{"id":10378,"date":"2009-12-23T01:05:00","date_gmt":"2009-12-23T01:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/damau.org\/archives\/10378"},"modified":"2022-02-27T02:33:30","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T02:33:30","slug":"ban-chat-cua-niem-tin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/10378\/ban-chat-cua-niem-tin","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea3n Ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ec1m Tin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>&#160;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#160;<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>LTS<\/strong>: Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb t\u1eadp lu\u1eadn b\u00fat, <em><strong>S\u1ef1 C\u00e1o Chung c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Tin<\/strong><\/em> (<em><strong>The End of Faith<\/strong><\/em>) c\u1ee7a Sam Harris (Norton: 2004), tr. 50-79, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn. Xin b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc coi b\u00e0i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng Tin L\u00e0nh \u201cQu\u00e0 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh\u201d c\u1ee7a M\u1ee5c S\u01b0 L\u1eef Th\u00e0nh Ki\u1ebfn (t\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Tr\u1ea7n Nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00e1n) m\u00e0 Da M\u00e0u s\u1ebd \u0111\u0103ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y mai, 24 th\u00e1ng 12.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"center\">\n<p align=\"center\">\n<p align=\"center\">&#160;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">&#160;<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/bientap\/BnChtcaNimTin_42C\/freedomfrombelief.jpg\" rel=\"lightbox[10378]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"border-right-width: 0px; display: inline; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px\" title=\"freedom from belief\" border=\"0\" alt=\"freedom from belief\" src=\"http:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/bientap\/BnChtcaNimTin_42C\/freedomfrombelief_thumb.jpg\" width=\"404\" height=\"272\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><em>Dream Vortex \u00a9 2005 Aliyah Marr<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p>Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec ri\u00eang, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 <em>xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed <\/em>v\u1edbi ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t &#8211; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i minh gi\u1ea3i cho nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi <em>tin<\/em> v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y? Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quen thu\u1ed9c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ec7, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111i l\u1ea1c. C\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb cho \u201cni\u1ec1m tin\u201d kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch lo\u1ea1i suy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u201ctr\u00ed nh\u1edb\u201d: d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u201ctr\u00ed nh\u1edb\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y k\u00fd \u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c <em>k\u00fd \u1ee9c ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n <\/em>v\u00e0 <em>d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch trung t\u00ednh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng; t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f2n b\u1ecb chia ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[1]<\/a> Do \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201ctr\u00ed nh\u1edb\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201ckinh nghi\u1ec7m\u201d. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. <a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3, m\u00e8o, trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u201ctin\u201d v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u2013\u201cC\u0103n nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ed1i m\u1ecdt\u201d,\u201d \u00d0\u1eadu h\u0169 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f3n \u0103n \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m\u201d,\u201dMuhammad th\u0103ng thi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh\u201d- l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n trung th\u1ef1c cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng.<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[3]<\/a> N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft, n\u00f3 h\u00e9 m\u1edf cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u201cT\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d (trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o tr\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hay t\u1ef1 do mu\u1ed1n <em>\u00e1m ch\u1ec9<\/em> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cthu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d,\u201dph\u00eda b\u1eafc\u201d hay \u201ccon s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng\u201d. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u1eebng tai l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cho H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>N\u00e3o b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y x\u1eed l\u00fd phong ph\u00fa c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1i <em>nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/em> nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111an k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0103n kh\u1edbp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ? M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tin m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u00fang <\/em>hay <em>sai<\/em> ? Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 quy v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn l\u00e8o l\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 <em>l\u00e0m<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc cho nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m, t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1c quan ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c \u0103n, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c \u0103n, kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec cho l\u1eafm \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3- v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i khi b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1edf t\u1ea7ng m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n (m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ni\u1ec1m tin t\u1eebng h\u1eefu \u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd<em> tin<\/em> v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 <em>nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc<\/em> <em>c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>: b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u1edf giai t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang (ho\u1eb7c sai) v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed7i x\u00fac c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00fac c\u1ea3m \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1eb3nh kh\u1eafc. H\u00e3y th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n<p>Con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111ang b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kinh ho\u1ea3ng t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0y x\u1edbi trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y ? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf nh\u00e0 an to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cai t\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00ec, c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 bung ra b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3m nguy m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u00e1m v\u00e0o ch\u00fang ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch an b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh l\u1edbn lao ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ai c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i,ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u1ecd v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7. \u00d0\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Afghanistan, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c \u0111ang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u cho ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u cho c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. <a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00f4-g\u00edch<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a (semantically) v\u1eeba v\u1ec1 l\u00f4-g\u00edch. M\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m tin r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c tin r\u1eb1ng <em>chi\u1ebfc Boeing 747 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay bay nhanh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n ( nh\u01b0 <em>m\u00e1y bay<\/em> th\u00ec c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u0103n h\u01a1n ( ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc 747 th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc 757). Ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nhau.<a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[6]<\/a> Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng xu, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ( t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n ngay trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y). N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho ch\u1eef \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9\u201d t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba tin <em>m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i sinh ra \u1edf Rome<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng tin r\u1eb1ng <em>m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i sinh ra \u1edf Nevada<\/em>. Ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i sinh ra tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc phi c\u01a1 bay b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau \u00e2m, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eaft l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y-c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cRome\u201d \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong Nevada; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eef \u201cm\u1eb9\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb\u201d trong c\u00e2u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb9 k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a\u201d trong c\u00e2u kia- nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec; \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec, nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[7]<\/a> Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ch\u00fang ta x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c suy t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u01b0 x\u1eed th\u00ec c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u00e9p. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n t\u1ed1i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba tin r\u1eb1ng anh ta <em>\u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Main<\/em> v\u1eeba tin \u1edf <em>ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Main<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin. M\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng nam b\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u1ea5y: tr\u1eeb khi nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1ea1y lung tung trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 anh ta. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nghi ng\u1edd vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u1ee9 th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tin r\u1eb1ng y \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m c\u00fam, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ch\u01a1i golf; tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00ean m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Jim; l\u00e0 Tom; tin m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con trai nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng con c\u00e1i chi. C\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng \u0103n nh\u1eadp g\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng sai ch\u1ed7 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m. \u00d0\u1ec3 l\u1eddi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u2013 v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3, <em>v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i <\/em>\u2013 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, \u0103n kh\u1edbp. \u00d0\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh tin, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed, \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, <em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn<\/em>. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan h\u1eefu l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta.<a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[8]<\/a> Chu\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i reo, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 anh t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i anh t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c-ho\u0103c t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft-nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 <em>hai<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u0169, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u.<a href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[9]<\/a> D\u00f9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, kh\u00f4ng ai tin r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i\u201d cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea7m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u00ecnh tin v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i \u0111ang ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh; v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i trung th\u1ef1c), d\u00f9 tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1eabn v\u00e2y quanh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (hay c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3) nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1eb7n v\u1eb9o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra.<a href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[10]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd- t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u201cn\u00e3o b\u1ed9 chia hai\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ec7nh \u201c\u0111a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch\u201d- t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c x\u1eed l\u00fd ni\u1ec1m tin trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>T\u00f2a \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p: Trong chuy\u1ebfn du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n th\u00ea c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 trong ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Paris:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ni\u1ec1m tin 1<\/em>: V\u00ec bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 9\/11 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi \u0111i du l\u1ecbch s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. \u00d0\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa k\u1ef3 t\u1ea1i Paris. Paris l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e2m m\u01b0u kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. T\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa k\u1ef3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m trong th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Paris.<\/p>\n<p><em>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ni\u1ec1m tin 2<\/em> : Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn Paris, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1edf Paris. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00e1ch tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1edf khu H\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ph\u00f2ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebfu th\u00eam cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 quay ra c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p- quay ra v\u01b0\u1eddn, ho\u1eb7c quay ra h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa k\u1ef3 \u201cTh\u1ebf theo b\u00e0 th\u00ec n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o ?\u201d t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi \u201cH\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn ra t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d b\u00e0 ta tr\u1ea3 l\u00f2i \u201cH\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t y\u00ean t\u0129nh\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00ecn ra m\u1ed9t khu v\u01b0\u1eddn r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u201cHay l\u1eafm\u201d t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng quay ra h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00e2n trong. C\u1ea3 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n th\u00ea c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. L\u1ebd ra ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng quay ra h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Paris \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o cho b\u00e0 ta bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u201c C\u00e1i kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1ea5y ngay s\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd bi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng cho \u00f4ng b\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p. \u00d4ng b\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng b\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ? Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea5y \u201c.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1eeda ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi <em>tr\u00e1nh \u0111i<\/em> r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i <em>\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/em>\u0111\u00fang c\u00e1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh \u0111ang m\u1ecdc s\u1eebng ra.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cto\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean trong hai ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ta. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai <em>\u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/em> kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1; trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb tr\u00ean <em>th\u1ebf gian<\/em> th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0y \u1edf Paris. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u1eefa; n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 m\u1ecfng manh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n th\u00ea t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi n\u00e0ng \u2013ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn ra t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa K\u1ef3 &#8211; b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c \u201cKh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi feet \u201d. Khi con s\u1ed1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1t ra, n\u00e0ng l\u1eb7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00ec kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y b\u0103n kho\u0103n \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Hoa k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng n\u1ed7i th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9.<\/p>\n<p>Trong khi nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 li\u1ec1n l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n <em>to\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/em>, ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a, c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay khi ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 <em>t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con th\u00fa; S\u01b0 t\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00fa<\/em>; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf- m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng suy di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chung quanh( v\u1eeba t\u1ed1t: <em>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa<\/em>, v\u1eeba x\u1ea5u: <em>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed<\/em>). N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<a href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[11]<\/a> Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ta g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n: s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u00e0m m\u0169 cho m\u1ed7i khi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ni\u1ec1m tin ? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c song h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng big bang \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m tin th\u1ee9 300 v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<a href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[12]<\/a> \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 thi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn g\u00ec ? \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1.<a href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[13]<\/a> V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i th\u00ec, v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nghi ho\u1eb7c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc.<a href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>C\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng Bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gian<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u1ec3 cho ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 thi, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u1eefng nhguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t l\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 k\u1ebb \u1ea5y. Khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t k\u1ebb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f2 n\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1nh \u1edf l\u00fac k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t th\u1ea7n kinh cho s\u1eb5n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 Steven Pinker \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin (m\u1ed9t n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cl\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m\u201d ngay t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m. <a href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[15]<\/a>C\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n quy lu\u1eadt (c\u00fa ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd), b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t c\u00e2u <em>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 cam trong h\u1ed9p th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Jack<\/em>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00fa ph\u00e1p (v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u00fd) c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cv\u00e0\u201d \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai tin c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tin c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 sau <em>\u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o trong h\u1ed9p th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Jack\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>\u201cC\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i cam trong h\u1ed9p th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Jack\u201d<\/em>. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u t\u1eeb; h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u201cv\u00e0\u201d, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1i cam, tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0a. <a href=\"#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[16]<\/a>N\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i cam v\u00e0o h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Jack, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea5t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i t\u00e1o, tr\u00e1i cam ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai ra. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ch\u1eef, quan h\u1ec7 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ly th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian.<a href=\"#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng ai trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin.<a href=\"#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[18]<\/a> Trong khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9,<a href=\"#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[19]<\/a> m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ed nh\u1edb r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef v\u1ef1ng tr\u1ed3i s\u1ee5t \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 100.000 t\u1eeb. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin <em>t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em> <em>c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/em>,<a href=\"#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[20]<\/a> th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf s\u1eb5n trong \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta- v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean khi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tin l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh \u201cm\u00f9 v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chung quanh nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft. <a href=\"#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[21]<\/a>M\u1ed9t suy di\u1ec5n lo\u1ea1i suy v\u1ec1 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p: c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1eeb khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. <a href=\"#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[22]<\/a>C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<a href=\"#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cho d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tin lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e3y th\u1eed ngh\u0129 xem k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ta qu\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1eedu ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 12 x 7 = ? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc khi con s\u1ed1 84 nghe nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang cho l\u1eafm. \u1ede nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tin r\u1eb1ng 12 x 7 = 84. Ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed ngh\u0129 xem s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ra sao khi ta r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i nghi ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen (\u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ean anh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 Jeff ? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi anh ta ?\u201c) Th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ni\u1ec1m tin d\u00f9 c\u0169 r\u00edch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea5y mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd r\u1ebd sang.<\/p>\n<p><em>&#160;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u00fang v\u00e0 Sai<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>T\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0103n t\u1ed1i trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n. B\u1ea1n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n \u0103n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 sinh, khi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nghe c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh th\u00ec th\u00e0o \u201cKh\u1ebd n\u00e0o. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y\u201d<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ai trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y ? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00f9y v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 tin m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cAnh ta\u201d trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, do \u0111\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i v\u00ec c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2. Khi k\u00e9o gh\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o b\u00e0n b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m \u201c C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ai th\u1ebf ?\u201d, M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. B\u00ed m\u1eadt g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm m\u00ecnh ? N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa l\u00e0 sinh nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean vinh d\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Shakespear \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n \u00fd trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 c\u00e2u th\u00ec th\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu tr\u00ecnh-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-ph\u00e9p tin b\u00ean trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n. Xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3i \u00e1c \u00fd h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n ? hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 n\u00e0y v\u1eeba th\u00fa nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee7 v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh ? Khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra c\u1edb s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y ? Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u2026\u00d0\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n tin \u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin hay kh\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. \u00d0\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i t\u00f9y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u2013 v\u00e0, th\u1eadt ra, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tin \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1c. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u00d0\u1ee9c Spinoza \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t hay v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. <a href=\"#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[24]<\/a>Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ec3 l\u00fd. Khung c\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn tim b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1y th\u00ecnh th\u1ecbch trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 .<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng hay ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf (c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u00f2i kh\u00e1c) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t \u1ea5y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1eeb tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ngay s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ch\u1eef th\u00f4i c\u0169ng mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh vi \u00e2n c\u1ea7n tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi : N\u1ebfu n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam, con b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cB\u1ed1 \u01a1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con voi \u0111\u1ee9ng trong nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh\u201d b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng con m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00e1u n\u00f3i \u201cB\u1ed1 \u01a1i, c\u00f3 <em>m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u00f2i<\/em> \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh\u201d, ch\u1eafc b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i mang m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p><em>&#160;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hay th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng do d\u1ef1 khi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1edbt ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec. Ni\u1ec1m tin, trong <em>\u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/em>-l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi-y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u00fang<\/em>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0o suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc ao, th\u1ea3 l\u1ecfng s\u1ebd th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc trong th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. T\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0 <em>sai l\u1ea7m<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 tin ? Ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u01a1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1edfi v\u00ec\u201d (\u201cb\u1edfi\u201d + \u201cv\u00ec\u201d) \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u201cCh\u1eef \u201cb\u1edfi v\u00ec\u201d cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9: b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. (\u201cT\u00f4i tin Oswald b\u1eafn Kennedy b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u tay c\u1ee7a y tr\u00ean kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang, v\u00ec anh h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y y b\u1eafn, v\u00e0 anh t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i\u201d) Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang <em>b\u1edfi v\u00ec<\/em> m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ecb nghi ho\u1eb7c.<a href=\"#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i tin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i <em>v\u00ec sao <\/em>tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c ra &#8211; \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u &#8211; \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c \u201cT\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1edfi v\u00ec\u2026\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cT\u00f4i tin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1edfi v\u00ec tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d (Nh\u01b0 Pascal t\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf). D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201ctin\u201d nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi t\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u201cT\u00f4i tin n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n hydro v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n oxy b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u201d hay l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00f4i tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i trong v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u1ea5y\u201d. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00f4i tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t\u201d. C\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mang l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn ra khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ec\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh an \u1ee7i kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eed n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng to b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh ch\u00f4n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong v\u01b0\u1eddn sau nh\u00e0. Th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng to h\u01a1n th\u1ebf c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra trong v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i ? Kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Pascal, hay \u201cc\u00fa \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Kierkegaard\u201d v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3u Ponzi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Tin r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1eb1ng <em>b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho ni\u1ec1m tin<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c b\u1ecb tra h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y. B\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch <em>l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/em>, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u0169ng n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh, hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec Th\u00e1nh kinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a, hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang c\u00f9ng ch\u01a1i khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin \u0111\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i; nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1eefu l\u00fd n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n h\u00e0m \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian-<em>Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin, N\u1ebfu b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u v.v..<\/em>&#8211; nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, suy ngh\u0129 hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a y bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho th\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian (nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; t\u00e2m linh hay tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c), anh ta c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 <em>k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/em> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn anh ta b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 m\u1edbi. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf gian khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tra v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a y v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian. Do \u0111\u00f3, y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y l\u00e0 <em>ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec cho th\u1ebf gian.<a href=\"#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta, \u0111ang s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ch\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng trong ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a t\u1eed th\u1ea7n, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ee7i t\u1eeb h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c tin khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n v\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ebf gian v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi l\u00fd l\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ee9c tin c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i, d\u00f9 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111em ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ebfn suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<a href=\"#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[27]<\/a> Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1eb1n v\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 CIA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghe l\u00e9n.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec ? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng ? T\u1eeb ng\u1eef Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 \u2019emun\u00e2 (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u2019mn) b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d, \u201ctin\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0111\u1eb7t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o\u201d. Kinh Septuagint, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef <em>pisteuein<\/em>(tin,ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p<em>),<\/em> v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong kinh T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n Do th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef 11:1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9c tin nh\u01b0 \u201c s\u1ef1 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y\u201d. \u0110\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, c\u00e2u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9c tin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn (\u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng\u201d) ho\u1eb7c cho \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 g\u00ec (\u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y\u201d) k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 b\u1edfi t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (\u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc\u201d). Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c\u201d kh\u00e1 h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p l\u00e0 Nicole Kidman \u0111ang y\u00eau t\u00f4i. D\u00f9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trong t\u00f4i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng duy nh\u1ea5t cho ni\u1ec1m m\u00ea \u0111\u1eafm c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i v\u00e0 Nicole ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00ednh l\u00edu g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ngay c\u1ea3 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ngay \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ? T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u1eafm l\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 n\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ee9c tin ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>Xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t qua t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kinh b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m tin trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 trong kinh th\u00e1nh l\u1eabn tr\u00ean c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin k\u00ednh, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e2m linh v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb x\u00fai d\u1ee5c. Paul Tillich, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>\u201cC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c tin\u201d<\/em> (1957), \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lo\u00e3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111i c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i\u201d v\u00e0, th\u1ef1c ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 mang n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd l\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n b\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o sinh kh\u00ed cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mang v\u00e0o tra v\u1ea5n th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u00e0 Tillich \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9\u201d. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1i x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Tillich.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Tillich t\u1eebng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 d\u1ea5u \u0111i nh\u1eefng con r\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2n b\u1ec7 th\u1edd, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin <em>kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i<\/em> trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t- \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 tin cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n th\u1ebf gian- nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea5y, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i dung, s\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y xa kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o bao nhi\u00eau (ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u1edf Vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gian Hubble), b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean, trong khi\u1ebfm di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i cao nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n ti c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngu d\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y-\u201cPh\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 tin\u201d (John 20:29)- v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 linh thi\u00eang, th\u00ec t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ngay trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ee9c m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh than kh\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb con n\u00e9m b\u1ecf c\u1eb7p n\u1ea1ng t\u00e0n t\u1eadt xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t- \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 <em>kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ede nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd \u00f4ng qu\u00fd b\u00e0 trong sa m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t ly d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o chung quanh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i cho c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i \u1ea5y, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, c\u0169ng \u0111ang s\u1eafp n\u1ed5 ra. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 n\u00e0o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ed1n t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c S\u00e1ch ph\u00fac \u00e2m? Th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t carbon v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7m Turin <a href=\"#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[28]<\/a>\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5m li\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0169 r\u00edch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt Easter, AD29: c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed9i xuy\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ?<\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00fai m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 khi n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u00e0o n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, k\u1ebb s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n g\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u-ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a tr\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea3 g\u00f3p: h\u00e3y tin ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 minh x\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y ch\u1ebft \u0111i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m ng\u00e2n phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau x\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 ph\u00eda b\u00ean n\u00e0y: vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5; v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0y kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5 sinh penicillin- nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1o s\u1ecb H\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o, v\u1ecb M\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft bao ni\u1ec1m tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, hay t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua. (Ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0, \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Karl Popper). Tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00f2 thi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi Holocaust c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i nghi ng\u1edd s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n tr\u00ed, to\u00e0n n\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0o l\u00f2 thi\u00eau l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang m\u00ecnh th\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. L\u00e0m sao c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh Koran l\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u1eddi nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf ? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf di\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d l\u00e0- ng\u00e0i gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1ea5y <em>ch\u1ea3 h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a y v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian: nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o y r\u1eb1ng y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n minh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i chia nh\u1ecf th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t (balkanization) n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u1eadt ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u1edd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb v\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a Trung t\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn n\u0103m 2001, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng lan man c\u1ee7a y-v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 t\u00e1ch c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111ang c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng -b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i: ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3y bung ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n b\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra, trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9.Th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y ra th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh hung b\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn \u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cnh\u1eefng t\u00ean h\u00e8n h\u1ea1\u201d, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb r\u1ed3 d\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin- m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9c tin <em>to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/em> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kinh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00d4I TIN CH\u1eaeC r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0i b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng an \u1ee7i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 minh x\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 an \u1ee7i cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00e1c s\u0129 b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ngth\u1eadp t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00ean t\u00e2mcho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y ch\u1edd tri\u1ebft gia Socrates c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft cho s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y. T\u00ecm an \u1ee7i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kinh ho\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb s\u00f9ng t\u00edn tin theo l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 an \u1ee7i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 ch\u00fang g\u00e2y n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u00f3c t\u1ed1i t\u0103m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng t\u00edn gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong ni\u1ec1m tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gia trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang, c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh : <em>\u00d0\u1ea5ng Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t sau khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i.<\/em> \u00d0\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c,hay th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y. C\u00f3 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con hoang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c ? C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 khinh r\u1ebb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 <em>gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o<\/em>. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a kinh s\u00e1ch, y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o -ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n-nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa. N\u1ebfu y hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn y \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i) r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5ng Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c sinh ra trong t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc h\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00fa \u0111\u1ea5m sinh t\u1eed v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng t\u00edn ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang sai trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng t\u00edn s\u1ebd h\u00e0nh x\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh- c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng x\u1eed s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft- trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ee9ng J\u00ea H\u00f4 Va t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n m\u00e1u hay khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f9ng ki\u00eang c\u1eef c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c men hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 n\u00e0o t\u1eebng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c men cho con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh an \u1ee7i. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, b\u00e0 ta c\u00f2n tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u00fd l\u1ebd, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ef1c ra, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Pentecostal nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t: trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a (\u0111en) c\u1ee7a Kinh th\u00e1nh (nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Mark 16:18 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y), h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u201cb\u1eaft nh\u1eefng con r\u1eafn\u201d (nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i r\u1eafn rung chu\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau) v\u00e0 \u201cu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d ( th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1ee3c Stricnin) r\u1ed3i th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung can \u0111\u1ea3m (v\u00ec \u201cs\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u\u201d) c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft ngay trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh k\u1ebb khai s\u00e1ng George Hensley (ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb r\u1eafn c\u1eafn, n\u0103m 1955)- Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 khi t\u1eeb n\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1ee3c stricnin.<\/p>\n<p>Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o, khi m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00e3 tin nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh sai khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u201cC\u1ed5ng Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i theo sau sao ch\u1ed5i Hale-Bopp, h\u1ecd b\u00e8n \u0111em tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfc vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh 4000 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u00e3 mua \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1eddi c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tuy th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hay t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y th\u1eed x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Julian of Norwich (1342-1413), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac \u00e2m trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ea3\u201d. C\u00e1i c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 cao si\u00eau h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u201c<em>m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ea3<\/em>\u201d. \u00d0\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o m\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5m nh\u00e1p cho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c m\u1ea5p m\u00e1y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh cracker nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 \u0111oan ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa \u0111ang nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng, l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ban ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u01a1n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ai v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3- n\u00f3i cho g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i- l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng t\u00edn.