{"id":103292,"date":"2025-06-04T07:16:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-04T07:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=103292"},"modified":"2025-06-05T15:38:46","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T15:38:46","slug":"lich-su-truyen-gio-v-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-11-iv-pham-quynh-v-chnh-sch-phuc-hoi-chu-quoc-ngu-cua-php","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/103292\/lich-su-truyen-gio-v-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-11-iv-pham-quynh-v-chnh-sch-phuc-hoi-chu-quoc-ngu-cua-php","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n giáo và ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef – Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11.IV – Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh và Chính sách ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Pháp"},"content":{"rendered":"

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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef <\/em><\/h1>\n

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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)<\/h2>\n

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IV- Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p<\/b><\/b><\/b><\/p>\n


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 \"C11-TruongVinhKy\"<\/a>     <\/b><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd                                Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh<\/b><\/p>\n

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Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/i> c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, trong ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/i>\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft: \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u00abl\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m\u00bb tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb. Sau hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb, c\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd b\u1ecb oan<\/i>. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u00f4ng c\u00f2n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u00abk\u00e9o\u00bb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vua Gia Long v\u1ec1 phe h\u1ecd, v\u1eady n\u1ebfu ta ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ta \u00abm\u1eafc m\u01b0u\u00bb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n![1]<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, n\u0103m 1963, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Ch\u1ee7 nghi\u00e3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i<\/i> (Nam S\u01a1n), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00ec v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho tr\u1ebb em b\u1eadc s\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u00e1n n\u00f4m,<\/i> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Khi g\u1eb7p gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, n\u0103m 2000, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch Nam Phong c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng <\/i>v\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd: \u00abNh\u1eefng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1922 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 anh tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong s\u00e1ch \u00abCh\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch Nam Phong\u00bb[2]<\/b><\/a><\/i> anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i sai; em \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u1ea5y Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qua Ca dao v\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n xin ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf h\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p\u00bb<\/i>. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung c\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ed9i. \u00cdt l\u00e2u sau, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i RFI nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb b\u00e0ng quan v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft V\u1ee5 \u00e1n Nam Phong, <\/i>trong s\u00e1ch Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n giai ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c[3]<\/b><\/a>, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Tr\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 xin s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft: <\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh: \u00abT\u00f4i sinh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u00e1n?\u00bb<\/i> ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m oan tr\u00e1i bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nam Phong do Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Tr\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: Nam Phong ra \u0111\u1eddi do ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 30-12-1916 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 Nam Phong do Louis Marty \u00abs\u00e1ng l\u1eadp\u00bb<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u00abqu\u1ea3n l\u00fd\u00bb<\/i>: Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o<\/i> (1865): Ernest Potteaux- \u0111\u1ebfn 1869, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. N\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 m\u00edn \u0111\u00e0m<\/i> (1901): Canavaggio- L\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1eafc Ninh. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t t\u00e2n b\u00e1o<\/i> (1905): Ernest Babut- \u0110\u00e0o Nguy\u00ean Ph\u1ed5. L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh T\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/i> (1909): Pierre Jeantet- Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1ea5t Th\u0103ng. \u0110\u0103ng c\u1ed5 t\u00f9ng b\u00e1o<\/i> (1907-1908) v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/i> (1913): Schneider- Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1o Nam Phong do Louis Marty qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Tr\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u1eb1m trong quy lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nam Phong, v\u00ec Louis Marty, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00abtr\u00f9m m\u1eadt th\u00e1m\u00bb, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u Louis Marty l\u00e0 ai? T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00abtr\u00f9m m\u1eadt th\u00e1m\u00bb \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o?<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 cho bi\u1ebft: 1907, Marty v\u00e0o ngh\u1ea1ch Tham s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh<\/i>, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3. 1914, l\u00e0m Ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/i>Ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i \u0111i B\u1eafc Kinh. 1915, th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/i>, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y tin \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u00e2m m\u01b0u t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng do \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u1ec1 sau, c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c an ninh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb<\/i> \u0111\u1ec1u quy v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c Nam Phong \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Louis Marty, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng Marty kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00ab\u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u\u00bb<\/i> Nam Phong n\u0103m 1917, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng ta c\u00f2n \u00ab\u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u\u00bb<\/i> cho \u0110\u1eb7ng Thai Mai v\u00e0 V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p n\u1eefa:<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Ch\u00ed vi\u1ebft: \u00abMai <\/i>[\u0110\u1eb7ng Thai Mai] v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1p <\/i>[V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p] \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 <\/i>\u00abcon nu\u00f4i\u00bb c\u1ee7a Louis Marty, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n. Marty ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c cho Mai d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gia Long m\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Bailey, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 giao Gi\u00e1p, h\u00e3y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, cho Mai tr\u00f4ng coi.\u00bb<\/i>[5]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7ng Thai Mai vi\u1ebft: \u00abT\u00f4i tham gia \u0111\u1ea3ng Ph\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t (…) N\u0103m 1932 t\u00f4i ra H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gia Long, sau d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u0103ng Long. (…) \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u0103ng Long l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed Phan Thanh<\/i> [em h\u1ecd Phan Kh\u00f4i], V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00f4i.\u00bb<\/i>[6]<\/b><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Marty th\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Paulin Vial th\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. V\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nam Phong<\/i> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o<\/i> ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean manchette Nam Phong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed<\/i> l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef: \u00abL’Information fran\u00e7aise\u00bb<\/i> (Th\u00f4ng tin Ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0 \u00abLa France devant le monde. Son r\u00f4le dans la guerre des nations\u00bb <\/i>(N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc). V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00abch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch\u00bb<\/i> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Tr\u00e1c, hai c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee7 To\u00e0n Quy\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00e1n v\u0103n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o H\u00f9ng[7]<\/a> n\u0103m 1931, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho bi\u1ebft: Trong th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1914-1918), \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0m b\u00e1o ch\u1eef h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00ean T\u1ea7u; Ph\u00e1p b\u00e8n giao cho hai \u00f4ng Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1c l\u00e0m t\u1edd \u00ab\u00c2u Ch\u00e2u chi\u1ebfn s\u1eed\u00bb<\/i>, ch\u1eef h\u00e1n, vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i k\u00fd t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho Ph\u00e1p, \u0111em sang T\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn 1917, ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i [Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh] r\u1eb1ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 tin t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u00e0i v\u1edf th\u00ec n\u00ean m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 quan tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n tin t\u1ee9c trong x\u1ee9.<\/i> V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f3 Nam Phong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch Nam Phong<\/i>[8]<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Thanh L\u00e3ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u1edbi h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00abch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch\u00bb<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 in tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edd b\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1931 v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0o H\u00f9ng. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n th\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, khen ng\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u chi\u1ebfn s\u1eed); \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 v\u00e0i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u01b0a ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i: t\u1ea1i sao Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n, Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh?<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ecdng ca t\u1ee5ng Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Nam Phong l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tuy\u1ebft Huy (D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Tr\u1ea1c)[9]<\/a> trong B\u00e0i k\u00fd ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m quan to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Sarraut \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/i>[10]<\/a> v\u00e0 b\u00e0i L\u1eddi m\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh<\/i>[11]<\/b><\/i><\/a>. <\/i>L\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u00abm\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i ta\u00bb<\/i>, coi N\u00e3 Ph\u00e1 Lu\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00abx\u1ee9 nh\u00e0 gi\u1eddi\u00bb,<\/i> hoan h\u00f4 \u00ab\u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p mu\u00f4n n\u0103m\u00bb,<\/i> \u00abQuan to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Sarraut mu\u00f4n n\u0103m\u00bb,<\/i> \u00abTa ch\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc Lang sa ta vinh quang h\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfp\u00bb, <\/i>nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Tr\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n B\u00e1 Tr\u00e1c (trong ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n), m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch.<\/i> B\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Albert Sarraut, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m \u00f4ng, c\u0169ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u0103ng di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec l\u1eddi l\u1ebd ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, \u00edt \u00abth\u00e2n T\u00e2y\u00bb<\/i> h\u01a1n Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Thanh L\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh (1892-1945)<\/b> <\/b>v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho d\u00e2n ta kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1922, khi \u00f4ng sang Ph\u00e1p, mang theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n V\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc 4 b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Paris<\/i>, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sinh ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes, ng\u00e0y 26-5-1922).<\/p>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (Ecole Coloniale, ng\u00e0y 31-5-1922).<\/p>\n

