{"id":102802,"date":"2025-04-01T05:00:02","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T05:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=102802"},"modified":"2025-03-31T03:06:26","modified_gmt":"2025-03-31T03:06:26","slug":"vai-cam-nhan-van-hoc-viet-nam-hai-ngoai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/102802\/vai-cam-nhan-van-hoc-viet-nam-hai-ngoai","title":{"rendered":"V\u00e0i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>(<em>Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u1ecdc (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 2-1994<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c BBT Da M\u00e0u \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u1ecdc (California) s\u1ed1 99, th\u00e1ng 7\/1999, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. \u0110o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a\u00a0 \u201cTh\u01b0 t\u00f2a so\u1ea1n\u201d vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c<em>V\u0103n H\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i quanh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cHai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i\u201d, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng t\u1eeb nay cho t\u1edbi 30-4-1995, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd, kh\u00e1ch quan m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0u t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, do th\u00f3i quen nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c do ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i. B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nguy\u1ec5n hu\u1ec7 Chi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00edch \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat trong n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f4m nay ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u0103n tr\u1edf n\u1eefa. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, d\u00f9 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa x\u1ee9 g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t\u2026th\u01b0a th\u1edbt, trong ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ea5y ai l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ea7n gh\u00e9 m\u1eaft v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u, Tr\u0103m Con, V\u0103n, V\u0103n H\u1ecdc, V\u0103n Uy\u1ec3n, L\u00e0ng V\u0103n, \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ebft, Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n, Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21\u2026\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ea7n. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn gh\u00e9 m\u00e0 l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ta hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i bao nhi\u00eau t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i quen thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb c\u00e1i thu\u1edf t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp b\u00e1o ch\u00ed S\u00e0i G\u00f2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 18 n\u0103m: V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn, Mai Th\u1ea3o, Nh\u1eadt Ti\u1ebfn, Nguy\u00ean Sa, T\u00fay H\u1ed3ng, Nh\u00e3 Ca, Tr\u00f9ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ki\u1ec1n, Th\u1ebf Uy\u00ean, Duy Lam, T\u1ea1 T\u1ef5, Duy\u00ean Anh, Du T\u1eed L\u00ea, L\u00ea T\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec1u, Lu\u00e2n Ho\u00e1n, Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5t Nhi\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c\u2026B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ta ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n hay nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n quen bi\u1ebft: V\u00f5 \u0110\u00ecnh, Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Ng\u1ea1n, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169, Tr\u1ea7n Long H\u1ed3, Tr\u00e2n Sa, Kh\u00e1nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Phan T\u1ea5n H\u1ea3i, Kh\u1ebf I\u00eam, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc, Tr\u1ea7n Di\u1ec7u H\u1eb1ng, L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7, Th\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e1n, Phan Th\u1ecb Tr\u1ecdng Tuy\u1ebfn, Tr\u1ecbnh Y Th\u01b0, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Nhung, Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u00f4i, B\u00f9i B\u00edch H\u00e0, V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh N.H., \u0110\u1ed7 Kh., Ngu Y\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh Trinh, Ho\u00e0ng Mai \u0110\u1ea1t, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00dd Thu\u1ea7n, Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thanh B\u00ecnh\u2026<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1990, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 cho \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n Th\u01a1 V\u0103n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam N\u01b0\u1edbc Ngo\u00e0i, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i quen v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a quen \u1ea5y. L\u1ea1i n\u0103m nay, 15 truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Khi Tan N\u1eafng do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. R\u1ed3i tr\u00ean t\u1edd ph\u1ee5 san b\u00e1o V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 3-1993 c\u0169ng t\u1eadp trung \u201cgi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u201d v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m b\u00e0i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Kh\u00ea, Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ed9ng T\u00fa, Du T\u1eed L\u00ea, \u0110o\u00e0n Nh\u1eadt, Vi Khu\u00ea, H\u00e0 Huy\u1ec1n Chi, Th\u1ee7y Trang, Phan V\u0103n K\u00fd\u2026) v\u1edbi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (Nguy\u00ean Phong, Linh H\u00e0, Gs Ho\u00e0ng Trinh\u2026). