{"id":103601,"date":"2025-07-15T05:00:14","date_gmt":"2025-07-15T05:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=103601"},"modified":"2025-07-11T19:10:48","modified_gmt":"2025-07-11T19:10:48","slug":"ve-cuon-tu-dien-viet-ngu-pho-thong-cua-bs-le-van-thu-va-ds-nguyen-hien-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/103601\/ve-cuon-tu-dien-viet-ngu-pho-thong-cua-bs-le-van-thu-va-ds-nguyen-hien-phan-2","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a BS L\u00ea V\u0103n Thu v\u00e0 DS Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ec1n \u2013 Ph\u1ea7n 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>

*<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

IV<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/em> c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t n\u00ean ngh\u0129: c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang mai m\u1ed9t \u0111i. \u1ede b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a BS L\u00ea V\u0103n Thu v\u00e0 DS Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ec1n, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb m\u00ecnh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng quen thu\u1ed9c. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb A<\/strong> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft B<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y: a th\u1ea7n ph\u00f9<\/em> (a v\u00e0o, \u00f9a v\u00e0o, x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng); \u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee5i<\/em>\u00a0(kh\u00f4ng su\u00f4n s\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn); \u00e1o qu\u1ea1<\/em> (\u00e1o d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, tay d\u00e0i, t\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i); \u0103n ch\u00f5m<\/em> (tham lam l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c); ba d\u1ebbm<\/em> (t\u1ea7m ph\u00e0o); ba \u0111\u00e1<\/em> (t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c); ba \u0111\u00e0ng ba s\u00e1<\/em> (du c\u00f4n); ba r\u1ecdi<\/em> (1. mi\u1ebfng th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 da; 2. t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ra g\u00ec do pha tr\u1ed9n l\u1ed1 l\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi nhau); ba v\u00e1<\/em> (\u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea1o tr\u1ecdc ch\u1eeba ba ch\u00f2m t\u00f3c); b\u00e1 ch\u00e1y<\/em> (h\u1ebft s\u1ea9y, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi); b\u00e0nh ki<\/em> (ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn); b\u00e1ch x\u00e1ch<\/em> (phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c); b\u1ea3y r\u1ea3y<\/em> (b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t); b\u1eafc k\u1ebf<\/em> (bu\u1ed9c ng\u1ef1a hay b\u00f2 v\u00e0o xe cho ch\u00fang k\u00e9o); b\u00e1i x\u00e1i<\/em> (xi\u1ec3ng li\u1ec3ng); b\u00e0i h\u1ea3i<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau hay ti\u1ebfng la r\u1ea5t to); b\u1ea1i x\u1ee5i<\/em> (t\u00ea li\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c); ban s\u01a1<\/em> (l\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u); b\u00e1n m\u1ea1ng<\/em> ([ch\u1ea1y] th\u1eadt nhanh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 g\u00ec nguy hi\u1ec3m); b\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n<\/em>(13)<\/sup><\/strong> (m\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u00e2u, ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc da ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfe v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c); b\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea1ng<\/em> ([th\u1ecbt] b\u1ea1c nh\u1ea1c); b\u1eabng<\/em> (b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee5t); bao b\u1ee5ng<\/em> ([\u0103n] k\u1ef3 no); b\u00e0o b\u1ecdt<\/em> (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u00f3t \u0111au trong bao t\u1eed); b\u1eadp d\u1eeba<\/em> (phao t\u1eadp b\u01a1i b\u1eb1ng b\u1eb9 d\u1eeba n\u01b0\u1edbc sau khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecf); b\u1eb9 m\u00e8o<\/em> (b\u1eb9 cau c\u00f2n non); ben<\/em> (b\u00ec k\u1ecbp); b\u1ebbo<\/em> (v\u1ea1t ch\u00e9o); b\u00ea<\/em> (tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t); b\u1ec7u r\u1ec7ch<\/em> (l\u00f4i th\u00f4i l\u1ebfch th\u1ebfch); b\u00eda<\/em> (m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u00f3 l\u1ea1p x\u01b0\u1eddng); b\u00edn<\/em> (th\u1eaft b\u00edm); b\u1ee7n<\/em> (n\u00e1t v\u1ee5n); b\u00f9n lu<\/em> (b\u00f9n c\u00f3 l\u1eabn c\u1ecf v\u00e0 r\u00e1c); bo b\u00edu<\/em> (t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1); b\u00f2 kh\u01b0\u1edbu<\/em> (con b\u00f2 c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng \u0111en); b\u1ed3 b\u1ed3<\/em> (xoay m\u00f2ng m\u00f2ng); b\u1ed1c h\u1ed1t<\/em> (l\u00e0m h\u1ed7n v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef); b\u1ed1c x\u1eb9t<\/em> (h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t, n\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i, hay n\u00f3i); b\u01a1n<\/em> (b\u00e3i c\u00e1t b\u1ed3i); b\u1edbn<\/em> (y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, \u1ebbo l\u1ea3); b\u1ee3n nh\u1ee3n<\/em> (nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ea1o trong b\u1ee5ng); b\u1ecdp<\/em> (\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u00e9o m\u00f3, m\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u0169); b\u01b0\u1eddm<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp ra hi\u1ec7u r\u00fat lui sau khi h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1); v.v.<\/p>\n

Ta c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u00edt m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1eabn v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u00f9y t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u01b0a kia (c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i kh\u1eafp Nam B\u1eafc, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng), nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1edd ngh\u0129a cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a nh\u00ecn tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00e0o \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng, \u00e1c ma<\/em>, \u00e1c ph\u1ea1m<\/em>, \u00e1c th\u1ea7n<\/em>, ai t\u1eed<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y b\u00e1o tang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai cha m\u1eb9 v\u1eeba ch\u1ebft), \u00e1m ti\u1ec5n<\/em>, an bang<\/em>, \u00e1n quy\u1ebft<\/em>, \u00e1n t\u00edch<\/em>, \u00e1n th\u1ebf<\/em> (b\u1ea3n \u00e1n thay th\u1ebf gi\u1ea5y khai sinh), \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>, \u00e2m h\u1ea1ch <\/em>(h\u1ed9t le, v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef), \u00e2m t\u1ea7n<\/em> (t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e2m thanh), \u00e2m thoa<\/em> (v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n \u00e2m thanh), \u1ea5m t\u1eed<\/em>, \u00e2n ph\u1ee5<\/em>, b\u00e1ch linh<\/em>, b\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7ng<\/em>, b\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7<\/em>, b\u1ea1ch vi\u00ean<\/em>, b\u1ea1i t\u1ee5c<\/em>, b\u00e0o huynh<\/em>, b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee7<\/em> (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m); b\u1ea3o quy\u1ebfn<\/em>, b\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh<\/em>, b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9<\/em>, b\u00e1t ti\u1ebft<\/em>, b\u00e1t tu\u1ea7n<\/em>, b\u1ea1t t\u1ee5y<\/em>, b\u1eafc giao <\/em>(l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf Giao), b\u1eafc k\u1ebf<\/em> (bu\u1ed9c ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0o xe), b\u1ea9m th\u1ee5<\/em>, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/em> (b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng), b\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 lai v\u00e3ng<\/em>, b\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 thu\u1eadt<\/em>, b\u1ea5t ly tri th\u00f9 <\/em>[\u4e0d\u96e2\u9319\u9296] (keo ki\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu m\u1ea5t t\u00ed g\u00ec), b\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n m\u1ed9 d\u1ea1<\/em>, b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed<\/em>, b\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec7<\/em>, bi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec7t<\/em>, b\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c<\/em>, b\u00f4n b\u00e1<\/em> [\u5954\u64ad] (l\u1eadt \u0111\u1eadt, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, gian nan), khanh s\u00e1t<\/em> (ch\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng), nho t\u00f4n<\/em> [\u5112\u5c0a] (ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u00e0 nho), n\u1ed9t nho<\/em> [\u5450\u5112?] (h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 d\u1ed1t), phong ch\u00fac<\/em>, ph\u00f4i ch\u00e2u<\/em> [\u80a7\u73e0] (ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a hoa s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i), ph\u00f4i d\u1ef1ng<\/em> [\u80a7\u5b55] (c\u00f3 thai), ph\u00f4i nang<\/em> [\u80a7\u56ca], ph\u00f4i nh\u0169 <\/em>[\u80a7\u4e73] (ch\u1ea5t s\u1eefa hay l\u1edbp c\u00f9i m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng), ph\u00f9 d\u00e2n<\/em> [\u6d6e\u6c11] (ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f4ng b\u00f4ng); qu\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n<\/em> (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef), quang manh <\/em>[\u5149\u76f2] (m\u00f9 l\u00f2a); quang tr\u1ea1ch<\/em> (s\u00e1ng l\u00f3ng l\u00e1nh); qu\u1eadt h\u1ea1<\/em> [?] (ch\u1ecbu lu\u1ed3n c\u00fai d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), qu\u1eadt <\/em>[qu\u1ea5t] h\u1ed3ng<\/em> [\u6a58<\/a>\u7d05] (v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 qu\u00fdt [?]), qu\u1eadt huy\u1ec7t<\/em> (hang th\u00fa \u1edf), qu\u1eadt k\u1ef3<\/em> (kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i), qu\u1eadt<\/em> [qu\u1ea5t] l\u1ea1c<\/em> [\u6a58<\/a>\u7d61<\/a>] (t\u00e9p qu\u1ea3 qu\u00fdt), qu\u1eadt t\u00e0ng<\/em> [\u6398\u85cf] (khai qu\u1eadt), qu\u1eadt t\u1ec9nh<\/em> (\u0111\u00e0o gi\u1ebfng), qu\u1eadt <\/em>[qu\u1ea5t] t\u1eed<\/em> [\u6a58<\/a>\u5b50] (qu\u1ea3 qu\u00fdt);\u2026<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thu g\u00f3p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: \u201cnh\u00f3m bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 (th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a nh\u01b0ng \u00edt d\u00f9ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd) v\u00e0 th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7)<\/em>\u201d (tr.iv). Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n tra c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u0169, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ghi ch\u00fa ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t m\u00ecnh d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eef n\u00e0o c\u0169ng phi\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00fang, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea7m m\u00e0 sai l\u1ea1c t\u1eeb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng trong d\u00e2n gian. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201cb\u1ea5t ly tri th\u00f9\u201d (ngay s\u00e1ch T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef gia ng\u00f4n<\/em>(14)<\/sup><\/strong> c\u1ee7a Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n L\u00ea V\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 L\u00ea Ng\u1ecdc Tr\u1ee5 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u201ctri th\u00f9\u201d (th\u1ee9 2) c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u2013 Q. h\u1ea1, tr.1673, c\u1ed9t 1); r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 nho Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1eb7t ra (ho\u1eb7c r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ch\u1eef H\u00e1n) v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n(15)<\/sup><\/strong>. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n H\u00e1n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch, c\u00f4ng v\u0103n gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd.<\/p>\n