– H\u1ed9i \u00c1i h\u1eefu \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise des Amis de l’Orient, ng\u00e0y 5-7-1922).<\/p>\n

– H\u1ed9i H\u00e0n L\u00e2m Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc (Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences morales et politiques ng\u00e0y 22-7-1922)<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 \u0111i<\/i> v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef g\u00ec<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u00fd v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch):<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. \u00abNh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e0n anh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng qua qu\u00fd qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng \u00abx\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u00bb, \u00abTr\u1eeb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00e8n m\u1ea1t suy \u0111\u1ed1n, ch\u1ee9 c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i gi\u01b0\u01a1ng tay ra \u0111\u00f3n l\u1ea5y k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh\u00bb. <\/i>B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean 20 n\u0103m sau khi qu\u00fd qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu, bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00abc\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1i l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c, l\u00f2ng c\u0103m t\u1ee9c t\u1edbi t\u00e2m gan\u00bb.<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i coi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u1ee5c<\/i><\/b>. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, s\u0129 phu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a J.J. Rousseau, Montesquieu qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n T\u00e2n Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Trung hoa, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng du<\/i>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00abCh\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u00e0y nay mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/i><\/b> Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed3n qu\u1ed1c tu\u00fd c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. <\/b>Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00bb<\/i>[12]<\/a>. L\u1eddi l\u1ebd c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0 v\u1eabn chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

Hai n\u0103m sau, 1924, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p cho l\u1eadp b\u1eadc \u1ea5u h\u1ecdc, trong ba n\u0103m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng S\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u1edf Trung v\u00e0 B\u1eafc; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p da v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh. Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1924 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung, l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc \u1ea5u h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong 3 n\u0103m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 thi l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng S\u01a1 h\u1ecdc y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c […] ri\u00eang Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nghi\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ho\u00e1. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf m\u1ed9t khoa \u00abNg\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t\u00bb \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc V\u0103n Khoa sau n\u00e0y<\/i>.\u00bb[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u xa gi\u1eefa Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd theo l\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p, thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u00eau cao kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u00abqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc ta<\/i>\u00bb. Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho r\u1eb1ng: S\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean di s\u1ea3n h\u00e1n n\u00f4m, v\u1edbi ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh<\/b><\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec7c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u quy t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m: \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e1o V\u0129nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng theo phong tr\u00e0o Duy T\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Du, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n X\u01b0a Nay, in s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00fac Li\u00eang n\u0103m 1927. Nh\u1edd b\u00e0i \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng k\u00edch Nam Phong, g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh cho in to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nam Phong s\u1ed1 16, th\u00e1ng 10-1918 <\/i>(trang 198-209) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a Th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf cho ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat Nam Phong <\/i>v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abB\u1ea3n b\u00e1o m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Ng.-H-V, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam k\u1ef3, trong th\u01b0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00e0i b\u00e1c c\u00e1i l\u1ed1i v\u0103n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o, b\u00e0i b\u00e1c c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i h\u00e1n-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Tuy l\u1eddi l\u1ebd l\u1eafm ch\u1ed7 qu\u00e1<\/i> \u0111\u00e1ng -n\u00f4m na m\u00e1ch qu\u00e9- song b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u0169ng vui l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef c\u00e1i t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong Nam ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, ai mu\u1ed1n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9 c\u00e1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u0169ng m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c (\u2026) Nay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng Nam k\u1ef3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t <\/i>\u00abk\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i<\/i>\u00bb (\u2026) C\u1ee9 in \u00f4ng ra cho thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 bi\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4ng r\u1ed3i (\u2026) <\/i>\u00bb<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ecdng Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh h\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. <\/i>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e1o V\u0129nh r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i (11 trang Nam Phong) ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u00abKhi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Langsa qua giao th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u00ec trong c\u00f5i Nam k\u1ef3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1i x\u00e1t <\/b><\/i>[x\u00e1c] Latin m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Annam c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i<\/b>. C\u00e1i x\u00e1t Latin \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef b\u00e2y ch\u1eeb!<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng ta c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e1t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua r\u1ed3i, c\u00e1i x\u00e1t m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ed3n x\u01b0a v\u1eeba \u01b0a nhau, v\u1eeba quen h\u01a1i nhau<\/b>, hi\u1ec7p s\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t-\u00e1ch-ti\u1ebfng-Ch\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/b>\u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n cho ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi T\u00e0u n\u1eefa, v\u1eeba m\u1edbi h\u1edfi l\u00f2ng kho\u00e1i d\u1ea1<\/b>, m\u1eebng ch\u01b0a no n\u1ed5i m\u1eebng, nay Ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat Nam Phong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi m\u00e0 d\u00e1m gieo s\u1ef1 lo, s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 vui m\u1eebng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng khen c\u1ee7a ngo\u00e0i 3 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o trong x\u1ee9 Nam K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Nam Vang v\u1eady? C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi m\u00e0 ra c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u <\/i>[\u0111i\u1ec1u] \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00ea, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eady? C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi m\u00e0 d\u00e1m \u0111em ch\u1eef T\u00e0u m\u00e0 th\u1ed3n, m\u00e0 nh\u00e9t, m\u00e0 \u00e9m, m\u00e0 n\u1ec7n v\u00f4 trong ti\u1ebfng Annam,<\/b> bu\u1ed9c tr\u1ebb con Annam ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u00f3<\/b> v\u1eady?…<\/i>\u00bb[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Ch\u1eafc \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u00abh\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u nh\u01b0: \u00abKhi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Langsa qua giao th\u00f4ng<\/b> v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta<\/i>\u00bb, coi cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u00abgiao th\u00f4ng\u00bb gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft: <\/i>\u00abTr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1i x\u00e1c Latin m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Annam c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i<\/i>\u00bb, v\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfng Annam <\/i>[ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t] \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd c\u00e1i x\u00e1c Latin \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp h\u1ed3n v\u00e0o!<\/i> \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebd \u00f4ng H\u00e1o V\u0129nh l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7m l\u1ed9n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i> v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>. B\u1edfi Ti\u1ebfng Annam<\/i> hay ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ebft, tr\u1eeb khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, theo l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, hay theo m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eef n\u00e0o hay<\/i> h\u01a1n ch\u1eef n\u00e0o; ch\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00abc\u00e1i h\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfng Annam\u00bb nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e1o V\u0129nh mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 1, trang 199, v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i>, c\u00e2u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