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>B\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1nh kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ba l\u00ea th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u \u1ea5y (n\u0103m 1348), v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ee9ng trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u00f5i\u2026Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Philip (VI) \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh Y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 tai h\u1ecda n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nung n\u00f3ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1c l\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0nh Y khoa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00fap c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu th\u00eam v\u00e0o gia v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau xay, g\u1eebng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh t\u1ecfi. N\u00f3i chung n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u00e0 v\u1ecbt, gi\u1ed1ng chim n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ecbt heo non, v\u00e0 m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. D\u1ea7u \u00f4 liu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng. T\u1eafm r\u1eeda c\u0169ng nguy hi\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5t r\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 trong s\u1ea1ch, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d Nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn lo \u00e2u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n. Ng\u00e0i ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 ngi\u00eam c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5. Ai vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t b\u1edd m\u00f4i, vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf m\u00f4i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee1i&#8230;Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n. H\u1ecd ra l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111i c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u1eed. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c trang ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0u \u0111en ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. C\u1ea5m t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp qu\u00e1 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tang ma, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111au bu\u1ed3n ra ch\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu c\u01a1n gi\u1eadnc\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u01a1n th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ec1 th\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecfi t\u1eed t\u1ebf. Li Muisis [m\u1ed9t cha tr\u01b0\u1edfng tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Tournai] sung s\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1edbi xin t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n nghe th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 n\u1eefa v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 c\u1edd b\u1ea1c c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00fac s\u1eafc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i quay ra s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng trong n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 25 ng\u00e0n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m l\u1edbn \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<a href=\"#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>C\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ? C\u00f3 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u00fat nghi ng\u1edd n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb v\u00e2y b\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n h\u1eb1ng khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb) v\u1ec1 c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y, hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1n d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh ? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngu xu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng ? Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, c\u01a1n d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i- bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 leo l\u00ean b\u1edd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ed5 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i con chu\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t mang theo c\u00e1c khu\u1ea9n d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch- th\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ebd s\u00f9ng t\u00edn \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf bao s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5, d\u1eadp im c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u1eed, m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng y trang m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, v\u00e0 cho x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ee5t r\u1eeda? C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng penicillin, mang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u201cnh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d kh\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u00d0\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 \u00d0i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 \u201ct\u1ef1 do tin\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u00e0 y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ? Kh\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng (d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u1eefu l\u00fd) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 <em>th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 <\/em>c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian ngay t\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh x\u01b0ng cho lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 minh x\u00e1c h\u1eefu l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u00ean\u201d,\u201dt\u00e2m th\u1ea7n\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tin r\u1eb1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1edfng y b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i hai trinh n\u1eef n\u1ebfu y gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean Do Th\u00e1i, v\u1edbi k\u1ebb tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt t\u1eeb ch\u00f9m sao Alpha Centauri \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn y nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1i m\u00e1y s\u1ea5y t\u00f3c c\u1ee7a y l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n vinh.<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ai tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ecb cai qu\u1ea3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 g\u00ec (do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 minh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng m\u00ecnh theo ki\u1ec3u b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng m\u01b0a \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo m\u00e3 Morse. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng phong th\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ngu d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 r\u1ed3i truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ban s\u01a1. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 ch\u00fang ta tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m kh\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. H\u00e3y th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng trong Th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hy sinh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0m ngu\u00f4i gi\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa thay cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u00f9ng m\u00e1u huy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Jesus ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p M\u00ecnh th\u00e1nh ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p \u1ea5y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1nh m\u00ec th\u00e0nh th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ecf th\u00e0nh m\u00e1u, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f3a th\u1ec3. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Ch\u00faa Jesus c\u00f9ng b\u00e1nh r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn trong t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n d\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang.<a href=\"#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[30]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Ch\u00faa J\u00easu, ho\u00e1 ra, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trinh n\u1eef, \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u1edf d\u1eady v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh- gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u b\u00e1nh. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eeb Latin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chua th\u00eam v\u00e0o r\u01b0\u1ee3u ngon Burgundy l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed ? Hay n\u00f3i cho \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec l\u00e0 y b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ? Nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ebd ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng thu ho\u1ea1ch hoa qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang thi\u00eang li\u00eang. V\u00ec m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb con m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i minh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch. Ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00f4 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra?<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean Tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta tin h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ta tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t k\u1ebb tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng minh gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft su\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng t\u00e9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch cao xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng ? Tr\u1eeb khi m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u00e9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y t\u1eeb c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<a href=\"#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[31]<\/a> \u00d0\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian th\u00ec qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec l\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n<p>Song le, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u0103n c\u1ee9, uy t\u00edn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd sai, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng xem n\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eed c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng tin sau :<\/p>\n<p>1. Vi\u00ean x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tin t\u1ee9c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y l\u1edbn \u0111ang ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang Colorado. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n m\u1eabu khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ra tro v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a suy chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<p>2. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng DNA l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ed1ng cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t DNA b\u1ed5 sung t\u1eeb h\u1ecd. M\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n, tay b\u1edfi v\u00ec DNA c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ee9 chi \u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<p>3. \u00d0\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00faa Jesus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i trong s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n tin \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng sau khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tin, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ? T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u201c\u00fd ki\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nhau ? Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u 1, \u0111i\u1ec1u 2 trong khi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u 3.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 1<\/em> : T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n tin v\u1ec1 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u1edf Colorado c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ? Tin \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111ang b\u1ed1c l\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay \u0111ang r\u1ea3i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec sao ? Hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u1edf ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c c\u01a1. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh ra l\u00e0 Texas \u0111ang b\u1ecb ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n. Ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ? Kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng ? \u00d0\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac nh\u00f3m ch\u1eef \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1ed1n tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c, th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm khi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh uy t\u00edn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tin nh\u1ea3m, hay l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n l\u00ednh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa, c\u00e1c gia ch\u1ee7 kinh ho\u00e0ng kia l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m Texas thay v\u00ec Colorado. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t theo l\u1ebd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kia \u1ea9n n\u00e1u m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u1ea9n \u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i minh x\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ed1i g\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u1edf Colorado ? Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y; n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean loan b\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u1edf Colorado v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu cho ch\u00fang ta xem nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i ch\u00e1y r\u1ee5i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang ta tin ngay r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111ang c\u00f3 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u1edf Colorado.<\/p>\n<p>Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 2 : Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 <em>\u0111\u00fang<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ? \u00d0\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc. Karl Popper t\u1eebng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea3; ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sai m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. <a href=\"#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[32]<\/a>Thomas Kuhn d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa trong t\u1eebng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<a href=\"#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[33]<\/a> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7mtrong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y mai, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ? Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u00e1o nh\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng <em>t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn<\/em> m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung (hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o). Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi v\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 minh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m).<a href=\"#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[34]<\/a> Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. \u00d0\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 sai trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hay l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng DNA <em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n ? \u00d0\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u00f2i M\u1eb9 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady gi\u1eefa d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng DNA <em>tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng<\/em> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di truy\u1ec1n? Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 3<\/em> : Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng ? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tin th\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o sai l\u1ea7m khi tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng ta ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 minh x\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. L\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 Jeusu th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i trinh tr\u1eafng ? Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh suy lu\u1eadn, th\u1ea7n b\u00ed hay c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u Galil\u00ea (c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i) ? Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ta s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng canh ch\u1eebng b\u00e0 Mary hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng chung quanh kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai \u00f4ng Jesus.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00ean trong hay t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng tra v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 qua. Th\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m m\u01a1 th\u1ea5y Jesus, v\u00e0 Jesus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u1ecd v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Da Vinci ra th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00faa Jesus trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng <em>gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t <\/em>nh\u01b0 ch\u00faa Jesus th\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn bao nhi\u00eau gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c nh\u00ecn \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngay c\u1ea3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00faa Jesus c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u00e0m r\u00e2u, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trinh n\u1eef ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i sau khi ch\u1ebft. \u00d0\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta cho \u1ea3o m\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng hay cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Jesus \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u201cTh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vatican c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u1eaft c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang <em>n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. C\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i trong ch\u00edn t\u1eebng m\u00e2y t\u1eeb m\u01a1 m\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 Jesus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn. \u00d0i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 uy t\u00edn \u1ea5y t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c- b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cho ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 3, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o tr\u1eeb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cu\u1ed1n th\u00e1nh kinh. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u (th\u00e1nh kinh) n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, n\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec sao ? Ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u1ecdc- v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai tin r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, hay tin r\u1eb1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 do suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ngu d\u1ed1t. S\u1ef1 phi l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00fd b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 tin v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9a trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng b\u1ebdn l\u1ebdn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i &#8211; c\u00e1c v\u1ecb m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh nam, n\u1eef, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u00e8 c\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng Th\u00e1nh kinh. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u00e0n \u00e1c kinh ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.Ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh ki\u1ec3u nh\u00e0o l\u1ed9n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Bertrand Russell \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ban Nha \u1edf M\u1ec5 T\u00e2y c\u01a1 v\u00e0 P\u00earu th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n da \u0111\u1ecf r\u1ed3i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 s\u1ecd ch\u00fang ra: b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u1ea5y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f5i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00fd l\u1ebd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi nay l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong bi\u1ebft bao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm xu\u1ec3 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd\u2026<a href=\"#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[35]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00d0\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hy sinh th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi th\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu Kit\u00f4 trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba cao \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1eeba c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd cho s\u1ef1 hy sinh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd m\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i.C\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u1eebng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1t) cho \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n. Th\u1eadt kh\u00e1 d\u1ec3 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 hy sinh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fai d\u1ee5c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin phi l\u00fd. \u00d0\u00e2y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1eeba b\u00e3i. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i t\u1ed9i \u00e1c l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n,ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Mao v\u00e0 Stalin: d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ngo\u00e0i mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<a href=\"#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[36]<\/a> Ngay t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con b\u1ea1ch tu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hy sinh. D\u00f9 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7ng cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ngu xu\u1ea9n. \u00d0\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5: ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4m \u1ea5p b\u1edfi ng\u00e0nh sinh h\u1ecdc \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d c\u1ee7a Lysenko-nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi sinh h\u1ecdc \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d c\u1ee7a Mendel v\u00e0 Darwin- \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa trong ph\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb hai h\u1ed3i \u0111en t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9c tin: th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00f2a d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 L\u00f2 thi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00f2a d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1n tr\u00ed v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00fd l\u1ebd qu\u00e1 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n hay h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. L\u00f2 thi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i c\u0169ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i Do th\u00e1i v\u1ed1n x\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u00f2 thi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb t\u1eebng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t-v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay-\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn hay kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<p>&#160;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[1]<\/a> B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 khi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c- th\u1eadt th\u1ebf, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n (nh\u01b0 W. B. Scoville v\u00e0 B. Milner, \u201cLoss of Recent Memory after Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions,\u201d <em>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry <\/em>20 (1957): 11-21). K\u00fd \u1ee9c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng v\u1ee1 ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c <em>c\u0103n ngh\u0129a, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n, tr\u00ecnh <\/em>t\u1ef1 <em>(semantic, episodic, procedural)<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin; c\u00f2n k\u00fd \u1ee9c ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ck\u00fd \u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d) hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh <em>\u00e2m v\u1ecb, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, \u00e2m vang<\/em> <em>(phonological, visual, spatial, conceptual, echoic ) <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thi h\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 hai th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u0103n ngh\u0129a (semantic) v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n (episodic) c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ea3n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3 (topographical). (E.A. Maguire et al.,\u201cReading Routes around London:Activation of the Right Hippocamus in Taxi Drivers,\u201d<em>Journal of Neuroscience<\/em> 17 [1997]:7103-10); v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u0103n ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chia nh\u1ecf th\u00eam n\u1eefa th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9-ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c-\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (S. L. Thompson-Schill et al., \u201cA Neutral Basis for Category and Modality Specificity of Semantic Knowledge,\u201d <em>Neuropsychologia<\/em> 37 [1999]:671-76; R. Hart et al., \u201cCategory Specific Naming Deficit following Cerebral Infarction<em>,\u201d Nature<\/em> 316 [ng\u00e0y 1 Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m,1985]:439-40)  <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[2]<\/a> C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u201ctin\u201d khi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o cho n\u00f3 r\u1eddi ra ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau. N\u1ebfu x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u201ctin\u201d. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u00f2 \u201cR\u00fat th\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1\u201d:<\/p>\n<p>1. B\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t y, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u201ctin\u201d r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u00f2i \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ai. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong v\u1ecf n\u00e3o h\u00ecnh thoi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng y h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng <em>m\u00f9 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o (prosopagnosia)<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t quen thu\u1ed9c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ra nh\u01b0 nhau c\u1ea3. X\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef \u201ctin\u201d trong kh\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u00f9 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u1eefng \u201cni\u1ec1m tin\u201d v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>2. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u201ctin\u201d c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o k\u00fd \u1ee9c d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ed McMahon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n v\u1ecf n\u00e3o chung quanh s\u1ed1ng m\u0169i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e3o mang t\u00ean perihippocampal \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201ctin\u201d n\u00e0y. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc R. R. Davies et al.,\u201cThe Human Perirhinal Cortex in Semantic Memory: An in Vivo and Postmoterm Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Semantic Dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disea and Matched Controls,\u201d<em>Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology<\/em> 28, no. 2 (2002):167-78 [abstract], v\u00e0 A. R. Giovagnoli et al.,\u201cPreserved Semantic Access in Global Amnesia and Hippocampal Damage,\u201d<em>Clinical Neuropsychology<\/em> 15 (2001):508-15 [abstract].<\/p>\n<p>3. Ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng McMahon hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00f4ng ty <em>Candid Camera<\/em>) b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng th\u00eam v\u00e0i kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1 \u201ctin\u201d, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a y, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc y \u0111\u00e1ng tin h\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec y mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin- \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e3o amygdale ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (R. Adolph et al., \u201cThe Human Amygdala in Social Judgment,\u201d <em>Nature<\/em> 393 [4 Th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u ,1998]:470-74), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n trong ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m n\u00e3o th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>4. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng McMahon th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t \u201cbig jackpot\u201d. Tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb (c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 dung m\u1ea1o) d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cpot\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y. \u00d0\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb \u201cjackpot\u201d n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ebfp cu\u1ed9n n\u00e3o trong ph\u1ea7n th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa, chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u00e1n n\u00e3o c\u1ea7u b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u00d0\u1ecdc A. Ahmad et al., \u201cAuditory Comprehension of Language in Young Children:Neutral Networks Identified with fMRI<em>, Neurology 60<\/em> (2003):1598-605, v\u00e0 M. H. Davis v\u00e0 I. S. Johnsrude, \u201cHierachical Processing in Spoken Language Comprehension,\u201d<em>Journal of Neuroscience 23<\/em> (2003):3423-31.<\/p>\n<p>5. Sau \u0111\u00f3, McMahon tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc. Y l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 tay v\u00e0o. \u201cNi\u1ec1m tin\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng y mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n. (D. Premack v\u00e0 G. Woodruff,\u201dDoes Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind\u201d <em>Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1<\/em> (1978):515-26)- n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y t\u00ecnh c\u1edd xoay h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd \u201cch\u1ec9 tr\u1ecf\u201d g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Cu\u1ed9c m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 v\u00e0nh v\u1ecf n\u00e3o ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng khu n\u00e3o th\u00f9y th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n quy v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m tin) \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u1ecdc K. Vogeley et al.,\u201cMind Reading:Neutral Mechanism of Theory of Mind and Self-perspective\u201d <em>Neurolimage<\/em> 14 (2001):170-81; C. D. Frith v\u00e0 U.Frith, \u201cInteracting Minds-A Biological Basis\u201d, <em>Science\u2019s Compass 286<\/em> (1999):1692-95; v\u00e0 P. C. Fletcher et al., \u201cOther Mind in the Brain:A functional Imaging Study of Theory of Mind in Story Comprehension \u201c<em>Cognition 57 <\/em>(1995): 109-28.<\/p>\n<p>6. Xem x\u00e9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u00e0o t\u00ean m\u00ecnh :$10,000,000. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u1eed l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf b\u00ean n\u00e3o th\u00f9y \u0111\u1ec9nh tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n) \u2013 G.Denes v\u00e0 M.Signorini \u201cDoor But Not Four and 4 a Category Specific Transcoding Deficit in a Pure Acalculic Patient\u201d <em>Cortex 37, no 2<\/em> [2001] 267-77) khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n \u201ctin\u201d r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ng\u00e2n phi\u1ebfu m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u dollars.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 cho nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u00e3 quy t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y &#8211; bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef &#8211; \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1edbt qua c\u1ef1c nhanh x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh r\u00fa l\u00ean v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00d4. McMahon, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eadt kh\u00f3c. Ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh v\u1eeba tr\u00fang s\u1ed1 10 tri\u1ec7u m\u1ef9 kim s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi theo sau: khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1n v\u1eeba tr\u00fang 10 tri\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ?\u201d b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201c\u0110\u00fang v\u1eady\u201d n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a> Ni\u1ec1m tin, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb\u201d(propositional attitude). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201c<em>r\u1eb1ng<\/em>\u201d; <em>ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, bi\u1ebft \u01a1n r\u1eb1ng, hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng v.v\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a> S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ni\u1ec1m tin nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ea7n kinh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d0\u1ecdc J. I. Gold v\u00e0 M. N. Shadlen \u201cRepresentation of a Perceptual Decision in Developing Oculomotor Commands\u201d <em>Nature 404<\/em> ( ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng Ba 2000):390-94, v\u00e0 \u201cBanburismus v\u00e0 the Brain: Decoding the Relationship between Sensory Stimuli, Decision,and Rewards<em>\u201d Neuron 36<\/em>, no 2 (2002):299-308, \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n kinh m\u1eaft (oculomotor).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Al Qaeda \u201cra c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9.2001. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, tr\u1ebb em tan bi\u1ebfn theo \u0111\u1ed1ng g\u1ea1ch v\u1ee5n c\u1ee7a Trung T\u00e2m Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1ea5y tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3m tr\u1ea1ng bi \u0111\u00e1t n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u1edf Afghanistan v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u00f2i v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Al Quaeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 9, n\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o th\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u phi l\u00fd v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00fang ta cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> Tri\u1ebft gia Donald Davidson \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i kinh qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed th\u00e1ch trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u201d. M\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 y h\u1eefu l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d [principle of charity] c\u1ee7a Davidson)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u201cc\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. R\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]<\/a> \u00d0\u1ecdc D. Kahneman v\u00e0 A. Tversky, \u201cOn the Reality of Cognitive Illusions,\u201d <em>Psychologycal Review 103<\/em> (1996):582-91; G. Gigenenzer, \u201cOn Narrow Norms and vague Heuretics: A Reply to Kahnenman and Tversky, \u201cibid.,592-96; K. J. Holyoak and P. C. Cheng, \u201cPragmatic Reasoning with a Point of View,\u201d <em>Thinking and Reasoning 1<\/em> (1995):289-313; J. R. Anderson, \u201cThe new Theoretical Framework,\u201d in <em>The Adaptive Character of Thought<\/em> (Hillsdale, N. J. Erlbaum, 1990); K. Peng and R. E. Nisbett, \u201cCulture Dialectics and Reasoning about Contradicition,\u201d<em>American Psychologist 54<\/em> (1999): 741-54; K. E. Stanovich and R. F. West, \u201cIndividual Differences in Rational Thought, \u201c<em>Journal of Experimental Psychology:General 127<\/em> (1998):161.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00d0\u1ecdc A. R. Mele, \u201cReal Self-Deception\u201d, <em>Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20<\/em> (1997):9-102, \u201cUnderstanding and Explaining Real Self-Deception,\u201d ibid., 127-36, v\u00e0 <em>Self-Deception Unmasked<\/em> (Princeton:Princeton Univ. Press,2001); H. Fingarette, <em>Self-Deception<\/em> (Berkeley:Univ. of California Press, 2000); J. P. Dupuy, ed., <em>Self-Deception and Paradoxes of Rationality<\/em> (Stanford:CsLI Publications, 1998); D. Davidson, \u201cWho is Fooled ?\u201d ibid.,;G. Quattrone and A. Tversky, \u201cSelf-Deception and the Voter\u2019s Illusion,\u201d trong <em>The Multiple Self<\/em>, ed, J. Elster (Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985), 35-37.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 chung nh\u1eefng quy c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[12]<\/a> Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y tr\u00edch t\u1eeb W. Pounstone, <em>Labyrinths of Reason: Paradox, Puzzles, and The Frailty of Knowledge<\/em> (New York: Anchor Press, 1998), 183-88.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[13]<\/a> G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 song song (D. Deutsch<em>, The Fabric of Reality<\/em> [New York:Penguin,1997]) ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u201cto\u00e0n tr\u00ed\u201d (F. Tipler, The Physics of Immortality [New York:Doubleday, 1995]) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi-kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 x\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c ra kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[14]<\/a> M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 <em>t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/em>. T\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gian. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c t\u1ed3n tr\u00fa trong m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u00f2i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1i b\u00f3ng m\u1edd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng vi m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc-nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ni\u1ec1m tin-nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (t\u1eeb ch\u1eef <em>doxa<\/em>, ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ctin\u201d) Nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng x\u00f4n xao c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p quy, c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1eeb li\u00ean quan, kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. \u00d0\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, xin \u0111\u1ecdc J. A. Fodor v\u00e0 Z. W. Pylyshyn \u201cSystematicity of Cognitive Rrepresentation\u201d tr\u00edch t\u1eeb \u201cConnectionism and Cognitive Architecture\u201d, trong <em>Connections and Symbols<\/em>, ed. S. Pinker and J. Mehler (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988). M\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. (Ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i g\u00e1c qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 suy \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c sau: n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1eb5n l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 (ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do) n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201csai\u201d. M\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gian, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 \u201cNh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00e1nh \u1edf trong c\u00e1i t\u1ee7 b\u1ebfp\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin v\u00e0o, \u1eaft n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng- \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng khi th\u00e8m \u0103n b\u00e1nh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm b\u00e1nh \u1edf trong t\u1ee7 b\u1ebfp. Trong dung m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00e1i t\u1ee7 b\u1ebfp tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u1ee8ng x\u1eed t\u00ecm-b\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[15] Theo S. Pinker, <em>The Black Slate<\/em> (New York: Viking, 2002), p. 33.