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u1edd t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ban Vi\u1ec7t Ki\u1ec1u Trung \u01af\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ra s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u201cV\u0103n H\u1ecdc Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1ede Ngo\u00e0i N\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d (s\u1ed1 8, 1993), ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec7n, k\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 Lan, Canada, M\u1ef9\u2026c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai b\u00e0i\u00a0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ho\u00e0i Nguy\u00ean, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn\u201d 18 n\u0103m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u00e1t s\u00f3ng, c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e2u ra \u0111\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 t\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong 18 n\u0103m qua v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e1t nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb t\u1ed1n hay m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u1ea3y xuy\u00ean qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, t\u00edch l\u0169y trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0o r\u00e9o c\u1ee7a th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gh\u1ec1nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng thanh l\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t d\u1eef. \u0110\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 18\u201d t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng hay, nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kia b\u1ed7ng ch\u1ed1c d\u1ed9i v\u00e0o nhau, va \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m cho nhau n\u1ed5i s\u00f3ng, r\u1ed3i v\u1eeba ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u1eeba nh\u00f3m t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang d\u1ed3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ee3p l\u01b0u\u201d, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb n\u01a1i s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch quan ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 n\u00e9t: tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u1ed9i g\u1ed1c, b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u201cph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1eadn th\u00f9\u201d (H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u, s\u1ed1 1, th\u00e1ng 10-1991). V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n \u201cqu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i\u201d; v\u00ec \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d (Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ed7- Tr\u0103m Con, s\u1ed1 1, th\u00e1ng 6-1992).\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y? Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201ctr\u00e0 d\u01b0 t\u1eedu h\u1eadu\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng salon v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u00f3m l\u00ean b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t \u1edf ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc trong Nam su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay (c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef salon \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng c\u01a1m \u201cb\u1ee5i\u201d ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e8 b\u00ean l\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng), ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u00e0 do c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 l\u1ed7 m\u1ed7, c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n t\u00f9y b\u00fat mi\u00ean man trong ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng chim s\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee5i \u201c\u1ed5i t\u00e0u\u201d (hoa c\u1ee9t l\u1ee3n) (1) c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng ch\u00e1y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i thao th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4n ngu\u00f4i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb, s\u1eafc m\u00e0u\u2026n\u01a1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n qu\u00e1n. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft d\u00e0y 1,800 trang M\u00f9a Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ed9ng (2) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1u l\u1eeda \u1edf d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t mi\u1ec1n Trung trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1964 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 4-1975, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t, vinh quang chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u1ea9n \u0111\u00e0ng sau b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e2n so s\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb9 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean C\u1eeda Bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u00ean H\u1ed3ng, V\u1ee1 B\u1edd c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Thi, hay X\u00f3m C\u1ea7u M\u1edbi, D\u00f2ng S\u00f4ng Thanh Th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t Linh m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nam Chi trong hai b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean t\u1edd \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ebft (s\u1ed1 4-1990), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Nam Chi tr\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0110o\u00e0n K\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea5y n\u0103m th\u00e1ng (S\u1ed1 12-1989), c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm thi\u00ean \u201cH\u1ed3i K\u00fd C\u00e1ch M\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1ng Chi\u1ebfn\u201d (3) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Duy, \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u201ccon m\u1eaft xanh\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u201cc\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 xa c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u2013 \u201ck\u1ebb du ca\u201d v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201cl\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c\u2026trong c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea &#8211; H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 8, th\u00e1ng 12-1992) (4) \u2013 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t s\u1eed thi, \u201cv\u1eeba h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u1eeba cam go\u201d (Nam Chi \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn) \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham m\u00ea v\u0103n ti\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ecf \u00fd th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cth\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Ti\u1ebfn, Th\u1ebf Uy\u00ean,trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng (5), b\u1eaft ngu\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn xo\u00e1y v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1edf b\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u00f4ng v\u1eeba v\u1ec1 th\u0103m l\u1ea1i, tuy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u00f4ng \u01b0ng \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u hay t\u00f4 v\u1ebd, m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c \u00f4ng, d\u1eabu m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111au l\u00f2ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u1ee9u v\u00e3n\u201d n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i h\u1eadn th\u00f9 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nhau\u201d (\u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ebfn &#8211; Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n, s\u1ed1 3 th\u00e1ng 12-1991) (6). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong m\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng chung v\u1edbi th\u01a1 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay, b\u1ed7ng b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt b\u00e0i mang gi\u1ecdng th\u01a1 m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1eddng Qu\u00e1n, Ngu Y\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh Trinh, Tr\u00e2n Sa, Phan Ni T\u1ea5n, Lu\u00e2n Ho\u00e1n, Ph\u1ea1m Vi\u1ec7t C\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ebf I\u00eam\u2026, n\u00ean l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m vui th\u00edch. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i n\u1edf r\u1ed9 trong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng hay d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t t\u00e2n k\u1ef3 (Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169), th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e2m linh, th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c, t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c\u2026nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00ec v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n mang h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh, g\u1ee3i l\u00ean c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9n b\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa x\u1ee9, nh\u1eefng d\u1eb1n v\u1eb7t, lo \u00e2u, kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m vui ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea9y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft bao gian tru\u00e2n, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u201cd\u1ecb \u1ee9ng\u201d trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd, s\u1edf th\u00edch, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o x\u1ee9 s\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nhung Uy\u00ean (Nh\u1eadt K\u00fd M\u1ef5 N\u01b0\u01a1ng) (7), L\u00ea Th\u1ecb Hu\u1ec7 (Thi\u1ebfu N\u1eef Ch\u1edd Tr\u0103ng L\u00ean) (8), nh\u1eadn ra tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201cd\u1ecb \u1ee9ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00fa \u201cs\u1ed1c\u201d t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb hai ph\u00eda, nh\u1eefng c\u00fa \u201cs\u1ed1c\u201d v\u1eeba l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u00fat gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch th\u00fa h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u00ecnh ca \u201ch\u00f2a nh\u1eadp\u201d, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ed9ng T\u00fa (C\u1ea7u V\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3y S\u1eafc) (9), Ng\u1ecdc Kh\u00f4i (Caf\u00e9 Froid) (10), h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp do s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p tr\u1edb tr\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, d\u00f9 m\u00e0u da, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ee9c x\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng B\u1eafc (B\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i) (11), Tam Thanh (\u1ede \u0110\u00f3) (12), Nh\u1eadt Ti\u1ebfn (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lam Ca \u0110\u00eam), V\u0169 Nam (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00f9ng), Ho\u00e0i M\u1ef9 (V\u1ec1 V\u1edbi Bi\u1ec3n C\u1ea3) (14), Phan Th\u1ecb Tr\u1ecdng Tuy\u1ebfn (Kho\u1ea3ng Cu\u1ed1i Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1eddi)\u2026nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u1ebft c\u00e1 t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 trong qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a Ki\u1ec7t T\u1ea5n (N\u1ee5 C\u01b0\u1eddi Tre Tr\u00fac) (15) th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i thu m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gh\u1ebb l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefng h\u1edd v\u00f4 \u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u00e1u con \u0111ang b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u1ebft v\u00e0o nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Kim Lan (K\u1ebb L\u1ea1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e2n) (16), Ho\u00e0ng Kh\u1edfi Phong (Ho\u00e0ng H\u00f4n) (17), mu\u1ed1n kh\u01a1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n bi k\u1ecbch chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u1edf ngay nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eadm ng\u00f9i nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u01a1 v\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh b\u01a1 v\u01a1 x\u1ee9 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u201ctr\u1edf v\u1ec1\u201d &#8211; tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 trong nghi k\u1ef5, xa c\u00e1ch, ho\u1eb7c trong s\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00eda hay c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda, nh\u01b0 trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh N.H. (Apocalipse Now) (18), Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169 (Benhur v\u00e0 Messala) (19), Nguy\u1ec5n Trung T\u00e2m (H\u1ed3ng Ph\u00fac) (20)\u2026Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i y\u00eau m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng h\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 trong (Khung Tr\u1eddi B\u1ecf L\u1ea1i) (21) c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc Li\u00ean, m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc b\u00e2ng khu\u00e2ng v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00e1i thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn \u1ea5y\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi S\u00e0i G\u00f2n\u2026gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0ng lan r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t m\u00e3i trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea1ch Lam l\u00e0m ta ng\u00e2y ng\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, tuy ch\u01b0a ai nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t t\u1eebng t\u00ed m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng trong c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed3\u201d (\u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ebfn d\u1eabn l\u1eddi Th\u1ebf Uy\u00ean &#8211; Di\u1ec5n \u0110\u00e0n s\u1ed1 3, th\u00e1ng 2-1991), l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y r\u00e0o ng\u0103n, c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5, n\u00ean v\u0103n vi\u1ebft ra n\u00f3i h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecf \u00fd nghi ng\u1edd ngu\u1ed3n sinh l\u1ef1c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 v\u00e0o \u00a0m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u201cph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh lu\u1eadn\u201d, c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa x\u1ee9 (Th\u00f4i Im Cho Qua \u0110i &#8211; Tr\u1ea7n Long H\u1ed3) (22), D\u1ed1c Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c &#8211; Nguy\u1ec5n \u00dd Thu\u1ea7n (23); D\u1ea5u M\u1eb7t Cu\u1ed1i N\u0103m &#8211; H\u1ed3 \u0110\u00ecnh Nghi\u00eam (24)\u2026, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e0n v\u0129 thanh \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean\u201d, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u01b0u vong t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn th\u1eadt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng! Nh\u01b0ng ng\u1eabm cho k\u1ef9, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin nh\u01b0 ai \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh? Th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 th\u00eam. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eebng n\u0103m, s\u00e1u n\u0103m nay, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, d\u1eabu cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d n\u00e0y, th\u00ec h\u1eb3n ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 sinh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb b\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tuy ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i, \u201ctr\u1eafng \u0111en t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch\u201d hay \u201csu\u00f4ng s\u1ebb\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u201cbao c\u1ea5p\u201d. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7; nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba C\u1ecf Lau c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ch\u00e2u, M\u00ea L\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ho\u00e0i, k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u Quang V\u0169, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Th\u1eddi Xa V\u1eafng &#8211; Nh\u1eefng Thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng M\u00f9 \u2013 \u0110\u00e1m C\u01b0\u1edbi Kh\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1 Thu &#8211; Cu\u1ed1n Gia Ph\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ec3 L\u1ea1i &#8211; M\u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ea5t L\u1eafm Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nhi\u1ec1u Ma \u2013 L\u00e3o Kh\u1ed5 &#8211; N\u1ed7i Bu\u1ed3n Chi\u1ebfn Tranh\u2026v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n\u00a0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ea5n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ebft. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201ch\u1ee3p l\u01b0u\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng sinh t\u1ed3n, kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ho\u00e0i Nguy\u00ean, ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xu th\u1ebf \u2018th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d, \u201ch\u00f2a nh\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. (Th\u1eed ngh\u0129, n\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u0169 trong khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i thay th\u00ec li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdctrong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch quan: \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 giao l\u01b0u, h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp?). Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xu th\u1ebf \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ng\u201d, th\u00ec c\u00e1i b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o. Do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee9t l\u00ean kh\u00e1 xa, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng v\u1eabn ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u0169. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1! Ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ed b\u1eb1ng coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u00e1i quy lu\u1eadt \u201ct\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e9c-t\u01a1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u201cqu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i\u201d \u201cc\u1edfi r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i tr\u00f3i\u201d (H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u, s\u1ed1 8 th\u00e1ng 12-1992) c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u201ct\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c\u201d, \u201cv\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n\u201d th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng di t\u1ea3n l\u01b0u vong m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d cho mau. Thi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quan, do ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u201cnh\u00ecn t\u1eeb xa\u201d, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng sao hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft g\u00ec th\u00ec vi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u khi l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y: c\u00e1c thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen, t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed theo n\u1ebfp b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhau\u2026N\u1ebfu ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec7n \u201cc\u1ea5m k\u1ef5\u201d th\u00ec v\u00ec sao v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7-1992, khi giao l\u01b0u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1u b\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1ed5 ra \u201cv\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Montr\u00e9al\u201d, d\u00f9ng th\u01b0 can thi\u1ec7p, h\u0103m d\u1ecda c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai t\u1edd H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u v\u00e0 Tr\u0103m Con v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u du kh\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Canada tham d\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 V\u00f5 \u0110\u00ecnh?\u00a0 K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c Hi\u1ec7p H\u1ed9i B\u00e1o Ch\u00ed Canada b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea9y chay t\u1edd Tr\u0103m Con, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 5 tr\u00ean 7 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n h\u1ed9i? Ngay ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5-1993 c\u00f2n n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e2y th\u00f4i, v\u00ec sao cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 L\u00e2m Tri\u1ebft \u1edf qu\u1eadn Cam Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf? Cho hay, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng gh\u00ea g\u1edbm h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh v\u0103n m\u00e0 ta c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n cho c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed7i khi nh\u00e2n danh c\u00e1i \u201cm\u1edbi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y n\u01a1i kia, h\u00e3y n\u00ean t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nhau, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m kh\u1ed5 