u0103m B\u00ednh T\u00fd [7-4-1816] Gia Long tri\u1ec7u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 L\u1ea1i Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng, sai vi\u1ebft chi\u1ebfu l\u1eadp ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Hi\u1ec7u [t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1edfm] l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a cho qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n xem v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o: “Ai \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u00ec k\u00fd t\u00ean v\u00e0o<\/em>“. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u00e2u: “B\u1ecdn th\u1ea7n xin noi theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh<\/em>“[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Hai \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Gia Long, l\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u1edfng Trung qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec1ng <\/em>[Th\u00e0nh] v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n, L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n Gia Long \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd, ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng: Theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn trong ng\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong>, con c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu<\/strong> ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (l’h\u00e9ritier devrait \u00eatre choisi dans la branche ain\u00e9e des fils de la reine l\u00e9gitime) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i d\u1ef1ng con trai c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh<\/em>…”[34]<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng Gia Long kh\u00f4ng nghe.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 Phi<\/em>. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c H\u1eadu phi li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n. <\/em>V\u00e0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, <\/em>c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa con c\u00e1c b\u00e0 phi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi t\u00ean theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 sinh ra, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ean m\u1eb9 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t con ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/em>.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i, Nam Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, v\u00ec b\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 b\u00e0 phi, m\u1eb9 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> ghi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Th\u00e1ng 3, ng\u00e0y T\u00e2n t\u1ef5 , ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ea3 C\u1ea3nh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Anh Du\u1ec7 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed) sinh, do nguy\u00ean phi T\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb <\/strong>(t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Th\u1eeba thi\u00ean Cao ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu); phi<\/strong> l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3 ch\u01b0\u1edfng dinh T\u1ed1ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Khu\u00f4ng […] Khi Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng <\/em>[Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n] v\u00e0o Nam, phi <\/strong>theo Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Khu\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t, vua s\u1eeda l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u1ea5n phong l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean phi<\/strong><\/em>“.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd khi vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng<\/em> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o “\u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>” b\u1eaft b\u1ebb vua Gia Long. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn: Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, <\/em>m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ti\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, tuy kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Minh M\u1ea1ng h\u1ee7 ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi  ch\u1ecb d\u00e2u v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u00e1u<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abT\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng\u00bb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: \u00abNghe n\u00f3i, Minh M\u1ea1ng, th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 go\u00e1 c\u1ee7a anh, b\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 mang, khi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, b\u00e8n b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00ec t\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai con.<\/strong>\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng sang \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft trong hai b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, <\/em>\u0111o\u1ea1n ghi truy\u1ec7n th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i, (trang 52- 58). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u0103m T\u00e2n D\u1eadu (1801) m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, \u00f4ng<\/em> [th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh] b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu ch\u1ebft, tu\u1ed5i 22. [\u2026]<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1ee3 l\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng Th\u1ecb Quy\u00ean c\u00f3 hai trai l\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (l\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e1n) v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Th\u00f9y (l\u1ea1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u1ea3nh)[37]<\/strong><\/a>. N\u0103m Gia Long th\u1ee9 16 phong M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u1ee8ng h\u00f2a c\u00f4ng, M\u1ef9 Th\u00f9y l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadt l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed c\u00f4ng. [\u2026] <\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (1824), M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eadt t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u01b0 d\u00e2m v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 h\u1ecd T\u1ed1ng. T\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i d\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cho ch\u1ebft <\/em>[\u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ghi r\u00f5 h\u01a1n: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 vua sai L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t x\u1eed t\u1eed T\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb]; M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2ng n\u1ed9p \u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u00e2y thao <\/em>[kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?], gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n; con trai con g\u00e1i bi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0o sau s\u1ed5 h\u1ecd T\u00f4n th\u1ea5t. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 b\u1ea9y <\/em>[1826], M\u1ef9 Th\u00f9y b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u1edf D\u1ef1c Ch\u1ea5n ki\u1ec7n, s\u1eafp giao xu\u1ed1ng cho \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n ngh\u1ecb t\u1ed9i th\u00ec M\u1ef9 Th\u00f9y b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, n\u00ean l\u1ea5y con c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n (M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng) l\u00e0 L\u1ec7 Chung t\u1eadp phong l\u00e0 \u1ee8ng ho\u00e0 h\u1ea7u, ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd Anh Du\u1ec7 Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed <\/em>[Th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh], n\u0103m th\u1ee9 8 <\/em>[1827] \u0111\u1ed5i phong l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u\u00bb[38]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 \u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (1824) sang \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c. Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh (T\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 L\u1ec5) h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. L\u1ec7 Chung, con c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 8 (1827) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 14 (1833), con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi t\u00ean v\u00e0o gia ph\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 17 (1837) l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf t\u00ean \u0111i…  N\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai (1849) M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh qua \u0111\u1eddi.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n m\u1eb9 con l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u00abv\u1ee5 \u00e1n\u00bb n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u vua, con c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u00e1i t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u0103m <\/em>[Minh M\u1ea1ng] th\u1ee9 17, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, Ph\u1ee7 t\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5 t\u00e2u n\u00f3i: th\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c n\u1eb7ng l\u1eafm, con trai, con g\u00e1i <\/em>[c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng] h\u00e1 n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf t\u00f4n ph\u1ea3; duy L\u1ec7 Chung <\/em>[con c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng] \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp phong \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng Anh Du\u1ec7 <\/em>[Th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh] xin cho mi\u1ec5n ngh\u1ecb, c\u00f2n con trai L\u1ec7 Chung l\u00e0 L\u1ec7 Ng\u00e2n, con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 Th\u1ecb V\u0103n, Th\u1ecb Dao \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e1ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf t\u00ean \u1edf s\u1ed5 h\u1ecd T\u00f4n th\u1ea5t. Vua theo l\u1eddi t\u00e2u. N\u0103m <\/em>[Minh M\u1ea1ng] th\u1ee9 20 (1839) \u0111\u1ed5i phong <\/em>[cho L\u1ec7 Chung l\u00e0m] C\u1ea3m ho\u00e1 h\u1ea7u Th\u00e1i t\u1eed b\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, sau sai gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd t\u1ef1 Anh Du\u1ec7 Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed<\/em>\u00bb (\u0110\u1ea1i Nam<\/em> li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, <\/em>t\u1eadp 2, trang 53-54).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u0129 V\u0169 Xu\u00e2n C\u1ea9n, xin \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, \u00abban \u01a1n\u00bb cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong gia ph\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. N\u0103m T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 2 (1849) M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng qua \u0111\u1eddi, T\u1ea1 Quang C\u1ef1 v\u00e0 30 \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n, ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i V\u0169 Xu\u00e2n C\u1ea9n, k\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n xin \u00e2n x\u00e1, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 hai ba l\u1ea7n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u00e1n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: \u00abNghe n\u00f3i, Minh M\u1ea1ng, th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 go\u00e1 c\u1ee7a anh, b\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 mang, khi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, b\u00e8n b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00ec t\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai con.<\/em><\/strong>\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia n\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u1eef \u00abnghe n\u00f3i<\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh hai ch\u1eef nghe n\u00f3i<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1ch hai ch\u1eef s\u1eed gia <\/em>t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m ph\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Minh M\u1ea1ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u00abt\u1ed9i\u00bb <\/em>\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u00e1c, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i t\u1ea7y tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: Minh M\u1ea1ng gi\u1ebft cha con Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ee5t L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t. Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n

“Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c <\/em>[M\u1ef9 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Thu\u1ef3] \u00f4ng ta <\/em>[Minh M\u1ea1ng] ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai l\u00e3o t\u01b0\u1edbng vinh hi\u1ec3n, quan \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a cha, m\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n nham hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c.<\/em>“<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

“\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n ra m\u01b0u m\u1eb9o kh\u1ed1n n\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y s\u00e2u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta:<\/em><\/p>\n

Minh M\u1ea1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e1n t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n cho h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua chu\u1ed9c hai vi\u00ean th\u01b0 k\u00fd gi\u1eef tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u00e3 v\u1edbi vua, sai ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1eef con trai ch\u1ee7. \u00cdt l\u00e2u sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby, b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean Minh M\u1ea1ng. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef con trai kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc H\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u1ec1ng<\/em>. Thi\u1ec1ng, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi t\u1eeb B\u1eafc v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i d\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1eef con trai. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 oanh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec1ng, Minh M\u1ea1ng x\u1eed t\u1eed. Thi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 con trai nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua; Thi\u1ec1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u00f4ng. Duy\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Minh M\u1ea1ng; hi\u1ec3u ngay b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1o tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n ra \u00e2m m\u01b0u gh\u00ea t\u1edfm m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o; l\u00f2ng o\u00e1n h\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi tri\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecm xem c\u00e1i tri\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean ch\u1ed7 c\u0169 hay kh\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng sai t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c tri\u1ec7n, th\u1ea5y y \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ec9nh, d\u00e1ng di\u1ec7u l\u01a1 l\u00e1o, b\u00ean gi\u1ebfng, y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ee5c so\u00e1t. Th\u1ea5y ngay c\u00e1i tri\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 gi\u1ea3, ch\u01b0a g\u1eedi. Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf <\/em>[Duy\u1ec7t] sai ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u y t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p Minh M\u1ea1ng, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh \u0111ang c\u00f3 b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn. Minh M\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m gi\u1eef; m\u00e0 c\u00f2n sung s\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u00fd r\u1eddi xa. L\u00ea v\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c Kinh L\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u1ee9.”<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec1m Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1817 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Gia Long <\/em>r\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 Minh M\u1ea1ng x\u1eed t\u1eed l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai<\/strong>?<\/p>\n

Bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a cha con Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong ba n\u0103m, t\u1eeb n\u0103m Gia Long th\u1ee9 14 [1815] \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Gia Long th\u1ee9 17 [1818], \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em>, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abVua <\/em>[Gia Long]tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cao m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 <\/em>[Minh M\u1ea1ng sau n\u00e0y] hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. B\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng theo. Ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch vua l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m m\u1eddi c\u00e1c quan u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf nh\u00e0, n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: \u00abHo\u00e0ng t\u00f4n \u0110\u00e1n <\/em>[con trai Th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh] n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, t\u00f4i s\u1eafp t\u00e2u xin l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5y\u00bb. Trong \u0111\u00e1m ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m n\u00f3i g\u00ec, Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ee3 h\u1ecda l\u00e2y m\u00ecnh, b\u00e8n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u00abVi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do \u1edf l\u00f2ng vua, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea7y t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebf ri\u00eang, tham l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng to th\u00ec t\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i l\u1edbn\u00bb. V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh b\u00e8n th\u00f4i. Sau c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn tai vua. Vua <\/em>[Gia long] gi\u1eadn n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u00abH\u1eafn mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1ng vua nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y sau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb9t h\u1ecdng v\u1ed7 l\u01b0ng ch\u0103ng. Ta h\u00e1 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o n\u00ean ch\u0103ng, v\u1ed9i nghe l\u1eddi h\u1eafn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec X\u00e3 T\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi sao? T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec5 c\u1ee9 V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 xin d\u1ef1ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed. Vua n\u00edn l\u1eb7ng. V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 \u00fd, c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ng\u1edd s\u1ee3. Con l\u00e0 V\u0103n Thuy\u00ean nh\u00f2m bi\u1ebft \u00fd cha, th\u1ea7m mang l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n tr\u1eafc, b\u00e8n giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ch kh\u1ee9a k\u1ebft ri\u00eang b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ea3ng. V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u0103n Thuy\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u00abph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng\u00bb l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u00abb\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecbch\u00bb[41]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>. H\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Nghi cho r\u1eb1ng V\u0103n Thuy\u00ean mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\u00abNghi sai Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Hi\u1ec7u \u0111em th\u01a1 \u1ea5y c\u00e1o v\u1edbi L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t. Duy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a nhau, b\u00e8n \u0111em th\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a V\u0103n Thuy\u00ean d\u00e2ng l\u00ean. Vua cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c  r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u1ea5y v\u1ec1.\u00bb<\/em>[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c d\u1eb1ng dai v\u00ec Vua Gia Long kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee1 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i. N\u0103m sau (1816) Nguy\u1ec5n Duy H\u00f2a v\u00e0o ch\u1ea7u, l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng s\u1edb h\u1ea1ch Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em>: \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb quan gi\u1eef “ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0ng b\u1ea7y t\u00f4i<\/em>“; nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec con trai l\u00e0m b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch “ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng”, n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Th\u1ecb trung<\/em>. B\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ea1ch t\u1ed9i, vua Gia Long kh\u00f4ng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c, u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, trong th\u00e1ng 6-1817[43]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd tr\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi Gia Long sang \u0111\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng? H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ebft s\u1eed n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi: c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Minh M\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n, v\u00f4 \u01a1n, v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n… <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ec1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i:<\/p>\n

“Sau t\u1ed9i \u00e1c t\u1ea7y \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t, pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3m \u00e1c th\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c, <\/strong>\u0111ua chen tranh nhau \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai<\/strong>? Kh\u00f4ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Minh M\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng, \u0111en t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gian tr\u00e1, t\u1eeb nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, <\/strong>m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00e1<\/em>.”[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i g\u1eaft gao n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Minh M\u1ea1ng: \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c “s\u0129 quan” Ph\u00e1p<\/strong>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00f9 li\u1ec7u ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Anh, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. B\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p giao ph\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e1c “s\u0129 quan” Ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb Ph\u00e1p, trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u00abs\u0129 quan\u00bb. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft (xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft):<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u0129 quan qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, l\u00e0:<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u00f4ng  J.B. Chaigneau […] Ch\u00faa t\u00e0u Long…<\/em><\/p>\n

De For\u00e7ant  […] Ch\u00faa t\u1ea7u Ph\u1ee5ng…<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Philippe Vannier […]<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c s\u0129 quan d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i theo:<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u00f4ng: Jean-Marie Dayot, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng,<\/strong> cai qu\u1ea3n hai t\u1ea7u: \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai v\u00e0 Prince de Cochinchine.<\/em><\/p>\n

Victor Ollivier (\u00f4ng T\u00edn),<\/em><\/strong> s\u0129 quan c\u00f4ng binh; \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c binh ch\u1ee7ng ph\u00e1o binh v\u00e0 x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh l\u0169y.<\/strong> […]<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e9odore Le Brun, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Laurent Barisy, Trung t\u00e1.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Julien Girard de l’Isle-Sell\u00e9,<\/em><\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

J.M. Despiaux, Th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vua Gia Long.<\/em><\/p>\n

Louis Guillon,<\/em><\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i u\u00fd h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Jean Guilloux,<\/em><\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i u\u00fd h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t danh v\u1ecdng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, ghen t\u1ef5 v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nho s\u0129 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9 cho h\u1ecd<\/em><\/strong>“[45]<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ecb “s\u0129 quan” qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e0nh t\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, \u00abkho t\u00e0ng\u00bb, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong cu\u1ed1n Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i h\u00e0ng:<\/p>\n

– Laurent Barisy <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

– Th\u00e9odore Le Brun<\/em>: l\u00ednh t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n binh nh\u00ec tr\u00ean t\u1ea7u M\u00e9duse, \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169, \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0 n\u0103m 1790, b\u1ecf \u0111i n\u0103m 1791. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

– Jean-Marie Dayot<\/em>: t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1789, nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng cai \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a vua n\u0103m 1790. D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Dayot c\u00f3: Vannier cai \u0111\u1ed9i, qu\u1ea3n t\u1ea7u bu\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai<\/em> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00f3 cai \u0111\u1ed9i Guilloux. Julien Girard de l’Isle-Sell\u00e9<\/em>, qu\u1ea3n t\u1ea7u bu\u00f4n Le prince de la Cochinchine<\/em>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00f3 cai \u0111\u1ed9i Guillon. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Dayot l\u00e0 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i mua b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 cho Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 1792, Dayot ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i th\u00e2m l\u1ea1m ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1795, Dayot l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eafm t\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n \u0111i[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00f4n t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ki\u1ebfm \u0103n, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea1i u\u00fd h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n<\/em>… c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng: \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp binh ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0i cho Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

