{"id":102693,"date":"2025-03-25T00:43:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-25T00:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=102693"},"modified":"2025-03-22T10:52:44","modified_gmt":"2025-03-22T10:52:44","slug":"kha-nang-va-trien-vong-cua-van-hoc-hai-ngoai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/102693\/kha-nang-va-trien-vong-cua-van-hoc-hai-ngoai","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cTh\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21\u201d, B\u1ed9 1, S\u1ed1 1, ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1989)
\nNguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c (1940-2012)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 11-1985, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc George Mason l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201cV\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y\u201d. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc B\u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 v\u1ecb n\u1eef di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 l\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n sau gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 B\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u00f2n b\u00e0 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. (Ng\u00e0y Nay, Houston s\u1ed1 142, 15-8-87).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m, n\u00f3i tr\u1eafng ra l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y, b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n vi\u1ebft \u1edf t\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0nh \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111i nh\u01b0 Solzhenitsyn, Kundera, Gordimer\u2026 th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n M\u1ef9 t\u1ef1 \u00fd l\u01b0u vong \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 Henry Miller, Ernest Hemingway. Nhan \u0111\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cParis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n M\u1ef9 E.Hemingway, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nga v\u00e0 \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00c2u l\u01b0u vong \u1edf Paris, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ec9a mai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m d\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1eadu \u1ea5m c\u00f4 chi\u00eau ch\u00e1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nhung l\u1ee5a v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n \u0111i c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng th\u00f4n qu\u00ea h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ebfm m\u00f9i gi\u00f3 s\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u1eadn Milan Kundera n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn ch\u00ea n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2u T\u00e2y n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ee5 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng M\u1ef9 ch\u00e2u La tinh v\u00e0 \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chung \u1ea5y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng hai ch\u1eef l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, l\u01b0u vong mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, theo suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u0103n h\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Nadine Gordimer (Nam Phi), Milan Kundera (Ti\u1ec7p kh\u1eafc), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (Nga) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ngc\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc B\u00edch \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn \u201cV\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\u201d n\u0103m 1985, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cl\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat e ng\u1ea1i hay m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u1eed t\u1ecda qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 v\u00ec l\u01b0u vong m\u00e0 b\u1ebb b\u00fat, h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho t\u1ef1 do, cho nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u201cl\u01b0u vong\u201d m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n. N\u00f3i g\u00ec th\u00ec n\u00f3i, l\u01b0u vong, nghe v\u1eabn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00ea th\u1ea3m, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o! N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1eddi Thanh Nam vi\u1ebft \u201cKh\u00fac ng\u00e2m\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m dung:<\/p>\n

Ta nh\u01b0 gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o tan r\u1ed3i h\u1ee3p<\/em>
\nTr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t c\u00f2n h\u01a1n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>
\n\u201cL\u1eadn \u0111\u1eadn b\u00ean tr\u1eddi chung m\u1ed9t l\u1ee9a\u2026\u201d<\/em>
\nSay c\u00e0ng chua x\u00f3t, t\u1ec9nh c\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/em>
\nTh\u00e1ng n\u0103m xa m\u00e3i th\u1eddi hoa m\u1ed9ng<\/em>
\nR\u00e2u t\u00f3c th\u00eam g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi tuy\u1ebft s\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>
\nTr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m dung, \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1m tr\u00fa<\/em>
\nC\u00f2n g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed1i h\u1eadn m\u00eanh mang.<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi Cao T\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

S\u00e0n g\u00e1c tr\u1ecd nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n b\u00e3o n\u1ed5i<\/em>
\nNh\u1eefng h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng u\u1ea5t h\u1eadn g\u1ed1i l\u00ean nhau<\/em>
\nK\u1ebb th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh ngu ng\u01a1 nh\u00ecn n\u1eafng m\u1edbi<\/em>
\n\u201cTa l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho h\u1ebft n\u1eeda \u0111\u1eddi sau?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng th\u00ea th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cl\u01b0u vong\u201d l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u01a1 truy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e2y b\u00fat v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean sang sau, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng hoang mang nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng l\u01b0u vong trong th\u01a1 Thanh Nam v\u00e0 Cao T\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y b\u00fat c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam sang x\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eabn ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1ed3ng sinh kh\u00ed v\u00e0o v\u0103n th\u01a1, ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 t\u00edn gia t\u0103ng trong t\u1eebng h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef, t\u1eebng trang b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eb3ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: c\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u01b0u vong\u201d n\u1eefa hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u0103m 1987, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u00d0\u1ed7 Qu\u00ed To\u00e0n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u00e2m th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d thay th\u1ebf cho \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u vong\u201d, v\u00ec theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec1m k\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0u vong\u201d. Ch\u1eef \u201cl\u01b0u vong\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u00d0\u1ed7 Qu\u00ed To\u00e0n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u201cvong th\u00e2n\u201d. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