D\u1eabu sao, khi \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch tra c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 danh ngh\u0129a \u201cph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111ang h\u1ecdc \u1edf b\u1eadc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, ng\u1ee1 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00fa th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea5y ch\u1eef t\u1eaft (PN \/ TC) \u1edf cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i t\u1eeb m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn (v\u1ed1n x\u1ebfp theo v\u1ea7n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft). Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u00ec T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/em> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i h\u00e3y c\u00f2n l\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o, v\u00ec s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng d\u00f9ng cho to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1edbt, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda Nam. Ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam B\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 b\u1ef1 ch\u00e0 b\u00e1<\/em>, \u0111\u00fa qu\u00e0i<\/em>, ch\u0103m s\u00e1o<\/em>, ch\u0103m g\u1eed<\/em>, ch\u00e8n \u01a1i<\/em>, c\u00f3 nhi\u00eau<\/em>, c\u01a1m n\u00fam x\u00e0o<\/em>, c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea3o mai<\/em>, d\u00e2y cho\u1ea1i<\/em>, hu\u1ed1c r\u1ed3i<\/em>, m\u00e8n \u0111\u00e9t \u01a1i<\/em>, qu\u1edfn qu\u00e1<\/em>, th\u1ed3n v\u00e0o h\u1ecdng<\/em>, xa m\u00fat ch\u1ec9 c\u00e0 tha<\/em>, x\u00e1 b\u1ea5u<\/em>, x\u00e0m x\u00ed<\/em>, v.v. c\u00f3 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t trong s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau. Hu\u1ed1ng chi c\u00f2n mi\u1ec1n Trung, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc\u2026, thi\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u00eam c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t T\u1eadp II c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. M\u00e0 v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/em> th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n. V\u1eady n\u00ean t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i<\/em> cho c\u1ea3 ba mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Trung Nam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed7i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh (n\u00ean ch\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c ng\u1eef qu\u00e1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p th\u00ec d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef sau n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tra c\u1ee9u n\u1eb7ng tay v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t tr\u00ed).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft. Th\u00ec h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1n T\u0110LV\u0110&LNT \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 th\u00eam. 53 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n <\/em>c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2u l\u01b0\u1ee3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. <\/em>Tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong l\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ecd L\u00ea: \u201cNgo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i-li\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u1ee3m-l\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch-v\u1edf, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p-nh\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebbo-l\u00e1nh, t\u1eeb c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n, th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c ch\u1ecb bu\u00f4n g\u00e1nh b\u00e1n b\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c n\u00f4ng-phu m\u1ed9c-m\u1ea1c qu\u00ea m\u00f9a, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc k\u1ef3-l\u00e3o trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m<\/em>\u201d (Q. th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, T\u1ef1a <\/em>[g\u1ed3m 2 trang, kh\u00f4ng ghi s\u1ed1 trang]; tr. tr\u01b0\u1edbc); \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t danh-t\u1eeb m\u1edbi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng danh-t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng-b\u00e0o t\u1eeb Nam ch\u00ed B\u1eafc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn. Trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean-t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n-ng\u1ea1i k\u00ea v\u00e0o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i-th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng l\u00f3ng trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh-d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd ch\u00fa b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef \u201cl\u00f3ng<\/em>\u201d (Q. th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, T\u1ef1a<\/em>; tr. tr\u01b0\u1edbc).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thu th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh 53 n\u0103m, nay hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 so\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecf b\u1edbt? (xem l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea 10 v\u1ea7n \u0103n<\/em>, ch\u01a1i<\/em>, gi\u00e0u<\/em>, k\u00e9o<\/em>, l\u00e0m<\/em>, ngh\u00e8o<\/em>, n\u00f3i<\/em>, tr\u00e8o<\/em>, s\u1eed<\/em>, xa <\/em>li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 tinh gi\u1ea3n cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111ang<\/em> \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh<\/em>. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n\u201d do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ecf \u0111i ai m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfc. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef \u201cb\u1ecf th\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec t\u1ed9i\u201d khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cg\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng\u201d cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: xem x\u00e9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ba m\u1ee5c II<\/strong>, III<\/strong> v\u00e0 IV<\/strong> t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ti\u00eau ch\u00ed thu th\u1eadp, ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb, ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c V<\/strong>, soi v\u00e0o ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \u2013 l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 hai, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, x\u00e9t t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ba vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean chi\u1ec1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cgi\u1ea3m khinh\u201d nh\u1edd l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trao truy\u1ec1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang; d\u1eabn t\u1edbi, tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c theo th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb<\/em> c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c d\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1edbc, <\/em>kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nhau, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhau, chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau c\u00f9ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/em> c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i r\u00fat t\u1ec9a kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebft v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch \u2013 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u2013 trong h\u01a1n th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef th\u00ec bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t kho ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef s\u1ed1ng<\/em>. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf (t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc) mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau thao t\u00e1c, nh\u1eb1m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bao nhi\u00eau r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 c\u00e1m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00f4m nay \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 th\u00f4i \u2013 m\u1edbi\u2026 (b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4 T\u1ea5m trong truy\u1ec7n T\u1ea5m C\u00e1m<\/em>) \u201cchui v\u00e0o tay \u00e1o nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d, hi\u1ec7n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb m\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a 1274 trang s\u00e1ch. M\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong> theo ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi tinh <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong> \u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh c\u0169 r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1edbi<\/em>, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng c\u0169 k\u1ef9 k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi<\/em> b\u00ean trong \u2013 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1i nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. L\u1eddi v\u0103n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean minh ch\u1ee9ng vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/em> trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ch\u1ed7 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t, \u1ed5n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, qua m\u1ee5c V<\/strong> c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u2013 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng s\u00e1ch c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng tri ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00fang hay sai xin c\u1ee9 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00eau l\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng suy x\u00e9t, v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc tham gia lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