\u00abCh\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y ai n\u00f3i \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. \u00d4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa th\u01b0\u1eddng cho con n\u00edt h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c,<\/b> \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd \u0111em c\u00e1i x\u00e1c <\/i>\u00abla-tinh<\/i>\u00bb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ed3n Nam-Vi\u1ec7t? Ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m khinh g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc danh s\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng<\/i> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m v\u1ebb vang cho n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eafm<\/i>\u00bb (Q.)[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00ec c\u00e2u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh b\u1ecb \u00abph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u00bb trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 xa r\u1eddi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 Nam Phong 17, 18, 19, trong m\u1ee5c L\u1eddi C\u00f4ng Lu\u1eadn.<\/i> <\/i>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tham d\u1ef1 trong b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef nho trong v\u0103n qu\u1ed1c<\/i><\/b> ng\u1eef <\/b><\/i>in tr\u00ean Nam Phong s\u1ed1 20, th\u00e1ng 2, 1919 (trang 83-97). \u00d4ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf h\u1ebft ch\u1eef h\u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef h\u00e1n trong qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/b>?<\/i>[16]<\/b><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i xa, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf ch\u1eef h\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 trong hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef h\u00e1n:<\/p>\n

\u00abTr\u01b0\u1edbc kia qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e1n v\u0103n, h\u00e1n v\u0103n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1eadn l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1eef n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ngo\u00e0i, ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 v\u0103n th\u00ec duy c\u00f3 h\u00e1n v\u0103n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, m\u00e0 n\u00f4m l\u00e0 l\u1eddi t\u1ee5c trong d\u00e2n gian c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef<\/i>\u00bb (trang 85).<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, khi ta d\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Qu\u1ea5c \u00c2m t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb<\/i> c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u ghi r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 h\u00e1n<\/i> hay n\u00f4m,<\/i> ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e1n h\u01a1n<\/i> n\u00f4m<\/i>!<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Ch\u1eef h\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abch\u1eef ta<\/i>\u00bb, <\/i>\u00abCon kh\u00f3c cha c\u0169ng l\u00e0m v\u0103n t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef nho, ch\u1ed3ng d\u1eb7n v\u1ee3 c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft th\u01a1 t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef nho<\/i>\u00bb (trang 85), v\u1eady n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc<\/i> qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf ch\u1eef h\u00e1n, v\u00ec ch\u1eef nho (h\u00e1n) l\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc ta<\/i> t\u1eeb hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00abNg\u00e0y nay <\/i>[1919] nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1eef nho th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y hai c\u1edb nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y:<\/i><\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, ch\u1eef nho l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u trong bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh [\u2026] c\u1edb chi l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef t\u00e0u, d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef t\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u00e1p ch\u1ebf v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u00f3 n\u1eefa? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n vi\u1ec7c v\u0103n t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf […] Ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 tr\u00ean kia r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef nho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u00abt\u1eed v\u0103n\u00bb chung c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nho h\u1ecdc. Ta h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef nho kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u, t\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef La-tinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee3i ng\u00e0y nay. Ta h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef nho m\u00e0 th\u1eed gi\u1edf trong qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed coi, bi\u1ebft bao phen ta \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e0u si\u1ec3ng li\u1ec3ng, \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd c\u00f5i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta? X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c n\u1ecd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kia m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u1ed1i tr\u00ed.<\/i><\/p>\n

– Hai l\u00e0, n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m theo \u0111\u00f2i nho h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi nay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p sang khai h\u00f3a, th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc y\u1ebfu h\u00e8n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00e2n tr\u00ed b\u00e1n khai nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nho h\u1ecdc. Nho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb3ng ra g\u00ec, m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef nho l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1eefa?<\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9i b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n<\/i>. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u1eafm \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ebb vang ch\u1eb3ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u1edf nho h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc anh h\u00f9ng h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t, ch\u00ed s\u0129, cao nh\u00e2n, hi\u1ec3n vinh cho n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p to l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i danh ti\u1ebfng th\u01a1m tho? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd nho h\u1ecdc m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi \u0111o\u00e0n luy\u1ec7n m\u1edbi n\u00ean \u01b0? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nho h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ra gia t\u1ed9c, ra x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ra qu\u1ed1c gia ta \u01b0?<\/i>\u00bb.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo Ph\u00e1p (\u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam), c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00abti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u00bb nhanh h\u01a1n, cho n\u00ean tr\u00ean Nam Phong s\u1ed1 21 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i Ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n An nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng<\/i>? c\u1ee7a Quan Tri Ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t T\u1ebf; b\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1915, nay nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp tranh lu\u1eadn, cho in tr\u00ean Nam Phong, n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e1c b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef nho<\/i><\/b>. \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh: n\u01b0\u1edbc ta h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef h\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 theo T\u00e0u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef nho, v\u00e0i gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p<\/i>. Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1919, \u1edf ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00abNhi\u1ec1u khi t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb thu\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, cho tr\u1ebb ch\u00f3ng kh\u00f4n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nho, th\u00ec b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111em ngay con v\u1ec1 t\u00ecm th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c d\u1ea1y; h\u1ecfi c\u1edb sao th\u1ebf? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng: \u00abQu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u, ch\u1eef n\u1ecd ra ch\u1eef kia, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc nho, ch\u1eafc sau con ch\u00e1u l\u1eabn c\u1ea3 t\u00ean \u00f4ng v\u1ea3i\u00bb. Th\u1ebf m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef nho c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i v\u1ea5n v\u00edt, l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n g\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng ra\u00bb<\/i><\/b>[18]<\/a>.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef h\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc l\u1ed1i phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ec9 \u00abh\u1ecdc s\u01a1 s\u01a1 cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u00e1n v\u0103n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng trong qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng th\u01a1 v\u0103n n\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 g\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng h\u00e1n v\u0103n. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa<\/i>\u00bb[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef La tinh, Hy l\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Kim V\u00e2n Ki\u1ec1u, L\u1ee5c V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t… cho gi\u1ecfi<\/i>. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef h\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0o v\u0103n n\u00f4m cho hay, cho h\u1ee3p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: vi\u1ebft v\u0103n, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1eef h\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, c\u00e2u v\u0103n s\u1ebd sang tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0o, c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef h\u00e1n, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Kh\u00e1i H\u01b0ng trong T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c v\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00ec bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef h\u00e1n, v\u0103n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n v\u0103n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef t\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong H\u1ed3n b\u01b0\u1edbm m\u01a1 ti\u00ean, Ti\u00eau s\u01a1n tr\u00e1ng s\u0129<\/i>… Sau 1975, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f4m na: B\u1ea3o sanh vi\u1ec7n T\u1eeb D\u0169<\/i> \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb T\u1eeb D\u0169<\/i>; phi c\u00f4ng <\/i>g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 l\u00e1i<\/i>… nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft y\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u1edf trong Nam, v\u1edbi Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o, n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc<\/i>, m\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf trong Nam, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, tr\u1eeb H\u1ed3 Bi\u1ec3u Ch\u00e1nh, th\u00e2m nho. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e1o V\u0129nh, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n nho h\u1ecdc, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef T\u00e2y t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, cho n\u00ean mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc t\u1eebng l\u00e0m trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00ecm t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y: T\u1ea1i sao Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi t\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh\u00bb, m\u00e0 trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 T\u1eadp san Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Amis du Vieux Hu\u1ebf<\/i> [BAVH, T\u1eadp san \u0110\u00f4 Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfu C\u1ed5] do linh m\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Cadi\u00e8re ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, su\u1ed1t 30 n\u0103m hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb 1914 \u0111\u1ebfn 1944, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0i n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Cadi\u00e8re l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, d\u00f9 l\u00e0m theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Cadi\u00e8re l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, \u1edf b\u00ean n\u00e0y hay b\u00ean kia, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Cadi\u00e8re c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, ch\u1ec9 coi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa cho tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, xin b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y: Cho t\u1edbi nay, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