Cho t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1988, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p trung dung: thay v\u00ec t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c quan hay bi quan v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u201cl\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y\u201d, \u201cl\u01b0u vong\u201d hay \u201cch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u1eb7t sau ch\u1eef \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. B\u00f9i V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac tr\u00ean V\u0103n H\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 30 (th\u00e1ng 7, 1988) d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cv\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc B\u00edch trong b\u00e0i \u201cM\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u1edf r\u1ed9: Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft\u201d (V\u0103n H\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 T\u1ebft K\u1ef7 T\u1ef5) d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201cv\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i\u201d. Theo t\u00f4i, c\u1ee9 \u201cba ph\u1ea3i\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u201cph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng\u201d. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, s\u1edbm kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm tung h\u00f4 n\u00f3, s\u1ee3 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eed t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i, l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di t\u1ea3n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i sau 30-4-75, trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u00ea ch\u1ec1 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 \u0111am m\u00ea vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4ng vui nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1edb v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y h\u1ea1 tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 4-1975, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i theo nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i M\u1eb9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng di t\u1ea3n sang M\u1ef9 n\u1ebfu S\u00e0i G\u00f2n th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e3 bi\u1ec7t, t\u1eb7ng t\u00f4i c\u1ea3 t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u1eedi gi\u1eef h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch. L\u00fac chia tay, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1eaft \u00f4ng r\u01b0ng r\u01b0ng x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i th\u00f4i t\u1eeb nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch g\u00ec n\u1eefa, ch\u1ec9 mong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng nh\u1edd t\u00f4i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 u\u1ed5ng. T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e0n anh t\u00f4i t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 in ra v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 r\u00f5. (V\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1976 l\u00fac t\u00f4i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng an \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu mang \u0111i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i s\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 \u0111em gi\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00ean th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Mi\u1ec1n Nam, kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat ra \u0111i an to\u00e0n n\u0103m 1975, trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u1ea5y, lo chuy\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0103n ch\u1ed1n \u1edf v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n m\u01b0u sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ec7t, n\u00f3i g\u00ec t\u1edbi vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch. M\u00e0 vi\u1ebft g\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd? Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng 55 ng\u00e0y, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng \u00e2n h\u1eadn, ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7 tam, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n m\u1ecfng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t. H\u01a1n 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cdi t\u1ea3n bu\u1ed3n\u201d b\u1ecb r\u1ea3i t\u1ee9 t\u00e1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i theo c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, v\u1eeba ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngay, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n x\u0103ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1i tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh coi nh\u01b0 b\u1ecf, ng\u1ea5t ng\u01b0 v\u00ec \u00e1o c\u01a1m:<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng m\u00e0y h\u1ee5t th\u00ec tao \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng<\/em>
\nC\u0169ng ng\u1ea5t ng\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0\u2026 con c\u1ee7 khoai.<\/em>
\n(Th\u01a1 Cao T\u1ea7n )<\/p>\n

Ai c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1eddi con c\u00e1i, th\u1eafc th\u1ecfm lo con c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng nghe n\u00f3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ai lo con qu\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 lo con kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng M\u1ef9, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p\u2026<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebft l\u1ecbm su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian ba b\u1ed1n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 l\u1ea1. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t, b\u0103ng nh\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. \u00d0\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1m v\u00edu, v\u1ed3 v\u1eadp v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng xa l\u1ea1, t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u201cTh\u01b0 g\u1eedi b\u1ea1n\u201d c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn, \u201cTh\u01a1 Cao T\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a Cao T\u1ea7n, \u201c\u00d0\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch\u201d c\u1ee7a Thanh Nam \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng chung th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

