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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11<\/h2>\n
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Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898)<\/h2>\n
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II- S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n \n <\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 Paul Bert ng\u00e0y 11-11-1886, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f3 nh\u00e3 \u00fd \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 15-9-1888, cho P\u00e8ne Siefert (c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Paul Bert) l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam sang T\u00e2n Gia Ba[1]<\/a>, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbch:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00abNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i ba k\u1ef3 th\u01b0 li\u1ec1n nay \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i nh\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p t\u1ecbch (nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu s\u0103n s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i). T\u00f4i qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i:<\/i><\/p>\n 1- T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn.<\/i><\/p>\n 2- L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00f4i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi hu\u1ea5n t\u1eafc (\u2026)<\/i><\/p>\n 3- T\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho l\u00e0 nhu nh\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u2026).<\/i><\/p>\n 4<\/i>– T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u00fap \u00edch cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p,<\/i><\/b> n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed<\/b><\/i> v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u,<\/i><\/b> v\u00ec l\u1ebd nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 uy danh, c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/b> v\u00ec t\u1eeb nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Vua v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c An nam<\/b>.<\/i>\u00bb (Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abJe ne serais plus jamais utile \u00e0 la France, que je sers et \u00e0 laquelle j’appartiens, car, \u00e9tant naturalis\u00e9, je perdrais tout mon prestige, toute mon influence, n’ayant plus d\u00e9sormais la confiance du Roi, de la Cour et du peuple annamite<\/i>[2]<\/a>\u00bb<\/i>).<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: d\u00f9 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p n\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o gi\u00fap \u00edch cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p<\/i><\/b>, v\u00e0 <\/b><\/i>\u00f4ng v\u1eabn coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam), b\u00e0i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/p>\n L\u00ea Thanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, \u00f4ng ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9p h\u1ebft c\u00e2u, n\u00ean h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, tuy v\u1eady c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00abB\u1ecb hai c\u00e1i kh\u00e1nh t\u1eadn, nh\u00e0 in… n\u1ed1i nh\u00e0… m\u1ea5t h\u01a1n n\u0103m s\u00e1u ngh\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1c. Ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u00e1ch v\u1edf b\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y, m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 in Rey et Curiol ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec b\u1ecb… ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh n\u1ee3 cho n\u00f3 h\u1ebft h\u01a1n… L\u1ea1i th\u00eam ph\u00e1t… \u0111au h\u01b0 kh\u00ed huy\u1ebft…<\/i>\u00bb[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft to\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00abQuanh quanh qu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n l\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quai. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 1-9-1898.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n – Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf hai m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc H\u00e1n N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nho h\u1ecdc \u0111ang cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n – Vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 Minh M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, trong b\u1ed9 Cours d’histoire annamite<\/i> (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An Nam), <\/i>hai t\u1eadp, in n\u0103m <\/i>1875 v\u00e0 1879. B\u1ed9 s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p khen th\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ernest Renan, trong b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng n\u0103m (\u0111\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y 30-6-1880) t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1 l\u1edbn lao.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eeba sai v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00f4 s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh: v\u00ec nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00abtham \u00f4\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u00abcan thi\u1ec7p\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abl\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00bb:<\/p>\n – \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Linh m\u1ee5c Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An nam<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abtuy\u00ean b\u1ed1\u00bb vua Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 \u00abb\u1ea1o ch\u00faa N\u00e9ron\u00bb trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng La Cochinchine Religieuse<\/i> (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam) (1885), <\/i>ra \u0111\u1eddi sau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd s\u00e1u n\u0103m. Louvet c\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abt\u1ed1 c\u00e1o\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00bb <\/i>kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong 240 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Alexandre de Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1644 \u0111\u1ebfn 1884[5]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n – Linh m\u1ee5c Cadi\u00e8re c\u00f3 \u00abt\u00e0i li\u1ec7u\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong t\u1eadp san \u0110\u00f4 Th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ebfu C\u1ed5 (Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hu\u1ebf<\/i> (BAVH) r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta [x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Gia Long v\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng] \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Vauban do Olivier de Puymanel x\u00e2y c\u1ea3. <\/p>\n M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m n\u1eefa l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u (\u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb 1614, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb 1645) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Vatican trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1eeb khi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Inocent X (1644-1655) ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean <\/i>\u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1939, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pie XII<\/i> (1939-1958) m\u1edbi b\u00e3i b\u00f5 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn c\u00e1i ng\u1ecdn, <\/i>n\u00ean s\u1eed gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi s\u1eed gia th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, coi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u1edb v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n,<\/i> v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng. N\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i<\/i> nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch T\u00e2y ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i<\/i> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1eed gia Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n ghi con s\u1ed1 \u00abhai v\u1ea1n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t hay l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea7y<\/i>\u00bb t\u1eeb 1848 \u0111\u1ebfn 1860 (th\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n, theo m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady n\u00e0o.