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<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 de la Grandi\u00e8re quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n

Paulin Vial<\/b> (1831-1907), t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n (Ecole Navale) n\u0103m 1847. L\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i \u00fay H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n (Lieutenant de vaisseau) ng\u00e0y 26-8-1861. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Nam K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1865<\/i>, v\u00ec ng\u00e0y 15-1-1866, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi quan B\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eef h\u00e1n, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 1-1-1869, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c N\u1ed9i V\u1ee5 <\/i>(Directeur de L’Int\u00e9rieur) d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 Trung T\u01b0\u1edbng de la Grandi\u00e8re. L\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quan Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u01a1<\/i>, Vial c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 x\u1ee9 Nam K\u1ef3. Sau khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3.<\/i> R\u1ed3i khi Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 Paul Bert t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf, l\u00e0m Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9<\/i> t\u1eeb 12-11-1886 \u0111\u1ebfn 28-1-1887. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Paulin Vial \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam kho\u1ea3ng 22 n\u0103m. Paulin Vial l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u0103m 1886. <\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed Les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de la Cochinchine, Colonie fran\u00e7aise<\/i> (Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3, Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p<\/i>), g\u1ed3m hai t\u1eadp, do Nxb Challamel Ain\u00e9, in n\u0103m 1874 \u1edf Paris, t\u1eadp hai vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, in sau, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1eadp 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Gallica Ph\u00e1p. <\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3, Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p, <\/i>ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Vial bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 Nam K\u1ef3, bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u00abth\u1ee9c \u0103n\u00bb b\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh vi\u1ebft: \u00abVi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm Nam K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u1edbc ta\u00bb <\/i>(L’occupation de la Basse Cochinchine est un des faits les plus consid\u00e9rables de notre histoite maritime) <\/i>(trang 25).<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi de la Grandi\u00e8re, Vial l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ghi ch\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t <\/b>vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a de la Grandi\u00e8re trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/i><\/p>\n

Pierre-Paul de la Grandi\u00e8re <\/b>(1807-1876) Trung T\u01b0\u1edbng, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1863 \u0111\u1ebfn 1868[20]<\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed1t ba t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long, Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, n\u0103m 1867, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u00abt\u1ea1o ra Nam K\u1ef3\u00bb cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Tuy ng\u00e0y 1-1-1869, m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c N\u1ed9i V\u1ee5, <\/i>nh\u01b0ng Paulin Vial \u0111\u1ebfn Nam K\u1ef3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1865. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, quy\u1ec3n 1, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 de la Grandi\u00e8re l\u00e0 ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed3i sinh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ra \u0111\u1eddi Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o<\/i>, t\u1edd b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, s\u1ed1 1 ra ng\u00e0y 15-4-1865.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u do Paulin Vial vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef:<\/p>\n

1- Jean Bouchot, trong cu\u1ed1n Un savant et un patriote cochinchinois –<\/i> Petrus J.B Truong Vinh Ky (1837-1898) (M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc <\/b>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 – Petrus J.B Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd 1837-1898), <\/i>cho in l\u1ea1i l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c N\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 Paulin Vial <\/i>g\u1eedi cho quan b\u1ed1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (quan-bo de Saigon) \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 15-1-1866<\/b>, trong c\u00f3 c\u00e2u:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abNgay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u<\/b>, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef h\u00e1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta,<\/b> th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd… V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ta: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Annam \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch in v\u00e0o tr\u00ed h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00c2u ch\u00e2u<\/b> v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng.<\/b><\/i>\u00bb[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n th\u01b0 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b>:<\/p>\n

1- Ch\u1eef h\u00e1n [v\u00e0 ch\u1eef n\u00f4m] ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

2- H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n thay v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p.<\/i><\/p>\n