L\u1edbp nh\u00e0 v\u0103n di t\u1ea3n 1975 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u1ecb d\u1edf dang v\u00ec th\u1eddi th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u00e0i \u201cGhi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u vong\u201d (Ng\u00e0y Nay s\u1ed1 142, 15-8-87):<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u1edbn lao m\u1ea5y. Sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e3o n\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong nh\u00f3m Quan \u00d0i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 g\u1eedi cho t\u1edd b\u00e1o b\u1ea1n, hay m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kinh, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

L\u1edbp tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch su\u00f4ng s\u1ebb. L\u00ea T\u1ea5t \u00d0i\u1ec1u, Vi\u00ean Linh, T\u00fay H\u1ed3ng, Tr\u00f9ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2026 c\u00f3 l\u00fac ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, c\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u1ef1 d\u01b0ng im b\u1eb7t. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 lai rai m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i th\u01a1, l\u00e2u l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u1ed3i k\u00fd. V\u0103n nghi\u1ec7p sau 1975 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng n\u00f3i gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1eefu c\u00f9ng di t\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng l\u00fac \u00f4ng chia tay v\u1edbi t\u00f4i \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, qua Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u0169. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft t\u00f9y b\u00fat, truy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n L\u00ea T\u1ea5t \u00d0i\u1ec1u cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed V\u0103n H\u1ecdc Ngh\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadt. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Thanh Nam th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edd \u00d0\u1ea5t M\u1edbi \u1edf Seattle. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Vi\u00ean Linh th\u00ec t\u00e1i t\u1ee5c Th\u1eddi T\u1eadp \u1edf Washington D.C. C\u0169ng \u1edf Washington D.C. xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Chi\u1ebfn do nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c g\u1ed3m Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n S\u01a1n, Ng\u00f4 V\u01b0\u01a1ng To\u1ea1i, Giang H\u1eefu Tuy\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Du T\u1eed L\u00ea ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ee9ng. Tr\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ea5t M\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng dai, c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eafn s\u1ed1. D\u1ea5u ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3, c\u00f4ng in cao, s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o b\u00e0y b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm h\u1ed9t v\u1ecbt, h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a giao m\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng thu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chung th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ea th\u1ea3m. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi phong tr\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn trong t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u1eabn t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Cu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bi th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111ang c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Cu\u1ed9c di t\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1975 l\u00e2u nay v\u1eabn b\u1ecb xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1edd v\u1ee5 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb 1979 tr\u1edf \u0111i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n sau 1975. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao m\u00ecnh ra \u0111i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1edbp thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u0111i sau c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u1edbp v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n sau tuy h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u1ef1 do gian nan nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n l\u1edbp di t\u1ea3n 1975, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n l\u1edbp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd sang v\u00e0o l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9 t\u00e1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh. Th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0m r\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00ean qui ch\u1ebf tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7 tam t\u1ecf ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u0103ng, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft t\u0103ng, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb 1979 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 1981, tuy s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u00f2n \u00edt, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb 1982 cho t\u1edbi nay.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0m v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em tr\u1ebb l\u1edbp b\u00e1o ch\u00ed do nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1988 v\u1eeba qua, cao h\u1ee9ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 v\u00ed von so s\u00e1nh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i m\u00e1y t\u1ed1t kho\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m. So s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 h\u01a1i s\u01a1 s\u00e0i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng s\u1eb5n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n khai tri\u1ec3n c\u00e2u v\u00ed von ra c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd h\u01a1n, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i sau 14 n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0a c\u1ea7n t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 ng\u1ed3i th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u201ct\u1ed1t, kho\u1ebb\u201d \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n hai n\u0103m, anh B\u00f9i B\u1ea3o Tr\u00fac nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u00e0i v\u1edf cho m\u1ee5c \u00d0i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u00e0i Ph\u00e1t thanh Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef Ti\u1ebfng N\u00f3i Hoa K\u1ef3 (VOA). Nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, anh Tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng phu \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ch h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho 60 tri\u1ec7u th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 qua l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0i VOA. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean hai n\u0103m, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i BBC. Tr\u00ean hai n\u0103m qua, anh Tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n 100 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o sang sau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ebfn chu\u1ed9ng, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang sau l\u1ea1i s\u00e0nh s\u00f5i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ngo\u1ea1i vi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft tr\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ngay t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u tay \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra gi\u00e0 d\u1eb7n l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy c\u00f2n ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng in t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch k\u00e8m theo ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u0103ng nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 vid\u00e9o m\u1edf ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, tr\u00e1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat c\u1ea3nh b\u1ebd b\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf n\u01a1i ch\u1ee3 b\u00faa \u00f4 h\u1ee3p. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda\u2026 b\u1ecb d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 hay ch\u1ebft m\u00f2n theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ecf ra c\u00f2n sung s\u1ee9c, ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ea1y kho\u1ebb. \u00d0\u00e2u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng \u1ea5y?<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y th\u1eed \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 L\u1ef1c V\u0103n \u0111o\u00e0n. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, tuy c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt truy\u1ec7n, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf. Chuy\u1ec7n m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0ng d\u00e2u. Chuy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0o \u00e1c b\u00e1. Chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u1ee5c l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Chuy\u1ec7n ho lao th\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e1 l\u1eafm c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tho\u00e1t ly, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u00eam \u1ea3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i qu\u00e1. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng \u0111au bu\u1ed3n s\u01b0\u1edbng vui c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau! Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00eam th\u1eaft, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft phi\u00eau l\u01b0u m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m. S\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, t\u00f9 t\u1ed9i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u1ee5c, v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n l\u1ea1 ho\u1eafc, b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm hoi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o. B\u00e1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00e1o bi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u00e1o l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u1ed1i \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng sai v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m l\u00f4i th\u00f4i, (n\u1ebfu ti\u1ec7n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y s\u1eb5n \u0111\u00fang ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef c\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o) th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u00ec b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. B\u00e1o bi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh eo h\u1eb9p n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u00ec gi\u1edd nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e1y x\u1ebfp trang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 lo cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00ec m\u1eebng l\u1eafm, c\u1eaft d\u00e1n v\u00e0o li\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn hay b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ec5. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c. \u1ede h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5n lo\u00e1t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean do t\u1ed1t cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1i th\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y ch\u1eef qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u IBM x\u1ebfp ch\u1eef r\u1ed3i x\u00fam l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edd m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 \u0111\u00e3 qua. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ebfp ch\u1eef b\u1eb1ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n (phototypesetting) ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 80 l\u00e0m h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thay cho nh\u1eefng trang ch\u1eef in \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ea5u \u201cs\u1eafc huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecfi ng\u00e3\u201d r\u00e2u ria r\u1ed1i m\u1eaft v\u00ec b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng tay. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt desktop l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n ngh\u1ec1 in m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp ch\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 in l\u1ea5y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y computer c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in laser. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i!<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1i \u201cch\u01a1i \u00e9p\u201d anh em c\u1ea7m b\u00fat; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe sport m\u1edbi tinh, x\u0103ng nh\u1edbt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, r\u1ed3i b\u1ea3o: \u00d0\u1ea5y, xe \u0111\u1eddi 89, c\u00f3 gi\u1ecfi ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1edbt coi! Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00e1i th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u1eed. N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i c\u1edb r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba: vi\u1ebft theo l\u1ec7nh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec vi\u1ebft l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba cho S\u1edf Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt (s\u1edf ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t), cho nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u00d0\u1ed3ng Nai, Th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o v\u00ec b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 \u00fd, v\u00ec b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c b\u1ecf, v\u00ec b\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch t\u00f4i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf kho kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00ec vi\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n in g\u00ec th\u00ec in, mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u s\u1edf b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n hay c\u00f4ng ty v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n UPS kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed9i dung \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng leo l\u00ean xe ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi v\u00fat.