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef theo \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd?<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ta th\u1ea5y ngay m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y 62 n\u0103m (1963) gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra: \u00abT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m l\u0103ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e2m l\u0103ng<\/b> v\u00e0 c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/b>; s\u1edf d\u0129 h\u1ecd tin c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111i x\u00e2m l\u0103ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c<\/b> m\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, k\u1ebft \u0111\u00fac t\u1eeb khi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c[7]<\/b><\/a>.\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ta nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u00ec c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n x\u00e2m l\u0103ng <\/b>n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i \u00e1c <\/i><\/b>v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gian d\u1ed1i<\/i><\/b>, trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/i>.<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 9-1848, Rigault de Genouilly \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. B\u00e8n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, h\u1ecd \u0111o\u1ea1t kho kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1t kho l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed1t kho g\u1ea1o<\/i>, chi\u1ebfm kho t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba<\/i>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i \u00e1c<\/b>. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 24 v\u00e0 25-2-1861, Charner \u0111em \u0111\u1ea1i binh Ph\u00e1p-Y, t\u1eeb Trung Hoa xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 600 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Page, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, t\u1ed5ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3n Ch\u00ed H\u00f2a[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thua tr\u1eadn.<\/p>\n Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 di d\u00e2n ki\u1ebfm \u0103n<\/i>, t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/i>, T\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 colon<\/i>, m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 ra, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ki\u1ebfm \u0103n<\/i> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n <\/i><\/b>(ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung).<\/p>\n Ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/i> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/i> n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n Chi\u1ebfm xong \u0111\u1ed3n Ch\u00ed Ho\u00e0 (th\u00e1ng 2-1861), hai th\u00e1ng sau (ng\u00e0y 8-5-1861), Charner k\u00fd ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Coll\u00e8ge d’Adran <\/b>(Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c) t\u1ee9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n<\/b>, do linh m\u1ee5c Croc l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Charner \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. N\u0103m 1866 giao cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n trong 22 n\u0103m<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda n\u0103m 1888.<\/p>\n V\u1eady Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>, sau c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, d\u1ea1y cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp binh l\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, qua ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb c\u00e2m, b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ebfc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n L\u00fd do ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngay ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La tinh, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef r\u1ed1i m\u00f9 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, n\u00ean b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u1edbi m\u1eabu t\u01b0 La tinh quen thu\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c (\u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Paulin Vial n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau). Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u00abkhai s\u00e1ng\u00bb d\u00e2n ta, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p<\/i>, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1862, khi h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (5-6-1862) ch\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba cho ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1edd c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p Bulletin officiel de l’exp\u00e9dition de Cochinchine <\/b>(Nam K\u1ef3 Vi\u1ec5n Chinh C\u00f4ng B\u00e1o).<\/i> T\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec5n chinh (l’Exp\u00e9dition)<\/i> <\/b>kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm. <\/b>Ta th\u1ea5y ngay t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n <\/b>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t qua ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb, sau.<\/p>\n N\u0103m sau, 1863, Grabriel Aubaret, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Chasseloup-Laubat d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh Th\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng Ch\u00ed<\/i> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p[9]<\/a>, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam,<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abx\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00bb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 do Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y<\/i>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gian d\u1ed1i<\/b> c\u00f4ng khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u00e1ch v\u1edf [v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc n\u01b0\u00e3]. Aubaret khi d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ba vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n 1- Bi\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch: Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/i> (Ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh) th\u00e0nh: Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh t\u00f9ng chi <\/i>(Gia \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec1u chi h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i). Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abD\u1ecbch theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/i>\u00bb.<\/p>\n 2- Trong b\u00e0i Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1,<\/i> Aubaret k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i: c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng \u00abB\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 mua s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n\u00bb<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u00abc\u00e1c s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i cho Gia Long\u00bb<\/i>: Nh\u1eefng tin n\u00e0y do de la Bissach\u00e8re s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/i>, in n\u0103m 1810, \u1edf Paris (\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, 1810)[10]<\/a>. L\u00e0m sao Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00ab\u01a1n nghi\u00e3 tr\u1eddi bi\u1ec3n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y\u00bb, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i trong Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/i>?