– Olivier de Puymanel<\/em> l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd n\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u1ef1ng chuy\u1ec7n Olivier de Puymanel x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh Vauban, do S\u00e9bastien Le Prestre, marquis de Vauban, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u0103m 1668 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m: xen k\u1ebd ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i l\u1ed3i ra<\/em> v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh l\u00f5m v\u00e0o<\/em>. Khi\u1ebfn l\u00ednh g\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 ba phi\u00e1: ph\u1ea3i, tr\u00e1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t<\/em>. Th\u00e0nh Vauban th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng r\u0103ng c\u01b0a<\/em>.  <\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng c\u01b0a<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Vauban<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng khi ta \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u01a1i xem nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, Hu\u1ebf, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y… th\u00ec t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eb3ng t\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o l\u1ed3i ra c\u1ea3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh Vauban \u1ea3o <\/em>n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>[47]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, <\/em>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam hai \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n

1- Ai \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e0y ra tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh Vauban \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam?<\/p>\n

2- L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0: ch\u00ednh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd trong Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>n\u0103m 1875 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

“\u1ede S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng <\/em>[Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng] th\u1ea5y<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m dinh c\u01a1 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, \u00f4ng sai M. Ollivier d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec,<\/strong> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng T\u00e2n Khai (1789). Th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh b\u00e1t gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda<\/strong>. Ng\u00e0y nay ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft sau c\u00f9ng, trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ed1 Pellerin \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ebfng thu\u1ef7 t\u0129nh (puits hydrostatique), r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nationale gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Chasseloup-Laubat v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Mois<\/em>…”[48]<\/a><\/p>\n

– N\u0103m 1897, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec:<\/p>\n

“Th\u00e1ng 2 trong n\u0103m <\/em>[1790] vua d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng Olivier v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Le Brun coi x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng T\u00e2n Khai, x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i <\/strong>c\u00f3 8 c\u1eeda, x\u00e2y v\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ong Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0<\/em>“[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Olivier t\u1ee9c Olivier de Puymanel v\u00e0 Le Brun, t\u1ee9c Th\u00e9odore Le Brun, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00ednh th\u1ee7y t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, \u00edt h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169<\/strong>, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, bao gi\u1edd<\/strong>[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh kinh, \u0111\u1eafp n\u0103m 1790[51]<\/a>.  \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> ghi:<\/p>\n

\u00abNg\u00e0y K\u1ef7 S\u1eedu (th\u00e1ng ba Canh Tu\u1ea5t) [22-4-1790], \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/strong>. Vua th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u0169 \u1edf th\u00f4n T\u00e2n Khai ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, b\u00e0n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam [\u2026] B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1eafp,<\/strong> h\u1eb9n m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eafp xong. Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eafp theo ki\u1ec3u b\u00e1t qu\u00e1i<\/strong>, m\u1edf t\u00e1m c\u1eeda, \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u00ean t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Mi\u1ebfu […] Th\u00e0nh xong g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kinh th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. Th\u01b0\u1edfng cho qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u01a1n 7.000 quan ti\u1ec1n (T\u00e1m c\u1eeda th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ong<\/strong>, phi\u00e1 nam l\u00e0 c\u1eeda C\u00e0n<\/strong> nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1eeda Ly<\/strong> minh, phi\u00e1 b\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u1eeda Kh\u00f4n <\/strong>h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u1eeda Kh\u1ea3m<\/strong> hi\u1ec3m, phi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u1eeda Ch\u1ea5n<\/strong> hanh v\u00e0 c\u1eeda C\u1ea5n<\/strong> ch\u1ec9, phi\u00e1 t\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1eeda T\u1ed1n<\/strong> thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0110o\u00e0i<\/strong> nguy\u1ec7t<\/em>\u00bb[52]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u00ab\u0111\u1eafp\u00bb<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eafp<\/em><\/strong>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y<\/em> <\/strong>nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh Vauban c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Theo Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, m\u1ed7i b\u1ec1 131 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng 2 th\u01b0\u1edbc (638, 944m). Chu vi 2,555km. Cao 10 th\u01b0\u1edbc (4,87m). Ch\u00e2n d\u00e0y 36,525m. Ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 l\u1edbp h\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng 51,135m, s\u00e2u 6,818m, c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u treo. L\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 lu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong>, chu vi 794 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng (3, 866km).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1795, Shih\u00f5ken Seishi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u1ea7u, th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, \u1edf l\u1ea1i Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1795, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nampy\u00f5ki<\/em> (\u0110\u1eafm t\u1ea7u \u1edf Nam H\u1ea3i)<\/em> k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kinh th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh (nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Vauban c\u1ea3.[53]<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh kinh c\u1ee7a Shih\u00f5ken Seishi, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c[54]<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00f3ng ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1ebd r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, theo ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Vauban<\/strong>, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 do Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p trong b\u00e0i \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed3 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh [55]<\/strong><\/a>, <\/em>v\u1edbi ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/p>\n

\u00abTh\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Qu\u00e1i, v\u1ebd theo t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a<\/em> Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Brun 1795, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n H\u1ecdc 1815 v\u00e0 Malleret 1935\u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y ai v\u1ebd, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u1ebd. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng cho in th\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Le Brun… n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng c\u00f3, l\u00ean s\u00e1ch?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Malleret 1935, <\/em>v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ebd ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abch\u1ee9ng minh\u00bb vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Vauban tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp x\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam!   <\/em>   <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, ki\u1ec3u Vauban, c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u[56]<\/sup><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