V-1 V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang, g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. Kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hay, c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a ch\u01b0a tr\u00fang, c\u00f3 khi thi\u1ebfu hay th\u1eeba ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec7ch ra ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb. V\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadt\u201d nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khung ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a chung<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau (t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p, t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, t\u1eeb c\u1eadn ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, v.v.) v\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quan t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi nhau. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec3n khai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt\/s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u00ean quy \u01b0\u1edbc theo m\u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc: th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i<\/em>, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng<\/em>, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em> (t\u00ednh n\u0103ng), c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/em>, v.v. \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u1edbc), th\u00ec b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u0111i, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u khi m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 30 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1edbi r\u00fat ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n B<\/strong> (c\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0i ba tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u1ea7n A<\/strong>, G<\/strong>, H<\/strong>, P<\/strong> do li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi), d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n g\u00f3p v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft. Theo ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i suy, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong 29 v\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (29 v\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do s\u00e1ch quy \u0111\u1ecbnh). N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00f3p \u00fd h\u01a1i d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e0nh xin mi\u1ec5n th\u1ee9, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea3i g\u00f3p b\u1eb1ng h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n B ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

V-1-1 Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a sai ngh\u0129a<\/em><\/strong> (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi c\u00e2u d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i k\u00e8m n\u00ean xa r\u1eddi ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh)<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1, b\u00f3p b\u1eb9p<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c\u0111t [\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb]; l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n th\u00e0nh m\u00e9o m\u00f3<\/em>\u201d (tr.54, c\u1ed9t 1). Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a sai, v\u00ec \u201cb\u1eb9p\u201d kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cm\u00e9o m\u00f3\u201d. \u201cB\u1eb9p\u201d l\u00e0 d\u1eb9p l\u00e9p, c\u00f2n \u201cm\u00e9o m\u00f3\u201d ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 d\u00fam d\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ed7 kia. \u0110em ch\u1eef \u201cd\u1eb9p l\u00e9p\u201d thay v\u00e0o ch\u1eef \u201cm\u00e9o m\u00f3\u201d th\u00ec m\u1edbi tr\u00fang n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m t\u1eeb b\u00f3p b\u1eb9p.<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2, b\u1ec9nh b\u00fat<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt [danh t\u1eeb]; nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean b\u00e1o<\/em>\u201d (tr.49, c\u1ed9t 1). Gi\u1ea3i sai ngh\u0129a, do kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t. B\u1ec9nh b\u00fat<\/em> \u79c9\u7b46c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7m b\u00fat, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch cho m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o, \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1, vi\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n\u2026 T\u1eeb b\u1ec9nh b\u00fat<\/em> r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb 1945 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn nay b\u00e1o ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3, \u1ea5m<\/em><\/strong>, ngh\u0129a 4 [ngh\u0129a 1, 2, 3 \u0111\u00fang r\u1ed3i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau]: \u201cdt; t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a hay ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u (c\u1eadu \u1ea5m nh\u00e0 ta h\u00f4m nay \u0103n m\u1eb7c b\u1ea3nh gh\u00ea)<\/em>\u201d (tr.11, c\u1ed9t 2). N\u00ean t\u00e1ch ngh\u0129a 4 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ri\u00eang v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi 3 ch\u1eef \u1ea5m<\/em> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00a0C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec9nh b\u00fat<\/em>, v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u1ea5m<\/em> ngh\u0129a 4 c\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ngay l\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00e1c ba \u1ea5m<\/em> kia (1, 2, 3) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1eeb thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t. Ngh\u0129a \u0111en H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u1ea5m <\/em>kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u201cch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a hay ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u00e0: b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m r\u1ee7 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e2y cao. Ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean sau h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp sang ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng: \u1ea5m<\/em> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00fac tr\u1ea1ch con ch\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. D\u1eabn th\u00e2n: \u1ea5m<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai hay ch\u00e1u trai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00fac \u1ea5m. Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 hai ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra, d\u00f9 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u1ea5m<\/em> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch (b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00e2u v\u0103n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy l\u1ea1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4, b\u00e9o<\/em><\/strong>: \u201ctt [t\u00ednh t\u1eeb]; 1. m\u1eadp, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee1<\/em>; 2. c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 (b\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ebft b\u01a1 b\u00e9o ng\u1eady); <\/em>3. c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn (nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u b\u00e9o v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1ng s\u1eaft v\u1ee5n)<\/em>\u201d (tr.39, c\u1ed9t 2). Ngh\u0129a 2, ngh\u0129a 3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t l\u00e0m r\u00f5 2 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u l\u1edd m\u1edd v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec7ch, t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e9o<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng cho d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3i \u201cb\u00e9o ng\u1eady\u201d do \u201cc\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1\u201d (ngh\u0129a 2) l\u00e0 sai. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u00ed d\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee1 b\u1ecf v\u00e0o ch\u1ea3o \u0111un \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eady m\u00f9i ngay, c\u00f2n d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1\u00a0 b\u1ecf trong chai c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u201cb\u00e9o ng\u1eady\u201d. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng thu v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u00e3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ai g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u201cb\u00e9o\u201d \u0111\u00e2u. Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a \u0111en (ngh\u0129a 1), \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cb\u00e9o l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee1\u201d, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. N\u00ean l\u00e0m r\u00f5 b\u00e9o<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 (t\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 do \u0103n u\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf v\u00e0o ch\u1ea3o r\u00e1n khi\u1ebfn ng\u1eady m\u00f9i). \u1ede ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng (ngh\u0129a 3), b\u00e9o<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i ho\u00e1n d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 mang \u00fd so s\u00e1nh<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t xo\u00e0ng x\u0129nh m\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n b\u1ecf ra).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 5, b\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/em><\/strong>: \u201ctt; gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i<\/em>\u201d (tr.43, c\u1ed9t 1). L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i: \u201cgi\u1ea5u k\u00edn\u201d thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201cb\u00ed \u1ea9n\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n. B\u00ed \u1ea9n<\/em> l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn<\/em> ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cche m\u1eaft\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

– V\u00ed d\u1ee5 6, b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c\u0111t; gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu (cha m\u1eb9 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho con)<\/em>\u201d (tr.61, c\u1ed9t 2). Ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00f9\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ecf v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t cho \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i; ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1eafp\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i l\u1edf. V\u1eady \u201cb\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu n\u00e0o. M\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, m\u00ecnh \u0111em c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c b\u1ecf v\u00e0o mong l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00ec m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a 1. Sang ngh\u0129a 2: ch\u0103m lo gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng trong thu\u1edf h\u00e0n vi chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh (b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho con c\u00e1i).<\/p>\n