<\/p>\n Aubaret c\u00f2n l\u1edbn l\u1ed1i \u00abm\u1eafng m\u1ecf\u00bb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t, v\u00f4 l\u1ec5 (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, 1863) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00ab\u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kinh ng\u1ea1c th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 vong \u00e2n b\u1ed9i nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <\/i>[Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c], kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c <\/b>m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u0129 quan l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 Gia Long \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng<\/b>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Minh M\u1ea1ng, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng b\u1ea9m sinh c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 \u01a1n,<\/b> cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu <\/i>[t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3] vi\u1ebft theo \u0111\u00fang \u00fd m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m <\/i>[\u2026]<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i <\/i><\/b>khi d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n: l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd <\/b>tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p<\/b><\/i>\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch b\u00e1ch khoa, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang cho mi\u1ec1n Nam, k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, L\u00ea Quang \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Nh\u01a1n T\u0129nh, l\u00e0 ba h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng To\u1ea3n, ba h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau khi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. L\u00ea Quang \u0110\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n Ho\u00e0ng Vi\u1ec7t Nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ed1ng \u0110i\u1ea1 d\u01b0 ch\u00ed, <\/i>b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0m xong n\u0103m 1806, d\u00e2ng vua Gia Long, sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u so\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c <\/i>theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng). Hai b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mi\u1ec1n Nam<\/i>, khi ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n vi\u1ebft s\u1eed gi\u1ea3 <\/i>c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00e0o. Aubaret d\u1ecbch Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed <\/i>l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/b>. Ng\u00e0y 1-7-1863, d\u1ecbch xong.<\/p>\n 3- Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch, Aubaret c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 \u00fd c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ch\u00ed<\/i>,<\/b> trong \u0111\u00f3 Tr\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ta. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3n C\u00e1 Tr\u00ea, \u0111\u1ed3n Th\u1ea3o c\u00e2u… Lu\u1ef9 B\u00e1n B\u00edch… \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u1ea5n V\u0129nh Long, An Giang, Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c… do ai \u0111\u1eafp<\/i> trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng[11]<\/a>. Th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Gia Long \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/i> nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi x\u00e2y th\u00eam g\u1ea1ch ra ngo\u00e0i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n t\u00ean Olivier de Puymanel v\u00e0 Lebrun v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i g\u00f3t<\/b> \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 sau, to\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Vauban c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng! Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/p>\n C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Aubaret c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00abchuy\u00ean gia gian d\u1ed1i\u00ab<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0m, <\/i>cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p. <\/i>Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ecbch s\u00e1ch Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng ch\u00ed,<\/i> Aubaret, \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1862, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bonard ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p Tu\u1ea5t<\/i> (1862) m\u00e0 Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 L\u00e2m Duy Thi\u1ebfp k\u00fd nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t cho Ph\u00e1p ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Nam K\u1ef3. <\/p>\n R\u1ed3i n\u0103m sau (1863), vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c sai Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n \u0111i Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i ba t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0, \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i Aubaret l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh, t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ba t\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u00abb\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00bb 80 tri\u1ec7u quan, s\u1ebd b\u00e0n chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Hu\u1ebf. Aubaret k\u00fd xong h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc 1864, \u1edf Hu\u1ebf. S\u00e1u ng\u00e0y sau, nh\u1eadn l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p: gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (1862), kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng. Aubaret sang Xi\u00eam l\u00e0m l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1. Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed1t ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y. Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0m Kinh l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1, trao th\u00e0nh, r\u1ed3i u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 v\u1eadn. <\/p>\n V\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Aubaret, Cultru cho r\u1eb1ng: Th\u1eeba sai th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n Legrand de la Liraye (C\u1ed1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng) c\u0169ng \u0111i theo t\u1ea7u Forbin [trong h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0m Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t, 1862], \u00abnh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Charner c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Bonard, c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e0m. Aubaret l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Aubaret kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/b><\/i> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i><\/b>[12]<\/b><\/i><\/a>\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n Aubaret \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n gian d\u1ed1i <\/b>tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc<\/b>, t\u1eeb h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (1862) (m\u00e0 k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghi l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0m) nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft Aubaret ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111i theo.<\/p>\n Linh m\u1ee5c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft: \u00abN\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb vua quan nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i: trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, vua quan nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/b>. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft trong v\u1ee5<\/b><\/i> v\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u1edf C\u00e1i M\u01a1m v\u00e0 C\u00e1i Nhum trong \u0111\u00eam 09-12-1858 <\/i><\/b>(1). Qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 04-12-1859 (\u2026) vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em b\u00ecnh an l\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/b>t\u1ee9c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vua quan nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n<\/i>\u00bb[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec sao Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y \u1edf C\u00e1i M\u01a1n s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n. V\u1ecb Linh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y n\u00f3i kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 c\u00e1i \u00fd: \u00abVi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em b\u00ecnh an l\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: \u00abvi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd Ch\u00faa\u00bb<\/i> do \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 ra, c\u00f9ng l\u1eafm l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7y tu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u00e2n c\u1eadn <\/i>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i><\/b>.