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D\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Maybon, Cadi\u00e8re<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vua Gia Long d\u1ea1y<\/em> [sai] Le Brun v\u00e0 Puymanel x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Cadi\u00e8re, n\u0103m 1920, tr\u00edch c\u00e2u s\u1eed gia Maybon ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ca t\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169 n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n Histoire moderne du pays d’Annam (1592-1820),<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“H\u1ecd <\/em>[nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p] \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh h\u1ea3i quan theo l\u1ed1i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh; \u0111\u01b0a k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy; \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1, l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1o binh d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0i<\/em>.”[57]<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1921, Cadi\u00e8re vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng Th\u1ed1ng Ch\u1ebf Joffre \u0111\u1ebfn kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y 3-1-1922, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Notes sur le corps du g\u00e9nie annamite<\/em> (Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng binh An Nam<\/em>)[58]<\/a> nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 vinh th\u0103ng c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a “nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX, c\u1ee9u nguy Gia Long v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c<\/em>“. Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, Cadi\u00e8re khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb “\u00e2n nh\u00e2n” n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f4ng binh An Nam<\/em>, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1804 \u0111\u1ebfn 1844, tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam!<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Gia Long<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh: Thanh Ho\u00e1, Hu\u1ebf, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, V\u0129nh Long, Kh\u00e1nh H\u00f2a, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh: H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Ninh B\u00ecnh, B\u1eafc Ninh, Cao B\u1eb1ng, \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1edbng, Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean, Ngh\u1ec7 An, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, An Giang, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1eed gia Maybon v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Cadi\u00e8re, vi\u1ebft n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o ng\u0169. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft, ngang nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abl\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00bb.<\/p>\n

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T\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u00abch\u1ee9ng minh\u00bb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba tung ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a<\/em>, theo ki\u1ec3u Vauban, m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u00e0i \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh,<\/em> in trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/em>[60]<\/a>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ea1 l\u00fd vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean Internet.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, Hu\u1ebf, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y… ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1edd s\u1edd ra \u0111\u00f3; t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0169y th\u1eb3ng t\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i n\u00e0o l\u1ed3i ra theo ki\u1ec3u Vauban, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn “t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u”, \u0111\u1ebfn “s\u1eed s\u00e1ch”.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ra: N\u0103m 1863, khi d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c (1820) sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, Aubaret \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i h\u1eb3n Quy\u1ec3n VI, Th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ch\u00ed<\/em>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c ghi r\u00f5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec<\/em> \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, ghi t\u00ean c\u00e1c quan ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh. Th\u1eddi Gia Long, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi x\u00e2y g\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd:“Vua d\u1ea1y Olivier v\u00e0 Le Brun x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh”, <\/em>Cadi\u00e8re ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Vauban tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a theo ki\u1ec3u Vauban, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2017, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 S\u01a1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta rao gi\u1ea3ng cho du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u00e0nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 Th\u0103ng Long, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Vauban do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y!<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n Souvenirs historiques sur Saigon et ses environs, <\/em>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Imprimerie Coloniale (Nh\u00e0 in Thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ecba) in n\u0103m 1885 \u1edf S\u00e0i g\u00f2n; n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t: Gia Long sai Ollivier x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u00e0n \u00e1c gi\u1ebft Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh, vv… Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 K\u00fd \u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn,<\/em> v\u00e0 cho in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch, k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, theo d\u1ea1ng Vauban (do nxb Tr\u1ebb, in n\u0103m 1997): S\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1eabn chua ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

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M\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho linh m\u1ee5c Louvet v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed1n Cours d’Histoire Annamite <\/em>(Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam) <\/em>(1875-1877) c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, linh m\u1ee5c Louvet, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khai tri\u1ec3n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Chu\u00e1<\/em>” v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn Minh M\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh “b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa N\u00e9ron” trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch La Cochinchine Religieuse<\/em> (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t-Ph\u00e1p tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

La Cochinchine Religieuse <\/em>(2 cu\u1ed1n) do linh m\u1ee5c Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet (1838-1900) (\u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1873 \u0111\u1ebfn 1896), vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1883, in n\u0103m 1885[61]<\/a>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, sau K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/em> v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean La Cochinchine Religieuse <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ghi l\u1ea1i “s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t<\/em>” \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u00e1c “b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa”<\/em> Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, linh m\u1ee5c, v\u1ec1 “s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c<\/em>” c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ecfng theo s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8, ph\u1ea7n III, c\u00e1ch Louvet “m\u00f4 t\u1ea3” ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n “x\u1eed t\u1ed9i voi d\u1ea7y” \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 g\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Lucie. V\u1eabn v\u1edbi “phong c\u00e1ch” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Louvet t\u1ea1o ra hai “b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa” m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Louvet \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Minh M\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m g\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd:<\/p>\n

“V\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3<\/em>[62]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, k\u1ebb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u0169ng l\u00ean h\u1ea7u to\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf: Ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1841, Minh M\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 ng\u1ef1a, ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa m\u00e0 y quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, qua m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed t\u1ed9i<\/strong>. V\u00ec t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m k\u1ebb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00ean b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a y kinh t\u1edfm v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/em> l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa N\u00e9ron Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Thay v\u00ec l\u00f9i, \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vinh quang<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em>[63]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh nghi\u00e3, hai ng\u00f2i b\u00fat Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 Louvet, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1 h\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi th\u1eeba sai v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Ba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Louvet ti\u1ebfp tay truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1:<\/p>\n

1- B\u1ed9i b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap vua Gia Long d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

1-\u0110\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

2-Bi\u1ec7n minh cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u00e0 n\u00eau cao thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a cu\u1ed1n L’Empire d’Annam<\/em> (\u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c Annam) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Gosselin, 1904:<\/p>\n