V-1-2 Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1, b\u1eddi l\u1eddi<\/strong><\/em>: \u201cdt, <\/em>(th\u1ef1c); c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, ri\u00eang lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng. V\u1ecf c\u00e2y l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u keo d\u00e1n s\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhang \u0111\u1ed1t, l\u00e1 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n gia s\u00fac; g\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea5y<\/em>\u201d (tr. 60, c\u1ed9t 2). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ecdc xong, \u0111em so v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai <\/em>m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/em> m\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e2y b\u1eddi l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u00ec, thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i (h\u1ecd hay b\u1ed9) g\u00ec, ph\u00e2n ra l\u00e0m m\u1ea5y nh\u00e1nh, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ra sao; ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh b\u1eddi l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2, b\u00f9a ch\u00fa<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt (t\u00edn); h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd hay ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd hay n\u00e9t ch\u1eef b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m, hu\u00ea d\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u<\/em>\u201d (tr.62, c\u1ed9t 1). C\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng\u2026 c\u1ee7a b\u00f9a ch\u00fa, ch\u01b0a ai hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3, b\u00f5m<\/em><\/strong>: \u201ctrt [tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb]; n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf r\u01a1i m\u1ea1nh xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc (qu\u1ea3 sung r\u01a1i b\u00f5m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t ao<\/em>\u201d (tr.52, c\u1ed9t 1). C\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u00f5m<\/em> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u00e2m thanh), c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. N\u00ean s\u1eeda: \u201cti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng khi c\u00f3 v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eb7ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4, bung xung<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt; k\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng cho xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y vi\u1ec7c kia \u0111\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u00eda sau<\/em>\u201d (tr.63, c\u1ed9t 1). Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a b\u1ecf m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c. \u201cBung xung\u201d nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1eadn thu\u1edf x\u01b0a d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 che h\u00f2n t\u00ean m\u0169i \u0111\u1ea1n. (T\u0110HP: \u201cBung xung: V\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n kh\u1ec9 ra tr\u1eadn ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/em>\u201d (tr.68). Ca dao: \u201cTh\u00e2n em \u0111i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng chung<\/em> \/ Kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i bung xung ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f2n<\/em>\u201d). T\u1eeb ngh\u0129a ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cc\u00e1i bung xung\u201d (v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh t\u00ean chung g\u1ecdi k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9ng ra \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f2n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p, c\u00e3i c\u1ecd nhau. Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi ngh\u0129a sau l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1i sinh.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 5, b\u00e2y<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c1. \u0111dt [\u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb] (ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba); b\u1ecdn m\u00e0y (b\u00e2y \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i cho ai bi\u1ebft v\u1eady)<\/em>; 2. tt; ngang, b\u01b0\u1edbng, \u1ea9u (gi\u1edf b\u00e0i b\u00e2y)<\/em>; 3 trt; ngoan c\u1ed1, ngang b\u01b0\u1edbng (c\u00e3i b\u00e2y)<\/em>\u201d (tr.38, c\u1ed9t 1). Ba ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 2 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb. B\u00e2y<\/em> 1, \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb (c\u1ea7n th\u00eam: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Nam), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cbay\u201d c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 \u201cch\u00fang m\u00e0y\u201d c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. B\u00e2y<\/em> 2, ngang b\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u00eam: nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung, l\u00fd do l\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb k\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e3i b\u00e2y<\/em> (c\u00e3i ch\u00e0y c\u00e3i c\u1ed1i, t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y k\u00e9o sang chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ecd); b\u00e0i b\u00e2y<\/em> (ch\u01a1i b\u00e0i theo l\u1ed1i c\u00f9 nh\u1ea7y, thua r\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, c\u1ed1 n\u00e8o ch\u01a1i h\u1ebft v\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e1n kh\u00e1c(16)<\/sup><\/strong>), hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u1eeb k\u00e9p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng khung trong v\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh, nh\u01b0 l\u00e2y b\u00e2y<\/em> gi\u1ed1ng l\u00e2y nh\u00e2y; c\u00f9 b\u00e2y <\/em>gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f9 nh\u1ea7y; b\u00e2y ba, b\u00e2y b\u1eeda<\/em> ch\u1ec9 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y d\u01b0a, bi\u1ebft sai tr\u00e1i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e2n, tr\u01a1 \u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u00e2y<\/em> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t: l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a d\u00e2y b\u1ea9n ra, b\u00f4i b\u1ea9n ra, nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y tay<\/em> l\u00e0 d\u00e2y b\u1ea9n ra tay (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd C\u00e2u th\u01a1 H\u1ed3 Xu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Xin \u0111\u1eebng m\u00e2n m\u00f3 nh\u1ef1a b\u00e2y tay<\/em>). B\u00e2y<\/em> \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung. Trong T\u0110LV\u0110&LNT b\u00e2y<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 t\u1eeb ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, b\u00e2y<\/em> 1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201ctr\u00e2y\u201d (Q. th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr.86, c\u1ed9t 1); tra ti\u1ebfp tr\u00e2y<\/em>: \u201c\u0110t [\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb], \u201ctr\u00e9t v\u00e0o r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o lan ra r\u1ed9ng (tr\u00e2y h\u1ed3<\/em>, tr\u00e2y b\u00f9n<\/em>)\u201d; \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam t\u1eeb k\u00e9p tr\u00e2y nh\u1ef1a<\/em>: \u201c\u0111t [\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb], l\u00e0m v\u1ea9y nh\u1ef1a, tr\u00e9t nh\u1ef1a t\u00e8m lem ra\u201d (Q. h\u1ea1, tr.1658, c\u1ed9t 1&2). R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u00e2y<\/em> 1 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a \u201cd\u00e2y b\u1ea9n ra\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e2y<\/em> mi\u1ec1n Trung.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 6, b\u00e2u<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c1. <\/em>dt; c\u1ed5 \u00e1o (\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng b\u00e2u nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng cau –\u00a0 tng <\/em>[t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef]); <\/em>2. \u0111t; x\u00fam \u0111\u1ebfn (tr\u1ebb con b\u00e2u th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4ng); b\u00e1m v\u00e0o (con ru\u1ed3i b\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ee9c \u0103n)<\/em>\u201d (tr.37, c\u1ed9t 1). Ph\u1ea3i coi hai ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hai t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hai ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb. Song c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u1eefa, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb b\u00e2u<\/em> th\u1ee9 ba, c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o: b\u00e2u<\/em> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef mi\u1ec1n Trung, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u00fai \u00e1o. T\u0110HP ch\u00fa: ngh\u0129a \u201cc\u1ed5 \u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u0169<\/em>; v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u201ct\u00fai \u00e1o\u201d l\u00e0\u00a0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef<\/em> (tr.52, c\u1ed9t 1). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i thu\u1edf nh\u1ecf s\u1ed1ng \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00fai g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng b\u00e2u\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nghe c\u00e2u ca dao hu\u00ea t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em ch\u0103n tr\u00e2u h\u00e1t: \u201cTh\u01b0\u01a1ng ai m\u1eb7c \u00e1o kh\u00f4ng b\u00e2u \/ L\u1ea5y chi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ef1ng mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea7u em t\u00eam \/ Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 d\u1eb1n d\u1ecdc th\u00e2u \u0111\u00eam \/ T\u00ecm tr\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00eam kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 7, bi k\u1ecbch<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt; 1. V\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung bu\u1ed3n; 2. Chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n x\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d (tr.42, c\u1ed9t 2). M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n kho\u1ea3ng 1945 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec gi\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u1ed5n, v\u00ec thu\u1edf b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ba kh\u1eafp B\u1eafc Trung Nam. Nh\u01b0ng nay l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 2023-24, m\u1ed7i t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc, khoa ng\u1eef v\u0103n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i; th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 bi k\u1ecbch<\/em>: \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ch\u00ednh k\u1ecbch, trong \u0111\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1edbi cao tr\u00e0o, l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i bi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eaft n\u00fat, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p\u201d. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch<\/em><\/strong> gi\u1ea3ng \u201cdt; k\u1ecbch vui<\/em>\u201d (tr.315, c\u1ed9t 2), n\u00ean b\u1ed5 sung: \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ch\u00ednh k\u1ecbch, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau bi k\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf n\u00fat t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi cho kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3\u201d.<\/p>\n