<\/i><\/p>\n B\u1edfi v\u00ec, khi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p-Y t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh<\/b>, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c Pellerin cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Rigault de Genouilly. V\u00ec v\u1eady ta c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/i><\/b> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi sinh ho\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u00e0n:<\/p>\n – Ng\u00e0y 1-1-1864, Ph\u00e1p cho ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1edd Courrier de S\u00e0i G\u00f2n <\/i>(T\u00e2y C\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o).<\/p>\n – V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, sau khi theo ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n \u0111i Ph\u00e1p, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u00e1ng 3-1864, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho t\u1edd Le Courrier de Saigon.<\/i><\/p>\n – Ng\u00e0y 1-4-1865, Ph\u00e1p k\u00fd ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o,<\/i> t\u1edd b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, do Ernest Potteaux, th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a So\u00e1i ph\u1ee7 Nam K\u1ef3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat. <\/b>\u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16-9-1869, k\u00fd ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n M\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/p>\n Khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm xong L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1p Tu\u1ea5t (1874) nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t cho Ph\u00e1p s\u00e1u t\u1ec9nh Nam k\u1ef3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/i> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc cho con c\u00e1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1874<\/b>, Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Duperr\u00e9 m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/i><\/b> (enfants des colons) \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Chasseloup-Laubat (nay l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Minh Khai) m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Le coll\u00e8ge indig\u00e8ne<\/b> (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p 1 b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9). N\u0103m 1877, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Coll\u00e8ge Chasseloup-Laubat<\/b>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat,<\/i> B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (1860-1867) \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1873; n\u0103m 1927, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng th\u00e0nh Lyc\u00e9e Chasseloup-Laubat<\/b> [Lyc\u00e9e l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y t\u1edbi t\u00fa t\u00e0i]. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 n\u0103m n\u00e0o c\u1ea5p quota 20% cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 -c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p <\/i>v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qua thi tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t- \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n H\u1ecdc sinh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chasseloup-Laubat l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh. N\u0103m 1958 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/b> v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1970 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n<\/b>.<\/p>\n N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc cho con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/b>, n\u0103m 1925<\/b>, To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Varenne x\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb<\/i>[15]<\/a> \u1edf Ch\u1ee3 Qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chasseloup-Laubat, do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 H\u00e9brard de Villeneuve thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, khai gi\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 9-1927, v\u1edbi t\u00ean Lyc\u00e9e P\u00e9trus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd <\/i><\/b>c\u00f2n <\/i><\/b>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lyc\u00e9e P\u00e9trus K\u00fd (<\/b>Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1947). Branchard de la Brosse \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Petrus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i><\/b>, \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX\u00bb (savant \u00e9minent \u00e0 la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle<\/i>)[16]<\/a>. Branchard de la Brosse l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u0103ng l\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n chinh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1905, leo d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thang b\u1ef1c: Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Albert Sarraut, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh, Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 Nam K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Petrus K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y t\u1eeb 1925 \u0111\u1ebfn 1927, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Varenne.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng P\u00e9trus K\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u00abc\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u00bb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb, theo ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/i> c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec3n Albert Sarraut, k\u1ef3 II (1916-1919), nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n S\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n n\u00eau ra: T\u1ea1i sao sau ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u00edn n\u0103m b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng (1886-1925), Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a Nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c <\/i>v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc?<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1886, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi 12 n\u0103m sau (1898), ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, trong 27 n\u0103m im l\u1eb7ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang g\u00ec.<\/p>\n B\u1ed7ng n\u0103m 1925, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a <\/i>Jean Bouchot, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Un savant et un patriote cochinchionois –<\/i> Petrus J.B Truong Vinh Ky (1837-1898) (M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc <\/b>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3- Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898).<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, n\u1ed9i dung vinh danh kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc. <\/i>S\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n trong hai n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, 1926 v\u00e0 1927.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1927, th\u00eam hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n D\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Norodom (nay l\u00e0 L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n) ngang dinh Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3 (nay l\u00e0 dinh \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp).<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc P\u00e9trus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i>, \u1edf Ch\u1ee3 Qu\u00e1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0110\u1eb7ng Th\u00fac Li\u00eang c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng <\/i>vi\u1ebft xong <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, nay l\u1ea5y ra \u00abin 10.000 b\u1ed5n \u0111\u1eb7ng d\u01b0ng <\/i>[d\u00e2ng] cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e3m\u00bb <\/i>(T\u1ef1a).