\u00abNh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam; b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ed9i b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1eaby l\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m quan cho Gia Long, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd h\u1ecd, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngai v\u00e0ng; b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i\u00ean d\u1ea1i b\u1ebf quan t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3ng; b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 khinh b\u1ec9 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00ec ki\u00eau c\u0103ng ngu mu\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 man r\u1ee3; b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u; nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.\u00bb[64]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1eed gia Ph\u00e1p, hai s\u1eed gia l\u1edbn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em> v\u00e0 Li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00abngu mu\u1ed9i, t\u00e0n \u00e1c, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb, do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u1ef3 ti\u00ean phong gieo r\u1eafc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1875, 1879.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> (1920):<\/p>\n

“S\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e0n \u00e1c. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i \u0111em l\u00e0m t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Y Pha Nho m\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u1edb \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1eady<\/em>“[65]<\/a><\/p>\n

Phan Khoang, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c s\u1eed<\/em> (1961):<\/p>\n

“Ng\u00e0i <\/em>[T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c] kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn (…) ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Giai, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u0103ng Qu\u1ebf, V\u00f5 Tr\u1ecdng B\u00ecnh, Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng… \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 (…) ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u00f2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u1ee3 \u0110\u1ed9t-khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ee3 Kim \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. (…) V\u00ec v\u1eady, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9 theo ch\u00e1nh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb (…) cho n\u00ean khi vua quan \u0111\u00e3 sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea7m n\u1ebbo th\u00ec c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i vong.” <\/em>[66]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

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K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Ngay sau khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm xong mi\u1ec1n L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tr\u00e1 m\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ea1t s\u00e1t vua Minh M\u1ea1ng,  c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7i l\u1eeda cho linh m\u1ee5c Jouvet s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00eam nh\u1eefng “t\u1ed9i \u00e1c” c\u1ee7a Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4, g\u1ecdi Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa N\u00e9ron. Nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1 m\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf, trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch.  <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba: Xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea1 l\u1ef5 Minh M\u1ea1ng. T\u1ed1 c\u00e1o tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

thuykhue.free.fr<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a>              Cu\u1ed1n Un savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)<\/em> (M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam k\u1ef3: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd) c\u1ee7a Jean Bouchot, do nxb Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n C\u1ee7a, in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1927, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd <\/em>(1837-1898), ph\u1ea7n III: Vinh d\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m than.<\/em><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>           <\/em>Bouchot vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp: \u00abKho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft: kho\u1ea3ng 1864, \u00f4ng in cu\u1ed1n \u00abAbr\u00e9g\u00e9 de grammaire annamite\u00bb (T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m An Nam), b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n \u00abGrammaire fran\u00e7aise\u00bb (V\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p) b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Annam, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, khi\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u00e0nh cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in 2 l\u1ea7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n<\/em> \u00abCours pratiques de langue annamite \u00e0 l’usage du Coll\u00e8ge des Interpr\u00e8tes\u00bb (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng cho Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00f4ng Ng\u00f4n), \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1865, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n \u00abS\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p\u00bb (Notions \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires de conversation) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1871 \u0111\u1ebfn 1894\u00bb.<\/em>(Tr\u00edch Un savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, <\/em>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, <\/em>t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Les D\u00e9buts (Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u)<\/em>, trang 27-29)<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>              Dayot v\u00e0 Le Brun l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh, xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p,<\/em> Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>              Tr\u00edch Jean Bouchot, trong cu\u1ed1n Un savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)<\/em> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, <\/em>t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Les D\u00e9buts (Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u),<\/em> trang <\/em>27-29.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>           Bouchot, Un savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)<\/em> trang 27-29.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>              \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c Ti\u1ec1n Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh Bi\u00ean,<\/em> T\u1eadp M\u1ed9t, trang 491, 498, 529, 569, 572, 581, 582.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>              \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c Ti\u1ec1n Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh Bi\u00ean,<\/em> T\u1eadp M\u1ed9t, trang 583-587.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>              Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9, ph\u1ea7n II.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>              \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean,<\/em> t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t, trang 588.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>            \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/em>, t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t, trang 280-281.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>            \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em>, t\u1eadp n\u0103m, trang 276.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>            \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em>, t\u1eadp n\u0103m, trang 276-277.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>            B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i, Con R\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed9c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, California, 1990, trang 132.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>         N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn hai ch\u1eef Cochinchine v\u00e0 Tonkin, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i hai ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i: Ch\u1eef Cochinchine<\/em> do ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 gh\u00e9p hai ch\u1eef Cochin<\/em> (Kochi), t\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Chine<\/em>, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, l\u00fac h\u1ecd m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/em>. Ch\u1eef Cochinchine <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/em>, thu\u1ed9c ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, t\u1ee9c mi\u1ec1n Nam.Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0. Th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam K\u1ef3. Ch\u1eef Tonkin<\/em>, c\u0169ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m, khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em> (t\u1ee9c kinh \u0111\u00f4 phi\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4, t\u1ee9c Thanh Ho\u00e1, l\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 phi\u00e1 T\u00e2y). \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh Tunkin<\/em>, sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Tonkin. <\/em>Ch\u1eef Tonkin<\/em> v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 Th\u0103ng Long, v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, thu\u1ed9c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc H\u00e0. Th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>         Tr\u00edch th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft cho L\u00e9tondal, Qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee7 Tu vi\u1ec7n Macao ng\u00e0y 17-8-1789, in trong s\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/em> c\u1ee7a Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 209. Xem to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c tay kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Maybon tr\u00e1 m\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng… trong cu\u1ed1n  Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Maybon v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n Histoire moderne du pays d’Annam<\/em>, trang 337-366.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>            <\/em>B\u00e0i n\u00e0y in tr\u00ean t\u1eadp san Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l’enseignement mutuel du Tonkin<\/em>, tome XVII, 1937 (trang 25-67), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u00ean Ng\u1ecdc d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 danh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898), <\/em>in l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean Website c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u00c1i h\u1eefu c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Petrus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u1edf \u00dac ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>         S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do Ban Khoa H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u00e0nh \u1ee7y Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, in n\u0103m 1992.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>         Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt) <\/em>Ban Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e0nh \u1ee6y TpHCM, 1993, trang 44. Bouchot trang 31, note (1).<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>         \u00c1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n danh nh\u00e0 L\u00ea [do c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap].<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>         Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, trang 48-49.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>         S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do nh\u00e0 Champion, Paris, in l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1920, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/em> (1764-1830).<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>         K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/em> (1764-1830) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf Anh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1810. N\u0103m 1920, nxb Champion, Paris, in l\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re,<\/em> trong c\u00f3 B\u00e0i T\u1ef1a (Introduction) <\/em>c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean s\u1ef9 quan k\u1ef5 binh F\u00e9lix Renouard de Sainte-Croix (1767-1840). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p <\/em>(C\u00f4ng ty Saigon-books v\u00e0 Nxb H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2017), trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re, th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em> v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10: B\u00e0i T\u1ef1a (Introduction) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Sainte-Croix (trang 213-243).<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>         V\u1ec1 Bissach\u00e8re v\u00e0 de Sainte-Croix, xem th\u00eam Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 215- 216.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>         Xem l\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6: H\u1ed9i th\u1eeba sai Paris<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a>            <\/em><\/strong>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Cours d’Histoire Annamite, Imprimerie du Gouvernement, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, volume 2, pages 251-252.<\/em><\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>            Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00ab…de la jalousie haineuse des mandarins et des lettr\u00e9s dont \u00e0 part quelques exceptions… tous les efforts tendaient \u00e0 soustraire Gia Long \u00e0 l’influence  fran\u00e7aise.\u00bb <\/em>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>Imprimerie du Gouvernement, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 2e volume, trang 256.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a>            <\/em>Tr\u00edch d\u1ecbch Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>trang 259-261.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a>            <\/em>Ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd: c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebft: th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 hay treo c\u1ed5. U\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c. D\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfm c\u1eaft c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a>            <\/em>Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>trang 259-261.<\/em><\/p>\n