V-1-3\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u khi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a b\u00e1m ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1, b\u1ecf t\u00fai<\/em><\/strong>: \u201ctt; nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf t\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u1ecf t\u00fai)<\/em>\u201d (tr. 51, c\u1ed9t 1). Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ean ch\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u201cb\u1ecf t\u00fai\u201d hi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m 3 ngh\u0129a: 1. Ngh\u0129a \u0111en: h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt v\u00e0o t\u00fai \u00e1o; 2. Ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng: h\u00e0nh vi \u0103n c\u1eafp v\u1eb7t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u00f3\u201d, \u201cn\u1eabng\u201d (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1edbi b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ra b\u00e0n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tay n\u00e0o b\u1ecf t\u00fai m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i<\/em>); 3. Ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>: Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1, th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecf t\u00fai<\/em>, kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecf t\u00fai<\/em>, v\u1ee5 \u00e1n b\u1ecf t\u00fai<\/em>, xe h\u01a1i b\u1ecf t\u00fai<\/em>\u2026).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2, b\u00e9o ph\u1ec7<\/em><\/strong>: \u201ctt; \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eadp l\u1ea1i l\u00f9n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ee1<\/em>\u201d (tr.39, c\u1ed9t 2). N\u00f3i \u201cl\u1ea1i l\u00f9n\u201d l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao m\u00e0 b\u00e9o v\u00e0 ph\u1ec7 b\u1ee5ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e9o ph\u1ec7<\/em> ch\u1ee9 bi\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3i chung, c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i k\u1ef5 trong bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eeba \u00fd.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi (\u00fd n\u00f3i hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7i vui bu\u1ed3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi)<\/em>\u201d (tr.23, c\u1ed9t 2). B\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u1eefa \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eddi\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng l\u1eabn. K\u1ebft b\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1eabu l\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t xa c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng. Trong khi k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho nhau su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u ca dao \u201c\u0110\u00f4i ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \/ Gi\u00f3 m\u01b0a c\u00f9ng n\u00fap, d\u1eb7m tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i<\/em>\u201d; \u201c\u0110\u00f4i ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 con ong<\/em> \/ Con qu\u1ea5n con qu\u00fdt con trong con ngo\u00e0i<\/em>\u201d; \u201c\u0110\u00f4i ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 con t\u1eb1m<\/em> \/ C\u00f9ng \u0103n m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t nong<\/em>\u201d\u2026 (\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ca dao thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1ef7\u201d), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khuy\u1ebft danh c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u201cb\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, \u201ccon ong\u201d, \u201ccon t\u1eb1m\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u00f4i ta\u201d nh\u01b0ng so s\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111em \u201cb\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi\u201d thay cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> trong c\u00e2u 1: \u201c\u0110\u00f4i ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d, th\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u00f4i ta\u201d \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3, l\u00e0 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i vui c\u1ee7a hai k\u1ebb k\u1ebft giao ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu v\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u00ed von gi\u1eefa \u201c\u0111\u00f4i ta\u201d v\u1edbi \u201ccon ong\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u00f4i ta\u201d v\u1edbi \u201ccon t\u1eb1m\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201ccon ong<\/em>\u201d: gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/em>;\u00a0 \u201ccon t\u1eb1m<\/em>\u201d: gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/em>\u2026 th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Gi\u1ea3ng ngh\u0129a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi<\/em> l\u00e0 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y. Qua ca dao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra n\u00e9t khu bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ee9 \u201cb\u1ea1n\u201d: b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3<\/strong> \u201cv\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng\u201d trong khi \u201cb\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi\u201d \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0<\/strong> \u201cv\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4, b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt; t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d (tr.23, c\u1ed9t 1). Gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t khi\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, do hi\u1ec3u mang m\u00e1ng hai ch\u1eef b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/em> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh<\/em> thu\u1ed9c hai ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu b\u1ea9m sinh, do tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, trong khi b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ed kh\u00ed, c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 ra v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng c\u1ecfi ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee9ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, d\u1eabu g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng ai khen m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u201cc\u00f3 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh v\u1ebd tranh nh\u01b0 L\u00e9onard de Vinci\u201d (tr\u1eeb phi c\u00f3 g\u1eedi ng\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khen \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e0i v\u1ebd tranh nh\u01b0 L\u00e9onard de Vinci\u201d. Cho th\u1ea5y \u201ct\u00e0i n\u0103ng\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh<\/em> l\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V-1-4\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a v\u1eeba th\u1eeba v\u1eeba thi\u1ebfu<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u0111em c\u00e1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3; \u0111\u1eb7t hai \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i trong quan h\u1ec7 so s\u00e1nh; th\u00eam th\u1eaft nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 \u2013 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u2013 l\u00e0m l\u1ea5n \u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u1edd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh)<\/em><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1, b\u1edbt l\u1eeda<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c\u0111t; v\u1eb7n nh\u1ecf b\u1ebfp (\u0111i\u1ec7n hay ga) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nh\u1ecf \u0111i hay ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef \u00edt than h\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i (b\u1ebfp than), cho th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u00ean trong n\u1ed3i kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea1n hay ch\u00e1y trong l\u00fac n\u1ea5u<\/em>\u201d (tr.61, c\u1ed9t 1). \u201cV\u1eb7n nh\u1ecf b\u1ebfp\u201d \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1edbt l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ebfp n\u00fac. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea5u c\u01a1m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1eeda tr\u1ea1i, g\u1eb7p l\u00fac ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1ed1c cao qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7i ra th\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u1ecdi b\u1edbt l\u1eeda<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00e0n th\u00eam m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch vi\u1ec7c v\u1eb7n nh\u1ecf b\u1ebfp \u201ccho th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u00ean trong n\u1ed3i kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea1n hay ch\u00e1y trong l\u00fac n\u1ea5u<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi\u1ebfn l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng?<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2, b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt; 1. H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1); 2. V\u1ebb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta (b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t anh ta t\u01b0\u01a1i r\u00f3i)<\/em>\u201d (tr. 56, c\u1ed9t 1). C\u1ea3 1 v\u00e0 2 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 phi l\u00f4gic, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1t l\u00e0m r\u00f5 hai d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i k\u00e8m. \u201cH\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u00ec), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u201cH\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e0n x\u01b0ng (to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3), trong khi b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c x\u01b0ng (ch\u1ec9 thu h\u1eb9p \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i). \u0110em c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd, \u0111em c\u00e1i to\u00e0n x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c x\u01b0ng c\u00e0ng phi l\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng ai n\u00f3i h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai, c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i\u201d, \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3 n\u00fai\u201d, \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u00e1y bay\u201d. Ngh\u0129a 2 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u201cv\u1ebb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, v\u00ec t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd, l\u00fac b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9, b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra \u1edf m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 (x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eadm d\u1eadt ch\u00e2n tay), c\u00f2n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em> th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u1ed3 l\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng x\u00ea d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em> t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb, s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t. \u0110i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u00eam: s\u1eafc di\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i b\u00ean trong t\u1eebng l\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay con th\u00fa. B\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t<\/em> v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i tu t\u1eeb, ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng, b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u2026).<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3, b\u00f2n m\u00f3t<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c\u0111t; \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu nh\u1eb7t, l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t th\u1eadt k\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf s\u00f3t t\u00ed n\u00e0o<\/em>\u201d (tr.52, c\u1ed9t 2). \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u00f2n m\u00f3t\u201d l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, khi\u1ebfn ai c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00f2n m\u00f3t<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00f2n m\u00f3t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00edt t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 g\u1eb7t, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5 ra \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f2n m\u00f3t l\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t xong ngo\u00e0i ru\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec b\u00f2n m\u00f3t<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n ngay, t\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n\u201d. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh d\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi b\u00f2n m\u00f3t<\/em> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u201cThu nh\u1eb7t, l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t th\u1eadt k\u1ef9\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a b\u00f2n m\u00f3t<\/em> n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf kh\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n thu ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n s\u00f3t tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i ra sau khi thu ho\u1ea1ch, th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u00f2n m\u00f3t<\/em>.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4, b\u00e0n m\u1ea3nh<\/strong><\/em>: \u201c\u0111t; b\u00e0n ri\u00eang trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf (sau khi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng)<\/em>\u201d (tr.22, c\u1ed9t 2). N\u00f3i b\u00e0n ri\u00eang \u201csau khi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sinh ra vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n m\u1ea3nh<\/em>, ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u201cm\u1ea3nh\u201d v\u1ed1n mang m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat m\u1eadp m\u1edd v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ra \u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ec9a mai. Trong b\u00e0n m\u1ea3nh<\/em> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm, ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang. \u201c\u0102n m\u1ea3nh\u201d l\u00e0 \u0103n m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3n h\u1eddi ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh; b\u00e0n m\u1ea3nh<\/em> l\u00e0 b\u00e0n ri\u00eang gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecdn v\u1edbi nhau, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 5, b\u00e0 s\u01a1<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c(ck b\u00e0 x\u01a1) dt;\u00a0 <\/em>1. (g\u1ed1c s\u0153ur, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p) n\u1eef tu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o; <\/em>(trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 tr\u1ebb th\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng b\u00e0 s\u01a1 cho c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecdng tu\u1ed5i<\/em>); <\/em>2. M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u00e0 c\u1ed1 (\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 b\u00e0 s\u01a1)<\/em>\u201d (tr. 17, c\u1ed9t 1). Gi\u1eefa hai ngh\u0129a 1 v\u00e0 2, l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u201cb\u00e0n th\u00eam\u201d kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean, r\u1eb1ng tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0o th\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00e0\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eef \u201cs\u01a1\u201d v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n \u201ct\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb\u201d, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb k\u00e9p b\u00e0 s\u01a1<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang ch\u1eef \u201cs\u01a1\u201d. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00ean b\u1ecf \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201cngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V-1-5\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng ngh\u0129a<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1, bu\u00f4n th\u1ea7n b\u00e1n th\u00e1nh<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cthn [th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef]; l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2ng m\u00ea t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00e0y linh, mi\u1ebfu kia thi\u00eang, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ecd ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n kh\u00e1ch th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n<\/em>\u201d (tr.64, c\u1ed9t 1). Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ec3 l\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a chung s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, l\u1ea1i vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng v\u1eafn t\u1eaft. Th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e9n l\u1ea1i trong d\u0103m ba t\u1eeb h\u00e0m s\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, l\u00e0m cho ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi ng\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00ean t\u00f9y t\u1eebng c\u00e2u \u201cc\u1edfi n\u00e9n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111en (t\u1ea7ng ngh\u0129a 1), sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a \u0111en sang ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng (t\u1ea7ng ngh\u0129a 2). N\u1ebfu ngh\u0129a \u0111en \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng mang nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai m\u00e0 g\u1ed9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u tr\u00ean, gi\u1ea3ng: \u201cl\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng m\u00ea t\u00edn ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n kh\u00e1ch th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch bu\u00f4n th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec, b\u00e1n th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 2 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi), ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1eafn t\u1eaft ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2, bu\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e3i quan vi\u00ean<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cthn; bu\u00f4n nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 l\u1eddi to<\/em>\u201d (tr.64, c\u1ed9t 1). H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00f4ng sai nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft n\u00ean ch\u01b0a m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ecdc xong v\u1eabn c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u01b0a th\u00f4ng. C\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0i ch\u1eef l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u201cbu\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (bu\u00f4n r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ed1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trong t\u00fai ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng) v\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e3i quan vi\u00ean\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (l\u00e3i thu v\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1m quan l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n tr\u0103m b\u1ea1c v\u1ea1n), nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3, b\u1ee9t m\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eebng<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cthn; g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cch\u1ed1ng l\u01b0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, l\u00e0m v\u1ee1\u00a0 l\u1edf m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tai h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/em>\u201d (tr.67, c\u1ed9t 2). M\u1ed9t d\u1ecb b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 r\u00fat d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eebng<\/em> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n c\u00e2u tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u d\u1ee9t d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eebng<\/em> (tr.200, c\u1ed9t 1) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng. V\u1ec1 ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a, n\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u201cr\u00fat d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1eebng\u201d thay cho c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e2u (r\u00fat d\u00e2y<\/em> \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n d\u1ee9t d\u00e2y <\/em>hay b\u1ee9t m\u00e2y<\/em>: \u201cd\u00e2y\u201d ch\u1ec9 r\u00fat ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t; \u201cm\u00e2y\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, c\u00f2n \u201cd\u00e2y\u201d bao g\u1ed3m trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u201cm\u00e2y). V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t, xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u0103ng m\u1eafc r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y trong r\u1eebng, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 d\u00e2y leo \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 khu r\u1eebng to l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n r\u00fat m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y leo, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2y leo v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 r\u1ec5 b\u00e1m ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i xung quanh, m\u00e0 d\u00e2y leo trong r\u1eebng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00f2 lan r\u1ea5t xa, n\u00ean h\u1ec5 r\u00fat m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 r\u1eebng c\u00e2y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra ngh\u0129a b\u00f3ng: m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn hay b\u00e9 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng \u00edt quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n hay ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng li\u00ean k\u1ebft phe nh\u00f3m, b\u00e8 c\u00e1nh ch\u00ecm hay n\u1ed5i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n x\u1eed s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eaft d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ee9ng ph\u00eda sau. Ta th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai ngh\u0129a \u0111en v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ed9t v\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi gi\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