<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/b>ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1925<\/b>, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cho in cu\u1ed1n M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc <\/b>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3- Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (1837-1898) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Jean Bouchet, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1927, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng trong n\u0103m n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y t\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i>[17]<\/a> d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Varenne, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Paul Branchard de la Brosse l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00abc\u1ea7m c\u00e2n n\u1ea9y m\u1ef1c\u00bb tinh th\u1ea7n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Varenne, ng\u00e0y 18-11-1925 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c. Trong khi, Branchard de la Brosse, \u1edf t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ecdc ch\u00e1nh (1925), r\u1ed3i Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 Nam k\u1ef3 (1926-1929). Nh\u1eefng \u00ab\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u00bb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eafc do Branchard de la Brosse, c\u1ef1u Tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Albert Sarraut, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/i> c\u1ee7a Albert Sarraut, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh c\u1edd x\u1ea9y ra m\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u xa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh (1900-1943)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 19-6-1924, Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i b\u1ecf bom \u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ee5t To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Merlin \u1edf Sa Di\u1ec7n (Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u). Merlin (1923-1925) d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 theo ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Albert Sarraut (\u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), v\u1edbi hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 (1911-1914) v\u00e0 (1916-1919). Albert Sarraut, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, ngang t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u1edbi Paul Doumer. Sarraut \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u00abPh\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/i>\u00bb (m\u00e0 Paul Bert \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1edbm ngh\u0129 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n), th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00abh\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft\u00bb m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, Sarraut th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c \u00abnh\u1eadn l\u1ed7i\u00bb: Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ea3i \u00aby\u00eau m\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba\u00bb, v\u00ec An Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/i> (politique d’association), v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/b><\/i> (Entente Franco-Annamite) nh\u01b0 \u00abchim li\u1ec1n c\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y li\u1ec1n c\u00e0nh\u00bb. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/b><\/i>,<\/b> \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ecb tha, ph\u1ea3i theo \u00abs\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n\u00bb <\/b>(vocation coloniale) \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abkhai ho\u00e1\u00bb<\/b> (civiliser) c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng d\u01a1 tay k\u00e9o h\u1ecd [d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam] ra kh\u1ecfi v\u0169ng b\u00f9n l\u1ea7m than \u0111\u00f3i r\u00e1ch, b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t (nh\u01b0 Paul Bert \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1886, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp l\u00e0m th\u00ec r\u1ee7i thay b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, khi\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i).<\/p>\n V\u1eady m\u00e0 \u1edf Paris l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 b\u1ecdn \u00abph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00bb Ng\u0169 Long (Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n, Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh), th\u00e1ng 6-1919 d\u00e1m c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 B\u1ea3n Th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c An Nam<\/i> (Les revendications du peuple annamite) <\/i>k\u00fd t\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ea5c<\/b>, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX<\/i><\/b> b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat, ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p, r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o k\u00fd t\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c<\/b> \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e1o phe t\u1ea3 \u1edf Paris m\u00e0 Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n, Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, thay phi\u00ean nhau ch\u1ea5p b\u00fat t\u1eeb 1919. Th\u1ef1c ra, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1912, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e0o Th\u00e2n \u00c1i <\/i>\u1edf Paris, v\u1edbi Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n. Albert Sarraut l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111ang l\u00e0m To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ra l\u1ec7nh l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft gia \u0111\u00ecnh Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ea3 Phan Tu\u1ea5n Phong, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nho h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi con trai \u00f4ng, 13 tu\u1ed5i Phan Tr\u1eafc C\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi em th\u1ee9 Phan Tr\u1ecdng Ki\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u00abth\u01b0 t\u1eeb li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00bb, cho \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7y chung th\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9 \u1edf Nouvelle Cal\u00e9donie. M\u00e3i sau nh\u1edd lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 Marius Moutet can thi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Albert Sarraut vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 B\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e0o Th\u00e2n \u00c1i <\/i>v\u00e0 xin B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh theo d\u00f5i Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Kho\u1ea3ng 1922, nh\u00f3m Ng\u0169 Long quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, tr\u1eeb Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Th\u00e0nh \u0111i Nga, k\u00fd t\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u1eefa, sau \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, sang Ph\u00e1p du h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1918, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n, h\u1ecdc xong c\u1eed nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ng 10-1922. \u0110\u00eam 15-10-1923, di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft \u1edf h\u1ed9i Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc S\u00e0i g\u00f2n b\u00e0i Cao v\u1ecdng thanh ni\u00ean<\/i>, \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng vang l\u1edbn, b\u1ecb Th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Nam k\u1ef3 Cognacq g\u1ecdi l\u00ean c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0y 10-12-1923, Ninh ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o La Cloche F\u00eal\u00e9e <\/i>(Chu\u00f4ng R\u00e8) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111em \u0111i b\u00e1n d\u1ea1o ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u c\u00f9 l\u00e0. R\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n anh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 21-1-1924, ng\u00e0y 6-2-1925, l\u1eadp v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1edd Chu\u00f4ng R\u00e8 v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh. Ng\u00e0y 28-5-1925, Ninh sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3n Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee5 Phan qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 24-3-1926 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. Ng\u00e0y 8-8-1927, Ninh l\u1ea1i sang Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3n gia \u0111\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1edbi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 7-2-1927[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/i> c\u1ee7a Albert Sarraut \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00edch l\u1eafm, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00abm\u1eafng m\u1ecf\u00bb b\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb (Truy\u1ec1n, Ninh) vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o k\u00fd t\u00ean Nguy\u1ec3n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i b\u1eady; \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng B\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, xin \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ecd, Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, sau hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eadn nhau lu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Chu\u00f4ng R\u00e8, Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i ch\u1ebf di\u1ec5u Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1<\/i> l\u00e0 Culte du bluff <\/i>(\u0110\u1ea1o X\u1ea1o), Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i Les chiffons de papiers Franco-Annamite <\/i>(Gi\u1ea5y r\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 La Plaisanterie de l’entente franco-annamite)<\/i> (Chuy\u1ec7n di\u1ec5u Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1), t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp c\u1ee7a Albert Sarraut.