nhau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5. S\u1edf d\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng Don Quichotte kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t khi ng\u00f2i b\u00fat truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec m\u1eb7c cho ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i, l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ec3u Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ed3i b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 trong h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e2y b\u00fat truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn sung s\u1ee9c k\u1ebf theo sau. \u0110\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hay sao? V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u201cb\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba\u201d. H\u1eb3n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nhau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y ba n\u0103m, b\u00e0 Kim Lef\u00e8vre \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch hai t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n\u00a0 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (25), sau \u0111\u1ea5y t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n T\u01b0\u1edbng V\u1ec1 H\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch li\u1ec1n ra ti\u1ebfng \u00dd (26). G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, trong d\u00f2ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y b\u00fat truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc: Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169, m\u00e0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thi\u00ean truy\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 M\u00f9a M\u01b0a Gai S\u1eafc \u2013 C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft Sau Qu\u00e1 Kh\u1ee9 (27). Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ea1i Sao Ph\u1ea3i L\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 (H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 5), nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0169 sau khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e2y b\u00fat t\u00e0i hoa n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi chung cho c\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p l\u1eabn Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169, r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u00e2u xa m\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafn g\u1eedi, qua Ph\u1ea9m Ti\u1ebft hay M\u00f9a M\u01b0a Gai S\u1eafc, c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 \u0111i m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u201cnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c\u201d (tr. 18) (t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n th\u00eam: nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u201d\u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00ecnh\u201d (st\u00e9r\u00e9otype dynamique) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c su\u1ed1t 200 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay kh\u00f4ng?) V\u00ec l\u1ebd, n\u1ebfu t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 theo nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d (tr. 16), h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u201cNguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft d\u00e3 s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n k\u00ed danh nh\u00e2n, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd hay l\u0103ng nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d (tr. 14), th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, \u201ccho d\u00f9 \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (tr 18). V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn minh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u00fang m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng \u00edt b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec5n Huy Thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y b\u00fat ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o ch\u00ed h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc &#8211; g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 trong nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng nhau b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng thanh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7u\u201d?<\/p>\n<p><strong>7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u1eady th\u00ec, h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i xem c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d, c\u1ee7a xu h\u01b0\u1edbng giao l\u01b0u, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 g\u1ed1c, c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn: s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm, \u0111\u1ed9c tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ta l\u00e0 ai, v\u00e0 ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n, thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n d\u00f4ng b\u00e3o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.\u00a0 N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n T\u1eed Ngang th\u1eddi s\u01a1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00edch Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi Montaigne, v\u1edbi ch\u00e0ng Hamlet c\u1ee7a Shakespeare v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, th\u1eddi \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng\u2026Trong v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f4m nay, sau bao nhi\u00eau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, mong ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i di chung. C\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0u da, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea1t sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng: d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1t t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i cu\u1ed1ng nhau kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. M\u1ecdi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i qua nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y \u2013 trong ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du: D\u1eabu l\u00eca ng\u00f3 \u00fd c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01a1 l\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang \u201cb\u1ea3n lai di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean, n\u00f3i theo Camus: m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1\u201d (l\u2019\u00c9tranger). V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t trong v\u00f2ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, giao l\u01b0u, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00f3p nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111an ch\u00e9o v\u1edbi nhau, g\u1eafn m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o c\u1ed9i g\u1ed1c. V\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111inh