V-1-6\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1, b\u1eadt b\u00f4ng<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c\u0111t; l\u00e0m h\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ea3 b\u00f4ng g\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng tre<\/em>\u201d (tr.37, c\u1ed9t 1). \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i b\u00f4ng g\u00f2n d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u trong y d\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ed3ng b\u00f4ng may \u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea1o \u0103n. C\u00e2y b\u00f4ng cho ra qu\u1ea3, trong qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 x\u01a1 b\u00f4ng bao b\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t b\u00f4ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa. Sau khi ph\u01a1i qu\u1ea3 b\u00f4ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201cxa c\u00e1n b\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch x\u01a1 b\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea1t theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00f4ng c\u00e1n xong v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n n\u00ean ch\u01b0a tr\u1eafng. L\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0111em b\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u201cm\u00e1y b\u1eadt b\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eadt \u2013 m\u00e1y h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh cung r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cho c\u00e1nh cung cong l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u00e9p l\u00e0m cho b\u00f4ng t\u01a1i ra, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n b\u1eafn ra v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea7n x\u01a1 b\u00f4ng. Mu\u1ed1n cho b\u00f4ng th\u1eadt tr\u1eafng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i b\u1eadt \u0111i b\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n: \u201cB\u1eadt b\u1eadt b\u00f2ng b\u00f2ng<\/em> \/ Nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec trong<\/em> \/ \u00cdt ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec c\u1eafn<\/em> [c\u1eb7n] \/ B\u1eadt b\u1eadt b\u1eafn b\u1eafn<\/em> \/ \u00cdt ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec c\u1eafn \/ Nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec trong<\/em>\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c b\u1eafn b\u00f4ng m\u1edbi thu ho\u1ea1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 b\u1eadt b\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn b\u1eafn t\u01a1i c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1o b\u00f4ng c\u0169, m\u1eb7c l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y b\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eb9p xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 sau khi b\u1eadt \u0111em may l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd \u1ea5m nh\u01b0 \u00e1o m\u1edbi. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c b\u1eadt b\u00f4ng g\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1eadt b\u00f4ng xe s\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 n\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a sinh sau, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a sinh sau l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2, Ba h\u1ed3n ch\u00edn v\u00eda<\/em><\/strong>: \u201c1. \u0111t; linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft (\u1edbi ba h\u1ed3n ch\u00edn v\u00eda c\u1eadu Ba v\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0103n x\u00f4i nghe k\u00e8n)<\/em>; 2. trt; kinh h\u00e3i qu\u00e1 (s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba h\u1ed3n ch\u00edn v\u00eda)<\/em>\u201d (tr.15, c\u1ed9t 2). \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (c\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c), coi h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 v\u00eda l\u00e0 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o TQ g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1ch). Ch\u1ec9 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 v\u00eda m\u1edbi t\u00e1ch l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi x\u00e1c. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai gi\u1edbi nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef, h\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 nhau nh\u01b0ng v\u00eda kh\u00e1c nhau. Nam c\u00f3 ba h\u1ed3n b\u1ea3y v\u00eda (c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i do trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y l\u1ed7) v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u00f3 ba h\u1ed3n ch\u00edn v\u00eda (c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn l\u1ed7). M\u1ed9t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng ng\u1ea5t l\u1ecbm \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, mu\u1ed1n g\u1ecdi cho t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi to: \u201ch\u00fa ba h\u1ed3n b\u1ea3y v\u00eda \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u mau tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadp x\u00e1c\u201d; n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi: \u201ch\u00fa ba h\u1ed3n ch\u00edn v\u00eda\u201d (xem: Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> (1938) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh; xem th\u00eam T\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n<\/em> (1939) c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 T\u1ea5t T\u1ed1). T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng, d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o ph\u00eda Nam mang t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111i theo; d\u00e2n gian th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng cho nhau, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i pha t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba s\u1edf t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea1c… \u0110\u1ecdc m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ba h\u1ed3n ch\u00edn v\u00eda<\/em> th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi so\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ghi l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh, song ch\u01b0a v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc ra v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1ng coi l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3, b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt; 1. b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nho thu\u1edf x\u01b0a (ch\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c); <\/em>2. lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n cao v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd c\u00fang<\/em>\u201d (tr.22, c\u1ed9t 1).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 hai ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. a) Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Khai tr\u00ed Ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c (Nh\u00e0 in Trung b\u1eafc T\u00e2n v\u0103n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1931, tr.27, c\u1ed9t 2): \u201cB\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = B\u00e0n k\u00ea m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 khi d\u00f9ng chung v\u1edbi b\u00e0n th\u1edd: H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>\u201d;<\/li>\n
  2. b) VNT\u0110LV\u0110&LNT (1970, Q. th\u01b0\u1ee3ng; tr.59, c\u1ed9t 1): \u201c B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = B\u00e0n k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \/\/ B\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/em>\u201d;<\/li>\n
  3. c) T\u0110HP (2003, tr.29, c\u1ed9t 2): \u201c B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = 1. B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch<\/em>; 2. B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd, b\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/em>\u201d;<\/li>\n
  4. d) Ri\u00eang T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 ng\u1eef<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n (NXB T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, TP HCM, 2000) c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3ng th\u00eam ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 ba, song t\u1ef1u trung ngh\u0129a 2 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a 3 c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t: \u201cB\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = 1. B\u00e0n nh\u00e0 nho ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch<\/em> (c\u0169): Ch\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> (tng); 2. B\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/em>: H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c <\/em>(tng); 3. B\u00e0n b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khi\u00eang \u0111i trong \u0111\u00e1m ma<\/em> (c\u0169): Sau \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m c\u00e1i b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> (Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Hoan)\u201d(17)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, ngh\u0129a \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o ngh\u0129a 1, ng\u1ea7m \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng truy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, th\u00ec r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1, ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. D\u1eabn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n in g\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ea5c \u00e2m t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb<\/em> c\u1ee7a Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a (Imprimerie REY, CURIOL & Cie<\/sup>, Saigon, 1895, tr.30, c\u1ed9t 1): \u201cB\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = \u201cGh\u1ebf l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n x\u1ebfp, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0n d\u1ecdn \u0103n<\/em>\u201d. Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a c\u00f3 g\u1ee3i th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u201cd\u1ecdn \u0103n\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> song kh\u00f4ng ghi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d. B\u1ed5 sung cho Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0110\u0129 c\u1ea7u N\u00f4m<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn: \u201c\u0110\u0129 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e0n<\/em>, c\u00f3 t\u00e1n<\/em>, c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n<\/em>, c\u00f3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c\u2026<\/em>\u201d. B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n t\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n son b\u00e1n ph\u1ea5n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 nho.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n: ngh\u0129a 1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i suy lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/strong> (\u0111\u1ed9c <\/em>\u7368 = m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh<\/em> \u00a0ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>\u8b80 = \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em>). \u0110\u00e3 suy lu\u1eadn th\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>, mu\u1ed1n soi s\u00e1ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi sau g\u00e1n v\u00e0o, ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u201cki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o\u201d gi\u1eefa phong t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, v\u0103n th\u01a1, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u201ctr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng cung\u201d). a<\/strong>. V\u1ec1 phong t\u1ee5c<\/em>, x\u01b0a kia c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ba gian, ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam hai ch\u00e1i l\u00e0m bu\u1ed3ng ng\u1ee7, ngo\u00e0i gian gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e0n th\u1edd, m\u1ed9t gian b\u00ean k\u00ea \u201ct\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n\u201d, gian b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 \u201ctr\u00e0ng k\u1ef7\u201d ng\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng th\u00eam chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong sinh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n cho nh\u00e0 nho ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch hay kh\u00f4ng? Ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. T\u00f4i ng\u1edd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (v\u1eeba t\u1ea7m ng\u1ed3i \u0111i k\u00e8m chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a l\u01b0ng), m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Nh\u00e0 nho th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch n\u01a1i t\u1ea5m ph\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 khi vi\u1ebft b\u00fat l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn, s\u00e1ch th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n c\u1ea5t v\u00e0o t\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf treo l\u00ean n\u00f3c nh\u00e0; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00edt gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u201cd\u00f2ng d\u00f5i th\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1i \u201c\u00e1n th\u01b0\u201d (cao, h\u1eb9p b\u1ec1 ngang v\u00e0 d\u00e0i) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5y b\u00fat v\u00e0 v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t li\u00ean quan (Tr\u00ean y\u00ean\/\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n con dao<\/em> \u2013 Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00ec qu\u00e1 cao. T\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110H Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eed gi\u00e1m duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3n m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3ng s\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh v\u0103n (V\u0169 trung t\u00f9y b\u00fat<\/em> \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ed5). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u00ean ch\u1ee3 T\u1ebft v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ba ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eang ph\u1ea3n ra ch\u1ee3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef b\u00e1n c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ebft (M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y kh\u00f3a g\u00f2 l\u01b0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3n<\/em> \/ Tay m\u00e0i nghi\u00ean h\u00fd ho\u00e1y vi\u1ebft th\u01a1 xu\u00e2n<\/em> \u2013 \u0110o\u00e0n V\u0103n C\u1eeb, 1939). N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0n ra ch\u1ee3 ch\u1eafc nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u. b<\/strong>. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 An Chi c\u00e1ch nay 12 n\u0103m t\u1eebng tra t\u00ecm T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t – B\u1ed3 – La<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes (Rome, 1651). Thay v\u00ec b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra hai t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d (\u0111\u1ea1oc<\/em> theo An Chi c\u0169ng phi\u00ean \u00e2m \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc\u201d, l\u00e0 hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m; th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do de Rhodes ghi ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> theo ph\u00e1t \u00e2m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eef o \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i: \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> = \u0111o\u1ecdc \/ m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc<\/em> = m\u1ec7t nho\u1ecdc \/ s\u1ea1ch bong<\/em> = s\u1ea1ch boong). \u1ede c\u1ed9t 22(18)<\/sup><\/strong> (v\u1ea7n B<\/em><\/strong>) s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: B\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/strong>, b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc = <\/strong>\u00a0Oratorio, Altar <\/em>[ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3]; Oratorium, Altare<\/em> [ti\u1ebfng Latin]; \u1ede c\u1ed9t 226 (v\u1ea7n \u0110<\/em><\/strong>), s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp: B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc = <\/strong>Altar <\/em>[ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3]; Altare, is <\/em>[ti\u1ebfng Latin]. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em>, An Chi b\u00e8n cho r\u1eb1ng g\u1ecdi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, t\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u00e0n t\u1ee5ng kinh Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea7u si\u00eau cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft<\/em>. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u trong c\u00e1ch ghi ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latin c\u1ee7a A. de Rhodes, An Chi l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 A. de Rhodes h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d so v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00e0n th\u1edd\u201d<\/em>. Theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9t 22<\/em>: ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ghi \u201cb\u00e0n th\u1edd\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc\u201d sau, l\u1ebd ra ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latin c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t hai ch\u1eef Altar<\/em> v\u00e0 Altare<\/em> (b\u00e0n th\u1edd) l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai ch\u1eef Oratorio<\/em> v\u00e0 Oratorium<\/em> (b\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n) m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch ghi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/strong> \/ b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc<\/strong> = 1. Ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3: Oratorio <\/em>(b\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n); Altar <\/em>(b\u00e0n th\u1edd) \/ \u00a0<\/em>2. Ti\u1ebfng Latin: Oratorium <\/em>(b\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n); Altare<\/em> (b\u00e0n th\u1edd).<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u1ea1i c\u1ed9t 226<\/em>: ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d th\u00ec l\u1ebd ra ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latin ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Oratorio <\/em>v\u00e0 Oratorium<\/em> (b\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n) m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i ghi Altar <\/em>v\u00e0 Altare<\/em> (b\u00e0n th\u1edd) \u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc, b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/strong> = 1. Ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3: Altar <\/em>(b\u00e0n th\u1edd); 2. Ti\u1ebfng Latin: Altare<\/em> (b\u00e0n th\u1edd).<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    V\u1eady l\u00e0 sao? Sao \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen l\u01b0u c\u1eefu trong d\u00e2n gian: tuy v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt) \u0111\u00e3 sinh th\u00eam c\u00e1i \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u201cb\u00e0n th\u1edd\u201d v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a, nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u1edb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd c\u00fang. V\u00e0 trong khi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea5n kh\u1ee9a, ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng l\u00e0m lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ai r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u201cb\u00e0n th\u1edd\u201d \u0111i sang \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d cho th\u00eam phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c(19)<\/sup><\/strong>. N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean, An Chi v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc\/b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> l\u00e0 b\u00e0n t\u1ee5ng kinh ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111i ngay \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc\/b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX th\u00ec c\u00f2n h\u01a1i v\u1ed9i(20)<\/sup><\/strong>. An Chi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb A. de Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e0i 4 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a de Rhodes c\u0169ng m\u1edbi ph\u00f4i thai ch\u01b0a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00f9i xu\u1ed1ng n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, t\u00ean \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc\/\u0111\u1ecdc\u201d b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, t\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n ra. Trong b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp: 1773 (de Behaine), 1838 (Taberd), 1877 (Caspar), 1898 (G\u00e9nibrel), t\u1eeb k\u00e9p b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t \u1edf c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0o c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc\u201d hay \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc\u201d. Ch\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c\u201d c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc\u201d sang, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2y m\u01a1 r\u1ec5 m\u00e1 g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc\u201d<\/strong>. Trong hai s\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng t\u00ean Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum<\/em> c\u1ee7a Pignaux de Behaine (b\u1ea3n ch\u00e9p tay, 1773) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Jean Louis Taberd (b\u1ea3n in, 1838, cu\u1ed1n sau tho\u00e1t thai t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc), b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1eef b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> c\u00f3 in k\u00e8m c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/strong>\u69c3\u6add. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. Ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a ti\u1ebfng Latin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc k\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf, cao, \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/strong> (mensula thuris rebusque id genus reponendis destinata<\/em>) (Pignaux de Behaine, tr.10, c\u1ed9t 1 \/ Taberd, tr.13, c\u1ed9t 1). X\u00e9t ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u6add\u0111<\/em>\u1ed9c<\/em> ngh\u0129a H\u00e1n l\u00e0 h\u1ed9p, tr\u00e1p, h\u00f2m, t\u1ee7, l\u00e0m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb cho\u69c3b\u00e0n<\/em> th\u00ec ngh\u0129a s\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\u69c3\u6addph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0n g\u1ed7 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfc t\u1ee7 cao v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p<\/em>, cho n\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng \u201ck\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf cao\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng (c\u1ea3 de Rhodes, de Behaine v\u00e0 Taberd \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u201ct\u1ee7\u201d, ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng). Hai so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea V\u0103n Thu v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> tr\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u69c3\u6add: \u201clo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n cao v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd c\u00fang<\/em>\u201d (tr.22). Hai cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-Ph\u00e1p in ti\u1ebfp sau Taberd v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> l\u00e0 b\u00e0n nh\u1ecf th\u1eafp h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1edd c\u00fang<\/strong>: \u00a01. Dictionnaire annamite-fran\u00e7ais<\/em> c\u1ee7a J.M.J. Caspar, Nh\u00e0 in T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, 1877, tr.22: \u201cB\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = petit autel<\/em>\u201d (b\u00e0n nh\u1ecf th\u1eafp h\u01b0\u01a1ng). 2. Dictionnaire anamite-fran\u00e7ais<\/em> c\u1ee7a J.F.M. G\u00e9nibrel, in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, Nh\u00e0 in T\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecbnh, 1898, tr.17, c\u1ed9t 1: \u201cB\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c, b\u00e0n h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n<\/strong> = Autel des parfums<\/em>\u201d (b\u00e0n th\u1edd th\u1eafp h\u01b0\u01a1ng).<\/p>\n