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m (1925-1927) th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Varenne l\u00e0m To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m, ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u00abg\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng\u00bb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee7a nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef nho v\u1edbi cha v\u00e0 c\u00f4 [Cha l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n An Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Nghi\u00e3 Th\u1ee5c] h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p v\u0103n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u1edf C\u1ecdp (g\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1eddn B\u00e1ch Th\u00fa), r\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00f2ng Tabert v\u00e0 Lyc\u00e9e Chasseloup-Laubat.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1918, \u0111i Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt, vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu. N\u0103m 1922, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch<\/i> m\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u00f4ng<\/i>: 5 l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9.<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ea7n 1<\/i>: b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ng\u00e0y 20-3-1926, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n 18 th\u00e1ng t\u00f9 v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u00e1 r\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb an, l\u00e0m b\u00e1o Chu\u00f4ng R\u00e8<\/i> v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n x\u00fai d\u00e2n l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1n.<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ea7n 2<\/i>: Th\u00e1ng 9-1928: b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n ba n\u0103m t\u00f9 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i k\u00edn [\u0111\u1ea3ng] Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, quy t\u1ee5 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00ab\u0110\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean\u00bb Phan V\u0103n H\u00f9m, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 Ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9 kh\u00e1m l\u1edbn<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ea7n 3<\/i>: Th\u00e1ng 4-1936, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o La Lutte<\/i> (Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u) v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m Tr\u1ed1t k\u00edt T\u1ea1 Thu Th\u00e2u, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u1ea1o. B\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n 18 th\u00e1ng t\u00f9.<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ea7n 4:<\/i> Th\u00e1ng 7-1937, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n 5 n\u0103m t\u00f9, 5 n\u0103m bi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u1edf qu\u1eadn C\u00e0n Long \u00abx\u00fai d\u1ee5c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u00bb<\/i>, th\u00e1ng 1-1939, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1.<\/i><\/p>\n L\u1ea7n 5:<\/i> Ng\u00e0y 5-10-1939, \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n 5 n\u0103m t\u00f9, 10 n\u0103m bi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u1eed th\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 14-8-1943, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 43, t\u1ea1i C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/b><\/p>\n To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Varenne sang \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong l\u00fac nh\u00f3m Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh-Phan V\u0103n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Alexandre Varenne, sinh n\u0103m 1870, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o, n\u0103m 1901, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Jean Jaur\u00e8s, vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o L’Humanit\u00e9 t\u1eeb 1902, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4n ho\u00e0, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/i> Sau khi Merlin b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ee5t, ng\u00e0y 28-7-1925, Varenne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u1eeb 18-11-1925 \u0111\u1ebfn 22-8-1928). \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u (ng\u00e0y 24-12-1925); nh\u01b0ng ba th\u00e1ng sau, \u00f4ng h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/i>, <\/b>ng\u00e0y 20-3-1926.<\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 cho Varenne k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i \u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00e1ng 12-1927, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/b> Ng\u00e0y 9-2-1929, tr\u00f9m m\u1ed9 phu Bazin b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t (ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c D\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng). Ng\u00e0y10-6-1930, kh\u1edfi nghi\u00e3 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i. Ng\u00e0y 7-6-1930 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 12 \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed l\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9 phu t\u00e0n \u00e1c, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi nghi\u00e3 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p phong tr\u00e0o X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft Ngh\u00ea T\u0129nh, \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi hai to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Varenne (1925-1928) v\u00e0 Pasquier (1928-1934).<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o l\u00ean n\u1eafm ch\u1ee9c To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p: h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi: <\/i>Ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng d\u01a1 c\u1ea3 hai tay ra n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u1ee9u ta ra kh\u1ecfi v\u0169ng l\u1ea7y. <\/i>Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Paul Bert \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ng\u00e0y 29-6-1886: \u00abPh\u00e1p-qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf x\u1ee9 n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u<\/b>; \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng mong nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c (\u2026) <\/b>d\u1ea7u b\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u1ed5i gi\u1eb7c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lui b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (…) m\u00e0 ch\u1eebng th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa<\/b><\/i>\u00bb[20]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u1ea9y ra \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm n\u0103m n\u0103m, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a De Gaulle l\u00e0 sai Leclerc \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh ra B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n Varenne kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c: m\u1ed9t tay \u00f4ng \u00abph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i\u00bb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, tay kia \u00f4ng \u00abb\u1eaft\u00bb Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng cho \u00abph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i\u00bb Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p tan l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb:<\/p>\n 1- C\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc <\/b>v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam K\u1ef3 <\/i>c\u1ee7a Jean Bouchot, l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh kh\u1eafp n\u0103m ch\u00e2u\u00bb<\/i>. Bouchot c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f9a c\u1ee3t n\u00f3i m\u1ec9a: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 quan T\u00e2y, n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 quan T\u00e2y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng quan Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Bouchot \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam coi nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh kinh,<\/i> c\u0169ng v\u00ec \u00abquan T\u00e2y\u00bb vi\u1ebft, \u00abquan T\u00e2y\u00bb khen, n\u00ean h\u1ecd thay phi\u00ean nhau ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n 2- M\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc\u00bb <\/i>theo Ph\u00e1p <\/i>Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 \u00abk\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00bb<\/i> ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao tinh th\u1ea7n \u00abPh\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ec1\u00bb c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (tr\u01b0\u1edbc Albert Saraut ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m) nay Varenne l\u1ea5y ra d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i, tuy kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, t\u1eeb Nam ra B\u1eafc, <\/i>h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u ca t\u1ee5ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p<\/i><\/b> <\/i>c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2n quy\u1ebft t\u1eed \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o thanh ni\u00ean: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00ab\u00f4n ho\u00e0\u00bb v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (m\u1ea5y ai theo Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong ng\u1ee5c), h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u00abb\u00e1c h\u1ecdc\u00bb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ean th\u1ea7y, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ba \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/b><\/p>\n – \u0110\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o<\/b> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng.<\/p>\n – D\u00f9ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 k\u00fd \u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c <\/b>v\u1ec1 hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. <\/p>\n – Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nho h\u1ecdc kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/b><\/p>\n Ba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, r\u1ed3i nh\u1edd chi\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Paul Doumer (1897-1902) [ngay sau khi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd qua \u0111\u1eddi (1898)] \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea5u thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n khai th\u00e1c r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 ma tu\u00fd, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho m\u1eabu qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n, b\u00f2 l\u00ea b\u00f2 c\u00e0ng v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp nha phi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tu\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/i>, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1edd b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Doumer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nghi\u1ec7n \u00e1 phi\u1ec7n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u00f2 d\u1eady \u00abph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng\u00bb ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean t\u1eeb Paul Doumer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0m tay sai n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/i> d\u1ea5y l\u00ean \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m Ng\u0169 Long v\u00e0 ng\u00f2i b\u00fat Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, th\u00f4ng minh, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb Nguy\u1ec5n An Ninh, \u0111\u1ebfn Phan V\u0103n H\u00f9m, T\u1ea1 Thu Th\u00e2u sau n\u00e0y, Ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u00abph\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n khai qu\u1eadt tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb 1898, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u1edd t\u00e0i qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n Jean Bouchot v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u1edd cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Un savant et un patriote cochinchionois –<\/i> Petrus J.B Truong Vinh Ky (1837-1898) (M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc <\/b>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3- Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd)<\/i> c\u1ee7a <\/i>Jean Bouchot m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng trang sau n\u00e0y[21]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, sau n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u00ab\u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u\u00bb cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m s\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 1925, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u00e1ng n\u00e0o. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n Henri Merlin l\u00e0m to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8-1922. Ng\u00e0y 19-6-1924 b\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m H\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i \u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ee5t. Th\u00e1ng 4-1925 b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1. Montguillot t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 4-1925 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11-1925 Varenne sang nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c. V\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Merlin \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra vi\u1ec7c in cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u1ee7a Bouchet n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc, Merlin c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u0103ng? L\u00fac \u1ea5y Varenne ch\u01b0a sang. V\u1eady a\u1ec9?<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Paul Branchard de la Brosse \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1905 (\u0111i l\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n chinh). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ecdc ch\u00e1nh (1925) v\u00e0 Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ee9 Nam k\u1ef3 (1926-1929), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Albert Sarraut. V\u1eady c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Un savant et un patriote cochinchionois –<\/i> Petrus J.B Truong Vinh Ky (1837-1898) <\/i>c\u1ee7a Jean Bouchot do \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Vi\u1ec7c Branchard de la Brosse ch\u1ecdn t\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng Petrus Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i><\/b> \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX\u00bb (savant \u00e9minent \u00e0 la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle),<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 g\u00ec r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n L\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn Jean Bouchot, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u0103n kh\u1ed1, <\/i>l\u00e0m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. \u00d4ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e2u n\u0103m, n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00abtinh th\u1ea7n\u00bb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb: t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n l\u00f2ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang, n\u00ean t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i b\u00eca s\u00e1ch, ghi r\u00f5 t\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Jean Bouchot, Archiviste du Gouvernement de la Cochinchine-Correspondant de l’Ecole Fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient<\/i> (Jean Bouchot, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nam K\u1ef3- C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5<\/i>).