[30]<\/a>            \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em> t\u1eadp 2 (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean s\u01a1 t\u1eadp<\/em>), nxb Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1, Hu\u1ebf, 1997, trang 8-9.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a>         Vua, ch\u00faa th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t, hai tr\u0103m con, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a>         \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em>, trang 912.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a>         <\/em>\u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em>, trang 920.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a>         <\/em>Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>trang 255.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a>            Nguy\u1ec5n Kim, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u t\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ee3 \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Ti\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ee9c Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, v\u1eabn \u1edf trong m\u1ee5c H\u1eadu phi li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em>. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 Phi c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, d\u00f9 con l\u00ean l\u00e0m ch\u00faa, sinh th\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00faa, vua L\u00ea m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 vua. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Gia Long, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0 phi th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a>         \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c Ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean<\/em> v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em>, trang 208.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a>         Ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Li\u1ec7t Truy\u1ec7n: ch\u1eef C\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y nghi\u00e3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1eef C\u1ea3nh t\u00ean th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a>            \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, t\u1eadp 2<\/em>, [t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n s\u01a1 t\u1eadp<\/em>] nxb Thu\u1eadn Ho\u00e1, Hu\u1ebf, 1997, trang 52-53.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a>         \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em>, t\u1eadp 2<\/em>, c\u00e1c trang 54, 55, 56.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a>            \u0110\u1ea1i Nam li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n<\/em>, t\u1eadp 2, trang 53-58.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a>            Th\u01a1 r\u1eb1ng<\/em> [Phi\u00ean \u00e2m]:<\/em><\/p>\n

                V\u0103n d\u1ea1o \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u \u0111a tu\u1ea5n ki\u1ec7t<\/em><\/p>\n

                H\u01b0 ho\u00e0i tr\u1eafc t\u1ecbch d\u1ee5c c\u1ea9u ti<\/em><\/p>\n

                V\u00f4 t\u00e2m c\u1eedu b\u1ea3o Kinh S\u01a1n ph\u00e1c;<\/em><\/p>\n

                Thi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tri K\u00fd B\u1eafc k\u1ef3.<\/em><\/p>\n

                U c\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u00ean l\u00fd vi\u1ec5n:<\/em><\/p>\n

                Cao c\u01b0\u01a1ng minh ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eedu cao tri.<\/em><\/p>\n

                Th\u1eed h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eafc s\u01a1n trung t\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n

                T\u00e1 ng\u00e3 kinh lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a ky<\/em><\/p>\n

                D\u1ecbch:<\/em><\/p>\n

                Nghe n\u00f3i \u00c1i Ch\u00e2u nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea5n ki\u1ec7t<\/em><\/p>\n

                D\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu b\u00ean ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u1edd,<\/em><\/p>\n

                V\u00f4 t\u00e2m \u00f4m m\u00e3i ng\u1ecdc Kinh S\u01a1n<\/em><\/p>\n

                Tay s\u00e0nh m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ng\u1ef1a K\u00fd B\u1eafc.<\/em><\/p>\n

                Th\u01a1m ngh\u00ecn d\u1eadm lan trong hang t\u1ed1i:<\/em><\/p>\n

                Vang ch\u00edn ch\u1eb1m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3t g\u00f2 cao.<\/em><\/p>\n

                Phen n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p t\u1ec3 <\/em>[t\u01b0\u1edbng] trong n\u00fai,<\/em><\/p>\n

                Gi\u00fap ta kinh lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u01a1.<\/em><\/p>\n