    T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>\u69c3\u6add c\u1ee7a P. de Behaine v\u00e0 Taberd, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n m\u00e0 c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>\u201d cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i: b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 cao nh\u01b0 t\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u00e0y h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafp kh\u1ea5n v\u00e1i l\u00fac t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, l\u00fac c\u1ea7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00eanh ra huy\u1ec7t m\u1ed9. Ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a 2 trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n Thu v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ec1n. Ri\u00eang ngh\u0129a 1 \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d, hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u0103n li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> = b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c <\/em><\/strong>ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (\u7368m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \/ \u8b80\u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch); c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c = b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1oc<\/em> <\/strong>c\u1ee7a A. de Rhodes, v\u1eady c\u00e1c \u00f4ng n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n th\u1edd cao v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t b\u00e0n nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p th\u00ec ch\u00f3 m\u1edbi kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u201cch\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i\u00ean hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y t\u00f3t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao sang. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do th\u00f3i quen coi tr\u1ecdng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf nh\u00e0 nho m\u00e0 sinh ra c\u00e2u n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4, b\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3i chung<\/em>\u201d (tr.18, c\u1ed9t 1). Gi\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129: t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7\u201d ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng. L\u1ea7n t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, g\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa, th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf ra c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (Ecole pratique d\u2019industrie) d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ea5y hai ch\u1eef b\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u1edf Hu\u1ebf (m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cb\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng\u201d do vua Th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1899 v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7). N\u00ean th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb b\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7<\/em> s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 5, b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cdt, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0ng (t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a v\u0103n minh<\/em>)\u201d (tr.23, c\u1ed9t 1). Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t trong ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n e ch\u01b0a \u1ed5n. Ch\u1eef \u201cm\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd coi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh?) \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb chung<\/strong> ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean ph\u00eda B\u1eafc (T\u0110HP: \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddng: khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng, x\u00e3 hay huy\u1ec7n, x\u01b0a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ea5t<\/em>\u201d (tr.653-654); xem th\u00eam T\u00f4 Ho\u00e0i: Truy\u1ec7n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc<\/em> (1955)).<\/p>\n