3- <\/i>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nho h\u1ecdc, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 nho.<\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Paulin Vial \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1i c\u00e2u v\u0103n: \u00abth\u1ee9 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef n\u00e0y s\u1ebd<\/i> t\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u00bb<\/b> <\/i>th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u: \u00abth\u1ee9 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh<\/b> h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng\u00bb<\/b>, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u1ecdt ra ngo\u00e0i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 c\u1edb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7t ch\u1eef n\u00f4m, ch\u1eef h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 nh\u00e0 nho<\/i><\/b>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft: ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 nho<\/b> th\u00ec l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00abn\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch\u00bb<\/b> v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u1ea1nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Paulin Vial l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3.<\/i><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed Les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de la Cochinchine, Colonie fran\u00e7aise<\/i> (Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3, Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p<\/i>), Paulin Vial tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1864, t\u1ea1i Nam K\u1ef3, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00abVi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ta ng\u00e0y 16-7-1864 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m <\/i>[Bonard] \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c de la Grandi\u00e8re \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. <\/i><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Annam vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef h\u00e1n (chinois), theo l\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh Ai C\u1eadp (hi\u00e9roglyphique) hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u \u00fd (idiographique) m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng hay m\u1ed9t \u00fd, l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m h\u1ecdc c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef h\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba hay b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quan to\u00e0, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nho s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5t th\u00ec gi\u1edd.<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, trong g\u1ea7n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La-tinh nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111a di\u1ec7n (multipli\u00e9es) c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf Pulo-Pinang<\/b>, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba sai t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i kh\u00e1 nhanh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u00ec gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef h\u00e1n n\u1eefa; l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng do H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai in ra, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 cam \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cai qu\u1ea3n g\u1ea7n s\u00e1u tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n.<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c de la Grandi\u00e8re nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y <\/i><\/b>cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0i b\u00e0i l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 nho.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u<\/b>, v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecdc th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/i><\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ee7a quan to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan tu\u1ef3 vi\u00ean tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5<\/b>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u, ta c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn do v\u0103n minh h\u00e1n \u0111em l\u1ea1i, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, h\u1ecd b\u1ecf r\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y x\u00edch tr\u00f3i h\u1ecd v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9\u00bb<\/i>.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba,<\/i> v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Nam K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, t\u1ea1i Paris b\u1ea3y n\u0103m sau, ng\u00e0y 8-11-1871, Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng m\u1edf l\u1edbp d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sinh ng\u1eef \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Paris (l’\u00c9cole des Langues Orientales Vivantes) n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o Pinang n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u00abh\u1ed3i sinh\u00bb <\/i>ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abNg\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn Nam K\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 la tinh, s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u0103n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ngay sau khi m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u0169ng v\u1eady m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, l\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u1ea7u h\u1ebft. H\u1ecd th\u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n k\u00e9o tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t b\u1ecf th\u1ee9 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 <\/i>\u00abk\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i<\/i>\u00bb \u1ea5y, d\u1ea1y cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n t\u1ef1 cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 la tinh.<\/i><\/p>\n

Trong ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t la tinh. Ngay n\u0103m 1861, \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Charner \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh (ng\u00e0y 8-5) l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng Coll\u00e8ge d’Adran \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc giao cho linh m\u1ee5c Croc l\u00e0 vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Charner, sau t\u1eeb 1866 \u0111\u1ebfn 1868 <\/i>[1869] giao cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 1865, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 S\u00e0i g\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1edd C\u00f4ng b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1868 <\/i>[1869] c\u0169ng giao cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd tr\u00f4ng nom. V\u0103n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ca t\u1ee5ng. C\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i c\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 T\u00f4n Th\u1ecd T\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng quay ra h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y trong Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o s\u1ed1 4 ng\u00e0y 15-4-1867:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abTh\u1ea7y K\u00fd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch m\u1eb9o d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Lang Sa, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (sic) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd l\u1ee5c gi\u1ecfi c\u00f9ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng s\u1ebd lo m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00ec c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7ng mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n, ch\u1eef chi m\u1eafc r\u1ebb c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef T\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1eef l\u1ea1 vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ra, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 Ph\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7ng. Ch\u1eef \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2u, ra c\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e1ng th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c h\u1ebft.<\/i>\u00bb [23]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o ra ng\u00e0y 15-4-1867, <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u: \u00abTh\u1ea7y K\u00fd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch m\u1eb9o d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng Lang Sa, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/b> (sic) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc<\/i>\u00bb, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u1eddi \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/b>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0m ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/i><\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169, vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00abqu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef T\u1ea7u<\/i>\u00bb b\u1edfi thay v\u00ec phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (r\u00f2ng), th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111i phi\u00ean \u00e2m m\u1ed9t l\u00f4 ch\u1eef T\u00e0u (ch\u1eef nho), n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec c\u1ea3. <\/p>\n

B\u00e1o Le Saigonnais ng\u00e0y 10-12-1885 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 xin H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t b\u1ecf n\u00f3.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abM\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 ch\u1ebf ra theo l\u1ed1i gh\u00e9p v\u1ea7n B\u1ed3 ng\u1eef. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 theo v\u1ea7n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1eadt h\u1ebft, do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1ed9n bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh nh\u00e2n danh). Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 E. Aymonier, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gh\u00e9p v\u1ea7n m\u1edbi, Dumuotier g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 con hoang (syst\u00e8me b\u00e2tard)\u00bb<\/i>[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Paris n\u0103m 1922 (\u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean) n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng r\u1eb1ng: \u00abS\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i coi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u1ee5c\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Chi, trong b\u00e0i Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o<\/i>[25]<\/b><\/i><\/a> <\/i>t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai c\u00e2u ca dao, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong Nam, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c [b\u1ecb b\u1eaft] h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abAnh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef Nhu <\/i>[Nho],<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00edn tr\u0103ng em \u0111\u1ee3i, m\u01b0\u1eddi thu em ch\u1edd\u00bb<\/i>[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 1864, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai coi ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u00abti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00bb, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y h\u1eb1ng tu\u1edfng. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc, <\/i>\u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 Richard Cortambert<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Paulin Vial \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a de la Grandi\u00e8re cho m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf trong Nam t\u1eeb 1864. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, n\u00ean v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00abl\u00e0m ra\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abh\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u00bb, n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tin r\u1eb1ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u00abb\u00e0n lu\u1eadn\u00bb v\u1edbi \u00abh\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\u00bb Richard Cortambert t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Ph\u00e1p, 1863, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00abt\u00e1i l\u1eadp\u00bb ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Chi, trong b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o, <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft: \u00abTh\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 La tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng <\/i>[Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd] th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Richard Cortambert <\/i><\/b>ngay t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du sang Ph\u00e1p[27]<\/b><\/a>.\u00bb <\/i>V\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c trong c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng. Cho n\u00ean ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f9ng Richard Cortambert trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt <\/i>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p trong gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat, Richard Cortambert <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ca t\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1863, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Jean Bouchot 62 n\u0103m, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n

V\u1eady n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ca t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i: Impressions des Annamites en Europe: L’interpr\u00e8te Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i> (C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u: Nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Richard Cortambert, in trong cu\u1ed1n Impressions d’un japonais en France, suivies des impressions des annamites en Europe (C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, k\u00e8m theo b\u00e0i C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u), <\/i>do Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Achille Faure in t\u1ea1i Paris n\u0103m 1864.<\/p>\n