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfc sport m\u1edbi toanh \u0111\u1eddi 89 \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y h\u1ebft g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nga ho\u1eb7c \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00c2u s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong \u1edf Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd vi\u1ebft h\u0103ng vi\u1ebft hay khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u00e9n v\u00e0 in l\u1eadu, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafc th\u1ecfm ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y. Khi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng, c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 phi nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u2026 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ai m\u00e0ng quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i, ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chung quanh kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd, r\u1ed3i khinh b\u1ec9 quay \u0111i. Solzhenitsyn tr\u1ea3i qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi thu m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t bang Vermont. Kundera ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2m ra khinh b\u1ea1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean xe, do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u1ea5y. Thay v\u00ec t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn h\u1eefu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u01b0u vong ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t, ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00e1i cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu. \u00d0\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat l\u01b0u vong.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, tr\u00e1ng nh\u1ef1a b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9 an t\u00e2m phom phom l\u00e1i xe t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1eafc d\u00e2n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 di c\u01b0 qua \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, qua Hoa K\u1ef3 theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111i \u1ed3 \u1ea1t theo s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ee3t m\u1ed9t tr\u00ean 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng sau 1975; t\u1eeb 1979 l\u1edbp \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00ean t\u1edbi tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ra \u0111i theo qui ch\u1ebf di d\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f9 phong tr\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nguy\u00ean c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y qu\u1ed1c gia sang \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7. Khi c\u1ea7n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng chung ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang ph\u00e2n \u01b0u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 in \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 trang gi\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ebfm ra th\u00ec g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn hai ph\u1ea7n ba s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat c\u0169 Mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp th\u01a1 v\u0103n do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n V\u0103n H\u1eefu in n\u0103m 1982, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n V\u00f5 Phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 90 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 28 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft sau 1975. Trong cu\u1ed1n Th\u01a1 V\u0103n Vi\u1ec7t Nam H\u1ea3i Ngo\u1ea1i do nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n S\u00f4ng Thu in n\u0103m 1985, t\u1eadp 1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 60 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 12 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi. T\u1eadp 2 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 44 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 21 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb 1985 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1edbi g\u1ea1o c\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3 c\u0169 l\u1eabn m\u1edbi th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u201cl\u00ean ti\u1ebfng chung\u201d, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m n\u0103m d\u00e0i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 di t\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng vi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft lai rai. S\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft c\u0169 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Mi\u1ec1n Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 qua h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt Ti\u1ebfn, Duy\u00ean Anh, Th\u1ebf Uy\u00ean, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng, Ph\u1ea1m Qu\u1ed1c B\u1ea3o, Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c, \u00d0\u1eb7ng Ph\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n, \u00d0\u1ecbnh Nguy\u00ean. H\u1ed3 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, Ki\u1ec7t T\u1ea5n, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n S\u00e2m l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft \u00edt, khi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u1edbp c\u1ea7m b\u00fat n\u00e0y gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f2n khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, trong khi l\u1edbp di t\u1ea3n 1975 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 t\u00edn v\u00ec ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, c\u00f2n kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, th\u00e2n th\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m h\u0103m h\u1edf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, chi\u1ebfm qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat n\u1eef, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 30. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i, v\u00ec khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 30, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb. V\u00ec sao v\u1eady? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 nu\u00f4i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ra sao.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t theo \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0, hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 cao nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u00dac ch\u00e2u. T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u00d0\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Nam ti\u1ec3u bang California Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf hai h\u1ea1t Los Angeles v\u00e0 Orange. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 San Jose, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC, Toronto (Canada) , Montr\u00e9al (Canada).. \u1ede \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 Paris, \u1edf \u00dac ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Sydney, bang New South Wale. S\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn lao cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh. B\u01b0u ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o qu\u00e1 cao, s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m xa v\u1eeba m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh v\u1eeba cao gi\u00e1, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh g\u1ea1t b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 in l\u1ea5y s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, in 1.000 cu\u1ed1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. S\u00e1ch ra, g\u00f3i th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf g\u1eedi \u0111i kh\u1eafp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ch t\u1edbi n\u01a1i nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i hai ba th\u00e1ng sau. S\u00e1u th\u00e1ng sau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i \u00e2m cho bi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y hay \u1ebf, v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5. Ch\u1ecbu ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 kh\u1ea3 nghi, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gan l\u1eafm m\u1edbi d\u00e1m th\u1eed l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng lo b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng theo d\u00f2 h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch, th\u00ec l\u1edbp tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 t\u1ea1i Mi\u1ec1n Nam, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc sinh sinh vi\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 30. Qu\u00e1 c\u00e1i tu\u1ed5i \u201ctam th\u1eadp\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u201cl\u1eadp\u201d th\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c. \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1edbp con c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc hay \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u00fa ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 xem TV v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao, h\u1ecdp b\u1ea1n. \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, qu\u00e1 l\u1eafm l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc. \u1ede nh\u1eefng t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb n\u00f3i, nghe, vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc thu g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i trong l\u1edbp tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 30 tr\u1edf l\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1edbp tu\u1ed5i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi theo cha m\u1eb9 di t\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tu\u1ed5i qua n\u1eeda \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft v\u1edbi qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1eeda \u0111\u1eddi sau v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbp tr\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu n\u1eef c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi qua. S\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbp gi\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecf s\u00e1ch v\u00ec m\u1eaft k\u00e9m ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi ch\u00e1n h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb tr\u00e1m v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd xu\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng di d\u00e2n b\u1ecb kh\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, theo d\u00f2 h\u1ecfi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, s\u00e1ch v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh 1.500 b\u1ea3n m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hay kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 500 b\u1ea3n cho th\u01a1. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh du di t\u1eeb 1.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 1.500 b\u1ea3n. Truy\u1ec7n Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Ng\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0103n kh\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay, in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2.000 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i g\u00e2y t\u00f2 m\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c tranh lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, thu\u1ed9c h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Xem con s\u1ed1 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a cao. Ch\u01b0a b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n in, nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n. Cho t\u1edbi nay, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u0103ng nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 cho thu\u00ea b\u0103ng vid\u00e9o.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau s\u00e1ch, t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, cam go \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc; c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n r\u00e1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 do nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i hay Trung Hoa, c\u00f3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u201cb\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d. C\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c v\u00f3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1i mong manh c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00ed von so v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc xe ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m l\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c bi quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e1c ng\u00e0 voi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111u\u1ed1i s\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o thay th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecf s\u00e1ch xu\u1ed1ng mu\u1ed1n qu\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111i th\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua mang theo nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch, in s\u00e1ch, ra b\u00e1o, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t business, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00ecm \u201cc\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u vong. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lo n\u0103m n\u0103m sau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. N\u1ed7i lo \u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9. N\u0103m nay \u2013 1989 \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi quan nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00f3 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u bi quan th\u00ec c\u0169ng lo chuy\u1ec7n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cTh\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21\u201d, B\u1ed9 1, S\u1ed1 1, ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1989)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u201cTh\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21\u201d, B\u1ed9 1, S\u1ed1 1, ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1989)
\nNguy\u1ec5n M\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1c (1940-2012)
\nTh\u00e1ng 11-1985, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc George Mason l\u1ea5y …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":566,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2744,5,30,138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-50-nam-van-hoc-viet-nam-hai-ngoai-1975-2025","category-bien-khao","category-chuyen-de","category-tieu-luan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/566"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102693"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102696,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102693\/revisions\/102696"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}