    (c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp<\/em>)
    \n<\/strong>_____________________________________________________________<\/p>\n

    (13) C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed3 qu\u00e2n\u201d, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecf m\u00e0u n\u00e2u, nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 m\u01a1, khi ch\u00edn chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111en, \u0103n ng\u1ecdt pha v\u1ecb ch\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

    (14) Imprimerie & Librairie Nouvelles Claude & Cie, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1896.<\/p>\n

    (15) Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef m\u1edbi, trong kho th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u \u7b97\u76e1\u9319\u9296To\u00e1n t\u1eadn tri th\u00f9<\/em> ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi keo ki\u1ec7t, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed3ng xu c\u1eafc b\u1ea1c (tri<\/em> v\u00e0 th\u00f9<\/em> l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf th\u1eddi x\u01b0a).<\/p>\n

    (16) Trong s\u00e1ch T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u <\/em>in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, l986, tr.40, c\u00f3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb b\u00e0i b\u00e2y<\/em> (t\u1eeb c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u201cL\u00e3o kia c\u00f3 gi\u1edf b\u00e0i b\u00e2y<\/em>\u201d), cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Mon Khmer. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Kh\u01a1me\u00a0pai<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3,\u00a0pl\u00e2y<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, b\u00e0i b\u00e2y<\/em> do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u00eam c\u1ee7a GS Phan Ng\u1ecdc trong l\u1ea7n in 1986 (l\u1ea7n in \u0111\u1ea7u do NXB Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 1974). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u01a1i b\u0103n kho\u0103n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Mon Khmer m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 xin d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc tham kh\u1ea3o (Xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ed7 Qu\u00fd To\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e1ch cho ch\u00fa d\u1eabn n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n

    (17) Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n trong tay nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. Xem:<\/p>\n

    https:\/\/chunom.net\/Tu-dien\/Tu-ban-doc-co-y-nghia-gi-2853.html<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y: \u00f4ng Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc \u00f4ng d\u1eabn th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cB\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong> = 1. B\u00e0n nh\u00e0 nho ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch<\/em> (c\u0169): Ch\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em> (tng)\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u201cb\u00e0n nh\u00e0 nho ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cch\u00f3 nh\u1ea3y b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    (18) B\u1ea3n in T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t – B\u1ed3 – La <\/em>1651 kh\u00f4ng in s\u1ed1 trang m\u00e0 in s\u1ed1 c\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i trang g\u1ed3m 2 c\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

    (19) Theo PGSTS Ho\u00e0ng D\u0169ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1eddi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i trong cu\u1ed1n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t – B\u1ed3 – La<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes kh\u00e1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n

    (20) Nguy\u00ean c\u00e2u c\u1ee7a An Chi l\u00e0 \u201cV\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cb\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> ch\u1eb3ng qua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ng\u1eef \u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c<\/em>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft s\u1eb5n, in s\u1eb5n. V\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0n t\u1ee5ng (hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng hai ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e0i, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0y hoa qu\u1ea3, tr\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u, l\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n\u2026 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e0i c\u00f3 khung treo h\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt, n\u01a1i nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 (ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7y c\u00fang) \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec5 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f5 m\u00f5 t\u1ee5ng kinh m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u si\u00eau cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 \u0111ang x\u00e9t, ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu m\u1edd d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i. B\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh b\u00e0n c\u00fang n\u00f3i chung r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ngh\u0129a th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n th\u1edd (c\u00e1i b\u00e0n c\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d. (https:\/\/dongtac.hncity.org\/spip.php?article5146<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    IV.
    \nTr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t n\u00ean ngh\u0129: c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1620,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,200,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103601","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-ban-tron-ngon-ngu","category-nhan-dinh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103601","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1620"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103601"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103601\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":103606,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103601\/revisions\/103606"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103601"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103601"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}