Richard Cortambert, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0, sinh n\u0103m 1836, h\u01a1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i (n\u0103m 1863, Cortambert 27, K\u00fd 26 tu\u1ed5i). Cortambert l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111ang t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u00ab\u0103n kh\u00e1ch\u00bb; v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i k\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1<\/i> (exotique) <\/i>khan hi\u1ebfm \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. <\/i>Cortambert b\u00e8n nh\u1edd <\/i>m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Henri Bineteau gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Lord Bryon, Paris. N\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abg\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n\u00bb, nh\u01b0ng r\u00fat c\u1ee5c Cortambert ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, m\u00e0 qua c\u00e2u ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y K\u00fd n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1 (il m’adresse une phrase d’acceuil en fran\u00e7ais tr\u00e8s correct). <\/i>Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, k\u00e8m theo b\u00e0i C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u (Impressions d’un japonais en France, suivies des impressions des annamites en Europe) <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Cortambert, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch giao du th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 An Nam. M\u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n sau, t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p tay th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ho\u00e0 Lan, nh\u1edd h\u1eafn m\u00e0 anh ta \u00abxo\u00e1y\u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n, r\u1ed3i ch\u1eadp c\u1ea3 hai l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Cortambert kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a<\/i>: T\u00ean th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n H\u00f2a Lan cho anh ta bi\u1ebft s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt, Kouen-fou, c\u00f3 t\u1eadp h\u1ed3i k\u00fd vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, gi\u1eef k\u00edn, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111em v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o Myako. Anh ta b\u00e8n mua ba gi\u1ecf (panier) r\u01b0\u1ee3u champagne h\u1ea1ng sang, \u0111\u00fat l\u00f3t t\u00ean Ho\u00e0 Lan n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd h\u1eafn \u00abm\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00f9m\u00bb b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ecdc nghe ch\u01a1i; tay th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n d\u1eabn v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 Cortambert, anh ta b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 \u0111i xem Op\u00e9ra, c\u00f2n anh ta v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u1edf nh\u00e0 nghe t\u00ean th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecdc (v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch) h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft t\u1ed1c k\u00fd ng\u1ed3i sau m\u00e0n, nghe v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 xong.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd 2 th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn Napol\u00e9on III; trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, Cortambert l\u00e0m th\u00e2n v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. K\u00fd k\u1ec3 cho anh ta nghe: \u00abC\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfng La Tinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p t\u1eeb th\u1ee7a nh\u1ecf; sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng Y Pha Nho v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cha ng\u01b0\u1eddi ba x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i th\u00eam v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0u, m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0 v\u00e0i th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i<\/i>\u00bb (trang 183), v\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho anh ta xem b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, ban \u0111\u1ea7u K\u00fd vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u00e0 nh\u1edd anh ta t\u00ecm n\u01a1i in. Cortambert vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abAnh ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0, cho t\u00f4i xem m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o d\u00e0y kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0n trang, v\u0103n phong v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n, <\/b>anh ta n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb- m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u1eb9 pha ch\u00fat t\u1ef1 \u00e1i- r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u anh vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/b>. Anh ta n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a anh ta ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su.<\/i>[28]<\/a>\u00bb<\/p>\n

Cortambert c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n: Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9a con y\u00eau, \u1edf Vi\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f4ng xa x\u0103m, ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, t\u00f4n vinh, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 tranh nhau mua nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha, n\u00ean Cortambert ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho K\u00fd hi\u1ec3u: anh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch v\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng ai mua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng La tinh vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y!<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u: Nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd) (Impressions des Annamites en Europe: L’interpr\u00e8te Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Cortambert, c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. Cortambert c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y, khen ng\u1ee3i h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, b\u1edfi K\u00fd c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, <\/i>b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nho nh\u00e3. Cortambert \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y K\u00fd trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00abnh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o\u00bb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho \u00f4ng n\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00abb\u00e0i h\u1ecdc\u00bb qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. R\u1ed3i K\u00fd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 La tinh h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ec9 qua m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u00fa \u1edb kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng La tinh n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, trong khi K\u00fd v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng La Tinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n sau, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00abt\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh\u00bb c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Cortambert \u0111\u1ec1 cao Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd h\u1ebft m\u1ef1c, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Cortambert nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y: \u00abM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam K\u1ef3 n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t x\u1ea3o tr\u00e1, m\u1eaft h\u1ea5p h\u00e1y<\/i>, d\u1eabn t\u00f4i qua nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1eb1ng cu-li n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 trong g\u00f3c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 trong chu\u1ed3ng<\/i>\u00bb (Un jeune Cochinchinois \u00e0 la physionomie chafouine au yeux clignotants me conduisit \u00e0 travers plusieurs chambres o\u00f9 des coulis dormaient dans les coins comme des chiens au chenil)<\/i> (trang 181). Nh\u1eefng \u00abth\u1eb1ng cu li n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 trong chu\u1ed3ng\u00bb<\/b> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 25 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng<\/b> (khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1ebfp) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd hi\u1ec7n ra, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nho nh\u00e3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc (un savant) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0n trang s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La tinh<\/b>. Nh\u01b0ng khi K\u00fd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi Cortambert m\u1ed9t \u00abng\u01b0\u1eddi em\u00bb (mon fr\u00e8re)[29]<\/a> m\u00e0 K\u00fd khen l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi em n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abNg\u01b0\u1eddi em Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u1eadp \u00fa nh\u01b0 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng b\u00e9o ph\u00ec, hai con ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1i t\u0103m b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00e0ng m\u1eaft v\u00e0ng kh\u00e8 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m. M\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1n in d\u1ea5u b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a. M\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecf l\u00f2m v\u00ec \u0103n tr\u1ea7u l\u1ea5m t\u1ea5m t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt tr\u00ean m\u00f4i, v\u00e0 khi anh ta \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen m\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi anh ta, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y<\/i> nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng kinh t\u1edfm t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y bao gi\u1edd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u lung lay v\u00e0 \u0111en nh\u01b0 m\u1ef1c.\u00bb<\/i>[30]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi em \u00abm\u1eadp \u00fa\u00bb, \u00abr\u0103ng \u0111en\u00bb, \u00abb\u1ee5ng ph\u1ec7\u00bb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ebfm \u1edf nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, g\u1eedi cho v\u00e0i ch\u1eef \u00abm\u1eddi m\u1ecdc\u00bb l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p trai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con g\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p m\u00ea, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u0169ng tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho c\u00f4 g\u00e1i khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean y\u00eau anh ch\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, v\u00ec anh ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 v\u00e0i h\u00f4m n\u1eefa h\u1ecd s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 x\u1ee9, vv… Cortambert gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, hai \u00abanh em\u00bb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tin c\u00f4 kia l\u00e0 g\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ebfm! Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n gi\u1eef c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p l\u00e1 th\u01b0<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0a cho Cortambert coi v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch! R\u00fat c\u1ee5c, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00abT\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1eafm m\u1edbi gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh. Th\u1eb1ng Nam K\u1ef3 kinh t\u1edfm n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t C\u00e9ladon! Cha b\u1ee5ng ph\u1ec7 kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Adonis! T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.\u00bb <\/i>(J’eus grand’ peine \u00e0 garder mon sang-froid. Cette affreux cochinchinois un C\u00e9ladon! Cet homme \u00e0 gros ventre un Adonis! Toutes les lois de la beaut\u00e9 me paresssaient d\u00e9truites)<\/i> (trang 186). C\u00e9ladon l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt si t\u00ecnh trong truy\u1ec7n L’Astr\u00e9e c\u1ee7a Honor\u00e9 Urf\u00e9, Ph\u00e1p, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, Adonis l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Aphrodite, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eb9p trai. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 \u00fd ngh\u0129 th\u1ea7m k\u00edn c\u1ee7a Cortambert: khoe ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, l\u1ea5y quy lu\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u00abkinh t\u1edfm\u00bb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh. Hi\u1ec1m v\u00ec: Adonis, C\u00e9ladon, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 r\u0103ng \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00abchu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb9p\u00bb kh\u00e1c \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u00abmua v\u1ee3\u00bb: trong l\u00fac chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i con g\u00e1i nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u00ean T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ed3ng, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd khoe: b\u00ean x\u1ee9 t\u00f4i hay h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 K\u00fd cho bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3: \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u00e1 kho\u1ea3ng 300 quan; cu li mua v\u1ee3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1n 12 quan! \u0110\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con nh\u00e0 t\u1eed t\u1ebf! (trang 194). R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i xem tu\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 t\u00edch Peau-d’\u00c2ne (\u00c1o da l\u1eeba), \u1edf nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t Gait\u00e9: khi tay ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7 l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 ma qu\u1ef7, v\u00e0 y cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u l\u00e0m \u00abma\u00bb, c\u1eed t\u1ecda An Nam h\u1ebft h\u1ed3n, t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y bay \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ean v\u00f2m nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t th\u1eadt, h\u1ecd t\u00e1ng \u0111\u1edfm kinh ho\u00e0ng v\u00ec th\u1ea5y ma qu\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cho l\u00e0 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u1ed5 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch (un guet-apens)<\/i> c\u00f3 k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ecd<\/i> (on pr\u00e9pare \u00e0 les assassiner), <\/i>h\u1ecd n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n l\u00f9 l\u00f9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n h\u1ed3n! (trang 197). Ho\u1eb7c khi ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Toulon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eafn s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng, ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh S\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, c\u00f2n b\u1ecdn cu li ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c t\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ch\u00f3 g\u1eb7p b\u00e3o<\/i><\/b> (quant aux coulis, ils se blotissaient dans des coins du navire comme des chiens par un temps d’orage)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vui v\u1ebb, nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eadt, qua n\u00e9t b\u00fat nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, tinh qu\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Cortambert. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0ng quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1eafm m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tinh vi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3o tr\u00e1<\/i>, l\u00e0 ch\u00f3<\/i> th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ecdn ngu<\/i> kh\u1edd.<\/i> <\/i>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 Cortambert l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn ra h\u1eadu \u00fd, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 c\u01b0\u1eddi cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Ri\u00eang \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Nh\u1eadt, sau khi b\u1ecb \u0103n c\u1eafp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cortambert k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i \u00e1t-x\u00edt: \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd m\u1ed5 b\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t l\u1ee1 l\u1eddi trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf 3 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u1edbi c\u00f4 v\u0169 n\u1eef Op\u00e9ra! D\u0129 nhi\u00ean cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Bouchot \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ra \u00abgi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u00bb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o. V\u1eady m\u00e0 \u00abt\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m\u00bb c\u1ee7a Cortambert l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ng\u00e0n trang<\/i> v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su, b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng La tinh m\u00e0 Cortambert \u00ab\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc\u00bb v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u00abv\u0103n phong v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n<\/i>\u00bb, ch\u1eafc y \u00abph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c\u00bb t\u1eeb b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng La tinh v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su m\u00e0 K\u00fd l\u00e0m h\u1ed3i c\u00f2n \u1edf Penang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Anh. Nghe K\u00fd k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, Cortambert \u0111\u00f4n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0n trang<\/i>; <\/i>nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t l\u1eabn b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch La-tinh trong Th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft tay<\/i>. <\/p>\n