ninh r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh chim t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd t\u00ednh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y, bu\u1ed9c r\u00e0ng, do l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u00ecnh ca \u201cti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn\u201d l\u00e0m h\u1ed3n ta say m\u00ea ng\u00e2y ng\u1ea5t su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua, d\u00f9 l\u1eddi h\u00e1t c\u1ea5t l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t khung tr\u1eddi n\u00e0o, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ch\u00e0ng T\u1eeb Th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta trong hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb l\u00e3ng t\u1eed \u0111i t\u00ecm su\u1ed1i \u0110\u00e0o Nguy\u00ean, hay \u0111u\u1ed5i theo h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng anh l\u00e1i \u0111\u00f2 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi tr\u00ean con s\u00f4ng tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n tr\u00f4i v\u00e0o d\u0129 v\u00e3ng? C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 \u0110\u00ecnh (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u1ea1y B\u1ed9) (28), s\u00e1ng chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1y th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u1eadp tuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft anh ta, d\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u00e2n c\u1ea9u, trong tr\u00ed anh ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u201ctrong ng\u1ecdc tr\u1eafng ng\u00e0\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng Ki\u1ec1u, hay m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng chinh phu \u201ctuy\u1ebft in s\u1eafc ng\u1ef1a\u201d trong Chinh Ph\u1ee5 Ng\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<p>8<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i, c\u0103n c\u1ed1t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, n\u00ean trong n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u201ch\u1eefu d\u01b0\u201d v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u201cb\u00e1t t\u00fac\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng v\u1eady. Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u00ecnh (c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 in d\u1ea5u l\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb thu\u1edf s\u01a1 sinh) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 \u201ct\u1ee5ng ca\u201d, \u201chi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n linh\u201d\u2026ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0ng son v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ng\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 d\u1eabn m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, trong khi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i t\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i thay. G\u1eafn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u201cngh\u1ecbch bi\u1ebfn\u201d t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eebng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ee7i nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng tr\u00ec n\u00edu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu (s\u1ef1 \u00f4n ngh\u00e8o h\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9, \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch\u2026). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay, khi xu th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi an l\u00e0nh, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ebfn n\u00eau l\u00ean (H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 6) (29) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu, theo t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, trong xu th\u1ebf h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, giao l\u01b0u h\u00f4m nay, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch d\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u1ecdc Hi\u1ebfn (30) khi \u00f4ng v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng T\u1eed: \u201cQu\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u00f2a nhi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d (Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, T\u1eed L\u1ed9, 23). T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft, h\u00f2a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3u l\u00e2u nay, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u00e1i m\u1eb7t \u00f4n h\u00f2a, nh\u1ecbn nh\u1ee5c. H\u00f2a, trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau cho b\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhau. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cTam qu\u00e2n kh\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u00fay, s\u1ea5t phu b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u00ed\u201d (Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, T\u1eed H\u00e3n, 26); ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u2013 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i &#8211; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb nguy\u00ean so\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ba qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i ch\u00ed (c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, s\u1edf th\u00edch, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u1ea5t phu. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sao cho t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. V\u1eady th\u00ec, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn nhau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. D\u00f9ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, th\u00ec ngay trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phe ph\u00e1i. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n s\u1edd s\u1edd ra \u0111\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed (Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: Ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng nhi b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a\u201d &#8211; Lu\u1eadn Ng\u1eef, T\u1eed L\u1ed9, 23).<\/p>\n<p>\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed to\u00e1t l\u00ean trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u1eddi L\u00fd-Tr\u1ea7n, \u201ctam gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ba h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt, Nho, \u0110\u1ea1o chung s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta t\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh. Ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0, trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3p ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u201cv\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 nho ngh\u00e8o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 g\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u Phan \u0110i\u1ec7n, T\u00fa X\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi\u00a0 h\u01a1n Phan \u0110i\u1ec7n, T\u00fa X\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ung dung chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0ng, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u00e2m ch\u00edch c\u1ee5 B\u00e1 \u00f4ng Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngang nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 tai v\u1ea1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n Dung Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f4m nay &#8211; ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a \u201cl\u00e0ng v\u0103n\u201d th\u00f4i &#8211; v\u1eeba ra m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu bi\u1ebft bao \u0111\u00f4i co trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. K\u1ec3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn ta ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129, \u201cH\u00f2a nhi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111em tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn xu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chung, h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NHC<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>____________<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn: Bu\u1ed5i Chi\u1ec1u T\u1ecbch M\u1ecbch, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Qu\u00ea H\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 \u1ed4i t\u00e0u, tr\u00edch t\u00f9y b\u00fat II.<\/li>\n<li>5 t\u1eadp, g\u1ed3m: Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ee3t S\u00f3ng Ng\u1ea7m, B\u00e3o N\u1ed5i, M\u00f9a Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ed9ng, B\u00e8o Gi\u1ea1t, Tha H\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nxb V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7, California, 1984-1989.<\/li>\n<li>Nxb Ph\u1ea1m Duy C\u01b0\u1eddng, California, 1989.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00e0i V\u0103n Cao \u2013 Ph\u1ea1m Duy: Tr\u1ea7n Gian V\u00e0 Ti\u00ean C\u1ea3nh (Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea \u2013 H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 8 th\u00e1ng 12-1992).<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c b\u00e1o H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 1 th\u00e1ng 10-1991. Di\u1ec5n D\u00e0n s\u1ed1 9, th\u00e1ng 6-1992 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 12 th\u00e1ng 10-1992. V\u0103n H\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 78, th\u00e1ng 1-1992.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00e0i Giao L\u01b0u V\u0103n H\u00f3a, H\u00f2a H\u1ee3p D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c V\u00e0 Tr\u00e1ch Nhi\u1ec7m Nh\u00e0 V\u0103n.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 s\u1ed1 7-1993.<\/li>\n<li>Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Ngo\u1ea1i (h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n Th\u01b0, h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 V\u0103n H\u1ecdc, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n). T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c do anh L\u00ea Ho\u00e0i Nguy\u00ean gi\u00fap. Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, s\u1ed1 7-1993.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0103n, s\u1ed1 116, th\u00e1ng 2-1992.<\/li>\n<li>Khi Tan N\u1eafng, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0103n s\u1ed1 116, th\u00e1ng 2-1992.<\/li>\n<li>Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 5, th\u00e1ng 6-1992.<\/li>\n<li>Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0103n H\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 28, th\u00e1ng 8-1987.<\/li>\n<li>Tuy\u1ec3n T\u1eadp V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ea3i Ngo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 8, th\u00e1ng 12-1992.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(19,20) Khi Tan N\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<p>(21) Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, s\u1ed1 11-1992.<\/p>\n<p>(22) V\u0103n, s\u1ed1 11, th\u00e1ng 2-1992<\/p>\n<p>(23) V\u0103n Uy\u1ec3n, s\u1ed1 Xu\u00e2n 1992.<\/p>\n<p>(24) L\u00e0ng V\u0103n.<\/p>\n<p>(25) T\u1eadp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u201cUn g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e0 la retraite\u201d, Edition de l\u2019Aube, Paris, 1990. T\u1eadp th\u1ee9 hai \u201cLe coeur du tigre\u201d m\u1edbi d\u1ecbch xong n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1993, ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 t\u00ean nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p>(26) Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd: II generale in pensione do H\u01b0\u1edbng Thi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch. Erostudio, Torino, 1990.<\/p>\n<p>(27) H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 4, th\u00e1ng 4-1992, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft Sau Qu\u00e1 Kh\u01b0, Nxb H\u1ed3ng L\u0129nh, 1993. Xem th\u00eam Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ea1nh Trinh \u201c\u0110\u1ecdc C\u00e1i Ch\u1ebft Sau Qu\u00e1 Kh\u1ee9\u201d, t\u1eadp truy\u1ec7n Tr\u1ea7n V\u0169, H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 12, th\u00e1ng 8-1993.<\/p>\n<p>(28) H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 6.<\/p>\n<p>(29) B\u00e0i D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c v\u00e0 D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 (H\u1ee3p L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 6-1992).<\/p>\n<p>(30) Trong b\u1ea3n tham lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u201cV\u0103n H\u00f3a v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n\u201d do UNESCO t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1992.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u1ecdc (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 2-1994).<br \/>\nTi\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c BBT Da M\u00e0u \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u1ecdc (California) s\u1ed1 99, th\u00e1ng 7\/1999, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1620,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2744,5,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102802","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-50-nam-van-hoc-viet-nam-hai-ngoai-1975-2025","category-bien-khao","category-chuyen-de"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102802","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1620"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102802"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102802\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102805,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102802\/revisions\/102805"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102802"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102802"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102802"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}