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[16]<\/a> C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do \u201cc\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n\u201d (mental models) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi P. N. Johnson-Laird v\u00e0 R. M. J. Byrne, <em>Deduction<\/em> (Hillsdale, N.J.:Elbaum, 1991), chaps. 5-6. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u1eebng c\u01b0 x\u1eed b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d0\u1ecdc L. Rips, \u201cDeduction and Cognition,\u201d trong <em>An Invitation to Cognitive Science:Thinking<\/em>, ed. E. E. Smith v\u00e0 D. N. Osherson (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), 297-343, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i nghi ng\u1edd ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec t\u1eeb kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 AND.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[17]<\/a> D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea1y \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t <em>c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 cam<\/em> v\u00e0o trong h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n tr\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Jack, \u0111\u00f3ng n\u1eafp l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c cu\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t trong hai th\u1ee9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[18]<\/a> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef: C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o cho s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u00f2i c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00f3i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u201cc\u00f3 sinh s\u1ea3n\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1eeb trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y), kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng <em>kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 con c\u00fa trong t\u1ee7 \u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em>, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai con c\u00fa, ba con c\u00fa, b\u1ed1n con c\u00fa<em> \u2026v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[19]<\/a> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10 l\u0169y th\u1eeba 11 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 l\u0169y th\u1eeba 12 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh, m\u1ed7i s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh n\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean 10 l\u0169y th\u1eeba 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 l\u0169y th\u1eeba 16 c\u00e1c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10 l\u0169y th\u1eeba 15 hay 10 l\u0169y th\u1eeba 16 c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp th\u1ea7n kinh. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 tuy l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[20]<\/a> Theo N. Block, \u201cThe Minds as the Software of the Brain,\u201d <em>trong An Invitation to Cognitive Science:Thinking, <\/em>ed. E.E. Smith and D. N. Osherson (Cambridge:MIT Press, 1995) ,377-425.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[21]<\/a> D. J. Simons et al., \u201cEvidence for Preserved Representations in Change Blindness,\u201d <em>Consciousness and Cognition 11<\/em>, no. 1 (2002):78-97; M. Niermer et al., \u201cA Bayersian Approach to Change Blindness, \u201cAnnals of <em>the New York Academy of Science 956<\/em> (2002):474-75 [abstract].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[22]<\/a> R. Kutzwell<em>, The Age of Spiritual Machines<\/em> (New York:Penguin, 1999).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[23]<\/a> Th\u1eed xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 2+2=4. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta tin v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y; m\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <em>ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7<\/em> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1edfi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin s\u01a1 khai m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 865762 + 2 = 865764 th\u00ec sao ? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tin v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 2 + 2= 4. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai ni\u1ec1m tin to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a khoa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc (phenomenological). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, trong khi <em>hai c\u1ed9ng hai b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. Song le, trong ph\u1ea1m vi quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d ngang nhau . Th\u1ef1c ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (do \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng) h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed7i kho ch\u00fang ta \u0111i m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bay hay \u0111i ngang m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u. \u1ede n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 <em>s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n<\/em>, trong lo\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn t\u00f9y \u00fd m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin 2 + 2 = 4 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ? N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch <em>ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7<\/em> \u0111\u00fang ? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi <em>c\u00e1i g\u00ec<\/em> ? V\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng ? Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng nghi ng\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng tr\u1eeb khi y \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng 2 + 2 = 4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u1eady s\u00e1ng nay v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng <em>t\u00e1m tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ng\u00e0n b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i hai c\u00f4ng hai b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1m tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ng\u00e0n b\u1ea3y tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n<\/em>. \u00d0\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng <em>hai c\u1ed9ng hai b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n<\/em>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tin v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[24]<\/a> \u00d0\u1ecdc D. T. Gilbert et al., \u201cUnbelieving the Unbelievable:Some Problems in the Rejection of False Information, \u201c<em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59<\/em> (1990):601-13; D. T. Gilbert, \u201cHow Mental Systems Believe, \u201c<em>American Psychologist 46<\/em>, no. 2 (1991):107-19.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[25]<\/a> \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin <em>t\u00ecnh c\u1edd<\/em> \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh. Nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft gia Edmund Gettier nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang (td. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 12:31 am), ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang (T\u00f4i \u0111ang nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y kim ch\u1ec9 12:31am), v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang (\u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 12:31 am), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (b\u1edfi v\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd). Trong khi c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 <em>bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n<\/em> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[26]<\/a> C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ? T\u00f9y v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai t\u1eeb \u201cth\u1ef1c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ra sao, trong c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ec1u th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 <em>t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan<\/em> v\u1edbi <em>ph\u00e9p gh\u00e1n gh\u00e9p <\/em>v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 <em>nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft gia T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan David Hume \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t hay, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady. C\u00e1i g\u00ec, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn, trong khi chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00fang t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. (\u00d0\u1ecdc M. Wu v\u00e0 P. W. Cheng, \u201cWhy Causation Need Not Follow From Statistical Association : Boundary Condition for the Evaluation of Generative and Preventative Causal Powers<em>,\u201d Psychological Science <\/em>10 [1999]: 92-97). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian trong tay, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m. V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc (nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n), khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9; trong khi nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5) l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1edbi.Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt nhau v\u1edbi Hume \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n, th\u00ec h\u00e3y t\u00ecm l\u1eeda t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm kh\u00f3i; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan h\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng A l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a B, trong khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 C. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111ang tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec (d\u00f9 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u), th\u00ec ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[27]<\/a> \u00d0 \u1ecdc H. Benson, v\u1edbi M. Stark, Timeless Healing:The Power and Bilogy of Belief (New York:Scribner, 1996).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[28]<\/a> T\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7mTurin c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea5m kh\u0103n li\u1ec7m thi h\u00e0i Jesus khi mang ch\u00f4n. N\u0103m 1988, t\u00f2a th\u00e1nh Vatican cho ph\u00e9p ba ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 carbon (\u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford ; \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Arizona v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean bang Zurich) trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh Qu\u1ed1c. C\u1ea3 ba vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5m li\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1260 v\u00e0 1390.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[29]<\/a> Theo O. Friendrich, <em>The End of the World:A History<\/em> (New York: Coward, McCann &amp; Geoghehan, 1982), 122-24.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[30]<\/a> \u00d0o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm trong <em>The Profession of Faith of the Roman Catholic Church<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[31]<\/a> Ni\u1ec1m tin r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen tr\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi v\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[32]<\/a> K. Popper, <em>The Logic of Scientific Discovery<\/em> (1959; reprint, London;Routledge, 1972), v\u00e0 <em>Objective Knowledge<\/em> (1972. Reprint, Oxford Claredon Press, 1995)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[33]<\/a> T. Kuhn, <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolution<\/em> (1962; reprint, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press 1970)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[34]<\/a> C\u1ea3 Popper v\u00e0 Kuhn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ra sao, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra s\u1ef1 n\u1edf r\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i trong c\u00e1c s\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Trong khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ebb \u0111i\u00ean lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0o. Qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[35]<\/a> B. Russell, <em>Why I am not a Christian<\/em>, ed., P. Edwards (New York:Simon and Schuster 1957); 35.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[36]<\/a> J. Glover, <em>Humanity, A Moral History of the Twentieth Century<\/em> (New Haven: Yale Univ.,Press, 1999). C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00fa, xem th\u00eam A. N. Yakolev<em>, A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia <\/em>(New Haven: Yale Univ., Press, 2002).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d (trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o tr\u1eeb \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hay t\u1ef1 do mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 \u201cthu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d,\u201dph\u00eda b\u1eafc\u201d hay \u201ccon s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1219,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,163],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10378","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoc-thuat","category-ton-giao"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10378","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1219"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10378"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10378\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59032,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10378\/revisions\/59032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10378"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10378"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10378"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}