[42]<\/a>         \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em>, T\u1eadp 1,<\/em> trang 912-914.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a>         \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em>, T\u1eadp 1, trang 948.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a>         Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “Faut-il apr\u00e8s un pareil crime, o\u00f9 le cynisme et l’hypocrisie la plus noire, se m\u00ealant \u00e0 la plus profonde sc\u00e9l\u00e9ratesse, semblaient se disputer la palme, s’\u00e9tonner de sa conduite envers les officiers fran\u00e7ais et les missionnaires? Non, \u00e9videmment. Minh M\u1ea1ng, nature m\u00e9chante, froide, sombre et fausse, pouvait d\u00e9sormais tout entreprendre, s\u00fbr de ne jamais aller au-del\u00e0<\/em>“. (Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>trang 260).<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a>            Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>trang 226-227.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a>            Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, <\/em>c\u00e1c trang 535-546- 442-448 -449-489.<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a>            Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, 2017, trang 307-335.<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a>            Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Cours d’Histoire Annamite, <\/em>trang 227.<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a>            Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Bi\u00ean T\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ea7y, Pinho Qu\u1eadn C\u00f4ng<\/em>, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1897, trang 33.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[50]<\/a>            <\/strong>Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12: Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Le Brun v\u00e0 Puymanel x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Di\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh (trang 307-335).<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a>         Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh kinh (trang 287-355).<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a>         \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp1, trang 257.<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a>         T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Nampy\u00f5ki <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Muramatsu Gaspardonne d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, in trong Bulletin de l’Ecole Francaise d’Exr\u00eame-Orient (BEFFO), 1933, trang 35-120.<\/em><\/p>\n

[54]<\/a>         Tr\u00edch Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, trang 325.<\/p>\n

[55]<\/a>         <\/em>B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong \u0110i\u1ea1 ch\u00ed v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/em>, nxb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 HCM, 1987, trang 127-231.<\/p>\n

[56]<\/a>            Tr\u00edch Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em> trang 319.<\/p>\n

[57]<\/a>            Maybon, Histoire moderne du pays d’Annam (1592-1820) L\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam (1592-1820), <\/em>Plon-Nourrit, Paris, 1920, trang 279.<\/p>\n

[58]<\/a>            Notes sur le corps du g\u00e9nie annamite<\/em> (Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng binh An Nam<\/em>, BAVH, s\u1ed1 1921, trang 284-288.<\/p>\n

[59]<\/a>            Notes sur le corps du g\u00e9nie annamite<\/em> (Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng binh An Nam<\/em>, BAVH, s\u1ed1 1921, trang 287.<\/p>\n

[60]<\/a>            Nxb TP. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 1987.<\/p>\n

[61]<\/a>            Louvet sinh t\u1ea1i Rouen ng\u00e0y 17-5-1838, th\u1ee5 phong linh m\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y 19-12-1863. Ng\u00e0y 14-8-1872, gia nh\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris. \u0110i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Nam K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y 29-1-1873. \u1ede l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn 1896, b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 2-8-1900, ch\u00f4n trong m\u1ed9 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

[62]<\/a>            \u00dd Louvet mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: sau khi “tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft” gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Gilles Delamotte (nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai).<\/p>\n

[63]<\/a>            Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “A quelques semaines de l\u00e0, leur pers\u00e9cuteur les suivait au tribunal de Dieu. Le 20 Janvier 1841, Minh-mang succombait presque subitement \u00e0 la suite d’une chute de cheval, et la religion chr\u00e9tienne qu ‘il s’\u00e9tait promis d’an\u00e9antir \u00e9tait toujours vivantese faire pers\u00e9cuteur, le tyran avait gagn\u00e9 l’ex\u00e9crationde ses sujets et le  surnom de N\u00e9ron annamite. loin de reculer, le christianisme avait progress\u00e9 dans cette lutte implacable,dont il sortait finalement victorieux”. <\/em>Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam (La Cochinchine Religieuse,<\/em>1885, t\u1eadp II, t. 115-116.<\/p>\n

[64]<\/a>         <\/em>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abLes empereurs d’Annam, par leur ingratitude envers les brillants Francais, officiers de Gia Long, dont le concours leur assura la possession de leur tr\u00f4ne, par leurs cruaut\u00e9s envers les missionnaires nos compatriotes, par leur fol ent\u00eatement \u00e0 se maintenir isol\u00e9s du monde entier, par leur m\u00e9pris pour notre civilisation occidentale que, dans leur ignorant orgueil, ils qualifiaient barbarie, par leur constant refus, enfin, d’entretenir avec toutes les nations du monde, la Chine seule except\u00e9e, des relations diplomatiques, ces empereurs, dis-je, sont responsables  de la d\u00e9cadence et de la ruine de leur pays; ils en supporteront seuls, la honte devant l’histoire\u00bb <\/em>Charles Gosselin, L’Empire d’Annam<\/em>, Paris, Librairie Acad\u00e9mique Didier, Perrin et Cie, Libraires-Editeurs, 1904, trang XVII.<\/p>\n

[65]<\/a>            Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, b\u1ea3n B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c Gia Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, 1971, trang 242.<\/p>\n

[66]<\/a>            Phan Khoang, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c s\u1eed, <\/em>S\u1ed1ng M\u1edbi, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1961, trang 105-106.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n VII: Cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f2i b\u00fat Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/p>\n

Jean Bouchot, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n dung n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00abUn savant et un patriote cochinchinois Petrus J.B. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,200],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-ban-tron-ngon-ngu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104091","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=104091"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104091\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":104100,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104091\/revisions\/104100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=104091"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=104091"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=104091"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}