<\/p>\n Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a<\/i>, Jean Bouchot cho bi\u1ebft: \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Nicolas Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh T\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng T\u1ed1ng m\u1edf kho v\u0103n kh\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai ngu\u1ed3n: V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/i> (Archives de la famille) v\u00e0 V\u0103n kh\u1ed1 Nam K\u1ef3<\/i> (Archives de la Cochinchine).<\/p>\n Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i: cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt khi ghi r\u00f5 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u,<\/i> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>, \u00abbi\u1ebft 26 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng<\/i>\u00bb, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00abnh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc l\u1eebng danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\u00bb<\/i>. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng trang Bouchet k\u1ebft \u00e1n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n\u00bb, \u00abd\u1ea1i d\u1ed9t ngu xu\u1ea9n ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p\u00bb khi\u1ebfn cho \u00abnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7m than\u00bb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u00abh\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u00bb, tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n V\u1eady vi\u1ec7c ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o. <\/p>\n <\/p>\n (C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Theo th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft cho BS Chavanne, th\u00e1ng 10-1887, in trong Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tr\u1ea5n, Nxb Ban Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u00e0nh u\u1ef7 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 1993, trang 161.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi P\u00e8ne Siefert ng\u00e0y 15-9-1888, in trong s\u00e1ch Un savant et un patriote cochinchionois –<\/i> Petrus J.B Truong Vinh Ky (1837-1898) (M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc <\/b>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c Nam K\u1ef3- Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd)<\/i> c\u1ee7a Jean Bouchot, trang 90). L\u00ea Thanh d\u1ecbch l\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, in l\u1ea1i trong Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd-Bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o<\/i>, Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng Chuy\u00ean san, T\u00e2n D\u00e2n, 1941, trang 26-27.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> L\u00ea Thanh, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd-Bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o<\/i>, Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng Chuy\u00ean san, T\u00e2n D\u00e2n, 1941, trang 68.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> L\u00ea Thanh, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd-Bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o, <\/i>trang 69. <\/p>\n [5]<\/a> <\/i>Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, <\/i>quy\u1ec3n I, Nxb Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1885, trang 239-241.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh, Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9<\/i>, L\u1eeda Thi\u00eang, S\u00e0i g\u00f2n, 1970, trang 17-18.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, Ch\u1ee7 nghi\u00e3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i>, Nam S\u01a1n, S\u00e0i g\u00f2n, 1963, trang 98.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Georges Taboulet La Geste Fran\u00e7aise en Indochine,<\/i> tome II, trang 459.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/i>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 266-335.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> S\u1ef1 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. <\/i>(Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/i>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9: K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re, th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/i>, trang 215-232).<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/i>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 266-335.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Cultru, Histoire de la Cochinchine Francaise<\/i>, Paris 1916, trang 79.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> Trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 (1) trang 593, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n ghi: \u00abTrong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 04-02-1859, khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u1edf C\u00e1i M\u01a1n \u0111\u00eam 09-12-1858, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd vi\u1ebft:<\/i> \u00abCh\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n, cha<\/i> <\/i>Quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a (t\u1ee9c Th\u1eeba sai Borelle \u0111ang \u1edf C\u00e1i M\u01a1n) v\u00e0 t\u00f4i, ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o r\u1eebng<\/i>\u00bb, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u00e1 C\u1ea7n, Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 b\u00ecnh sanh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i>, in l\u1ea1i trong Petrus K\u00fd n\u1ed7i oan th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec3n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u, trang 593.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Theo b\u00e0i Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh B\u00e1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Chi, in trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd<\/i>, Ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2019, t\u1ea1i California, trang 37 v\u00e0 39.<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1o t\u00edm, d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef sinh, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1915, sau \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gia Long, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Petrus K\u00fd.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> Theo Wikip\u00e9dia ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb Lyc\u00e9e d’\u00e9lite Le Hong Phong.<\/i><\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1o t\u00edm, d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef sinh, kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1915, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Petrus K\u00fd.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> Xem Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Phong tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n Giai Ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c<\/i>, Nxb Ti\u1ebfng Qu\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Viginia, 2012, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17: H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng B\u00e0o Th\u00e2n \u00c1i, phong tr\u00e0o \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p<\/i>, trang 479-532.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> V\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Ng\u0169 Long xin xem Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n Giai Ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c<\/i>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, Nxb Ti\u1ebfng Qu\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Virginia, 2012, trang 479-565.<\/p>\n<\/b><\/p>\n
S\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi
H\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c g\u1eedi t\u00ean con s\u00e1ch n\u00e1t,
C\u00f4ng danh r\u00fat c\u1ee5c c\u00e1i quan t\u00e0i,
D\u1ea1o h\u00f2n l\u0169 ki\u1ebfn men ch\u01a1n b\u01b0\u1edbc,
B\u00f2 s\u1ed1i con tr\u00f9ng ch\u1eafc l\u01b0\u1ee1i ho\u00e0i.
Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 b\u00ecnh sinh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i,
T\u00ecm n\u01a1i th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba khai\u00bb<\/i>[4]<\/a>.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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