Cortambert kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd anh ta c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng tha thi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef, d\u00f9 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh hay m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 la tinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i x\u1ee9 \u00abm\u1ecdi r\u1ee3\u00bb n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u00abnh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i\u00bb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfng La tinh v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0n trang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea Su b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La tinh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 y khoe r\u1eb1ng: t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1eafn bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng Ch\u00faa, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sa th\u1ea3i Ch\u00faa r\u1ed3i (Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c sau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1789). V\u1eady c\u00e1i exotisme<\/i> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n<\/i> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, <\/i>ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngu xu\u1ea9n, ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn<\/i> v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi r\u1ee3, <\/i>c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng: S\u1ef1 \u00abc\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c\u00bb v\u1edbi Cortambert c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u0103n b\u1ea3n C\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u: Nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd,<\/i> v\u00e0 Cortambert \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00abb\u1ea1n hi\u1ec1n\u00bb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0i Notice sur le royaume Khmer ou de Kambodge<\/i> (Ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Khmer hay Cam-b\u1ed1t)<\/i> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chia tay, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de G\u00e9ographie<\/i> (T\u1eadp san \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0) (Volume 6, trang 326-332) do cha anh, \u00f4ng Eug\u00e8ne Cortambert cai qu\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec Richard Cortambert (1836-1884), l\u00e0 con \u00f4ng Eug\u00e8ne Cortambert (1805-1881) nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0, T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0 h\u1ecdc (Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de G\u00e9ographie) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1853, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ph\u00e2n khu \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1863. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ea1 l\u00fd trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 G\u00e9ographie Universelle (\u0110\u1ecba ch\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), \u00c9l\u00e9ments de G\u00e9ographie<\/i> (Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0110i\u1ea1 l\u00fd h\u1ecdc), Atlas de l’Europe <\/i>(\u0110i\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u), vv… Richard Cortambert, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1860, trong ph\u00e2n khu \u0110\u1ecba d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p, do cha \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1863, cho n\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Richard Cotambert th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 anh ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00abh\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\u00bb nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i>, v\u00ec l\u1eabn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha Eug\u00e8ne Cortambert.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i cay \u0111\u1eafng n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 b\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p in l\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Khi ta t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, ta h\u00e3y ngh\u0129: ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t khen ng\u1ee3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng? V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ta c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb qua m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9.<\/i> Ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i Ph\u00e1p kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb 1954<\/i>, ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00e3i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7u Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y. Ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/i> xem Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c g\u00ec, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4n vinh \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ed9i m\u1eebng khi ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, kia \u1edf Ph\u00e1p: Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, t\u00ean vua Gia Long trong t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Larousse lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u00e2u: \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Richard Cortambert kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 de la Grandi\u00e8re, b\u1eb1ng hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

1-Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc<\/i>: D\u1ea1y ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong <\/i>c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1eeb <\/i>ng\u00e0y 16-7-1864.<\/p>\n

2- S\u00e1ch b\u00e1o<\/i>: Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef tr\u00ean Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o<\/i>, t\u1edd b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, do Ernest Potteaux l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. S\u1ed1 1 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 15-4-1865.<\/i><\/p>\n

Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o<\/i> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong k\u1ef3 t\u1edbi.
 <\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, <\/i>Nxb H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n 1993, trang 44-45-46.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch Nam Phong, Tr\u00ed \u0110\u0103ng, S\u00e0i g\u00f2n, 1972.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n giai ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, <\/i>Ti\u1ebfng Qu\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Virginia 2012, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 22:V\u1ee5 \u00e1n Nam Phong<\/i>, trang 646-676.<\/i><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Theo Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169, Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2n bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 3, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam in l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, ch\u00fa th\u00edch trang 128.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n Ch\u00ed, T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n<\/i>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV, ch\u00fa th\u00edch trang 83, Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi<\/i>, 1962, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed tr\u00ean Talawas.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> H\u1ed3i k\u00fd \u0110\u1eb7ng Thai Mai<\/i>, T\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m M\u1edbi, 1985, trang 355-356.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u0110\u00e0o H\u00f9ng, Ph\u1ee5 N\u1eef T\u00e2n V\u0103n t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc<\/i>, \u00d4ng Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/i>, PNTV s\u1ed1 87 (18\/6\/1931), \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean 13 n\u0103m tranh lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/i>, s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Thanh L\u00e3ng, trang 252-261.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Tr\u00ed \u0111\u0103ng, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1972.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> D\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 Tr\u1ea1c l\u00e0 anh D\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ea3ng H\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> In tr\u00ean Nam Phong s\u1ed1 1 (7\/1917).<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> In tr\u00ean Nam Phong s\u1ed1 17 (11\/1918).<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> B\u1ed1n b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u00e0y in l\u1ea1i trong Nam Phong ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c s\u1ed1: 66 (th\u00e1ng 12-1922), 67 (th\u00e1ng1-1923), 69 (th\u00e1ng 3-1923) v\u00e0 70 (th\u00e1ng 4-1923), s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Nam Phong, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169, Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2n bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 3, trang 150.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Nam Phong s\u1ed1 16, <\/i>th\u00e1ng 10-1918, trang 199.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Nam Phong s\u1ed1 16,<\/i> th\u00e1ng 10-1918, trang 199.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> <\/i>Nam Phong s\u1ed1 20, th\u00e1ng 2, 1919, trang 84.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Nam Phong s\u1ed1 20, th\u00e1ng 2, 1919, trang 86- 87.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> <\/b>Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t T\u1ebf, Ch\u1eef Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c v\u0103n An nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng<\/i>? Nam Phong s\u1ed1 21, th\u00e1ng 3, 1919, trang 199.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh, B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef nho trong v\u0103n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, <\/b><\/i>Nam Phong s\u1ed1 20, th\u00e1ng 2, 1919, trang 89. <\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch nhau m\u1ea5y th\u00e1ng: t\u1eeb 1-5-1863 \u0111\u1ebfn 31-3-1865. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec9, n\u00ean Trung T\u01b0\u1edbng Roze thay th\u1ebf t\u1eeb 1-4-1865 \u0111\u1ebfn 30-10-1865, v\u00e0 de la Grandi\u00e8re tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb 28-11-1865 \u0111\u1ebfn 1868.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abD\u00e8s les premiers jours, on a reconnu que la langue chinoise \u00e9tait une barri\u00e8re de plus entre nous et les indig\u00e8nes<\/b>; l’instruction donn\u00e9e par le moyen de caract\u00e8res hi\u00e9roglyphiques nous \u00e9chappait compl\u00e8tement; cette \u00e9criture ne permet que difficilement de transmetre \u00e0 la population les notions diverses qui lui sont n\u00e9cessaires, au niveau de leur nouvelle situation politique et commerciale… Nous sommes oblig\u00e9s en cons\u00e9quence de suivre les traditions de notre propre enseignement:<\/b> c’est le seul qui puisse nous rapprocher des Annamites de la colonie en leur inculquant les principes de la civilisation europ\u00e9enne et en les isolant des influences hostiles de nos voisins<\/b>.<\/i>\u00bb Bouchot, trang 48, ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 (1), Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169 in l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0 n\u00e0y trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2n bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp 3, ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 1, trang 66.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Paulin Vial, Les premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de la Cochinchine, Colonie fran\u00e7aise<\/i> (Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3, Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p<\/i>), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Challamel Ain\u00e9, Paris, 1874, trang 311-313.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169, Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2n bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp III, trang 66-67.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ebf Ng\u0169, Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc s\u1eed gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2n bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp III, Ch\u00fa th\u00edch 2, trang 67.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> <\/i>Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Chi, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o,<\/i> in trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, <\/i>th\u00e1ng 12-2018 t\u1ea1i Nam California, do Ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m 2019.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> <\/i>Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Chi, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u00e1o,<\/i> in trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, <\/i>trang 37.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Chi, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o, <\/i>in trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, <\/i>trang 39.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abIl revint \u00e0 la th\u00e9ologie, et, me montrant un \u00e9norme manuscrit d’environ mille pages, \u00e9crit d’une main ferme et exerc\u00e9e, il me dit avec une d\u00e9licieuse modestie de jeune auteur – modestie temp\u00e9r\u00e9e d’une l\u00e9g\u00e8re pointe d’amour propre – qu’en pr\u00e9vision d’un voyage dans un pays lettr\u00e9 et catholique comme la France, il avait traduit en latin un ouvrage par lui compos\u00e9 d’abord en annamite. Il ajouta que son livre avait exclusivement trait \u00e0 la divint\u00e9 de J\u00e9sus\u00bb<\/i>. (trang 184)<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 con \u00fat, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 em. Ch\u1eef em <\/i>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh, d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh mon fr\u00e8re <\/i>(em trai t\u00f4i).<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p<\/i>: \u00abLe fr\u00e8re de Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd avait un embonpoint qui confinait l’ob\u00e9sit\u00e9; ses prunelles sombres nageaient dans une choroide jaun\u00e2tre et ne r\u00e9v\u00e9laient que l’indolence. Ses joues et son front \u00e9taitent fortement marqu\u00e9s de la petite v\u00e9role. Une sorte de jus rougeatre du au b\u00e9tel perlait sur ses l\u00e8vres, et lorsqu’il r\u00e9pondit au compliment que j’eus la politesse de lui adresser, je vis les plus affreuses dents que j’ai jamais appercus, elles \u00e9taient toutes d\u00e9chaus\u00e9es et noires comme de l’encre.\u00bb<\/i> <\/i>(trang 185, b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed)<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, trong ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u1ec1 phi\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft: \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u00abl\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m\u00bb tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb. Sau hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ef3nh \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb, c\u00f2n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd b\u1ecb oan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,153,9,163,181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-lich-su","category-nghien-cuu","category-ton-giao","category-tu-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103292","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103292"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103292\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":103293,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103292\/revisions\/103293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103292"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103292"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103292"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}