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<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nH\u00ecnh 3. Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ef3nh, \u201cSuy-t\u01b0 Kh\u1eafc-kh\u1ed5\u201d\/ \u201cThe Absurdity of Visual Thinking<\/i>\u201d, Acrylic and Water Color [dry brush technique], 19 \u201c x 4\u201d. 1985-2025.<\/b><\/p>\n
V\u1eacT HAY S\u1ef0-KI\u1ec6N [reality] TRONG TRI\u1ebeT-H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A W.V. QUINE<\/p>\n
T\u00e1c-gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee3t nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft-gia Quine v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5 t\u00fac quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong khi Kant v\u00e0 Heidegger b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u- bi\u1ebft [cognition] v\u1ec1 V\u1eacT\/ DING th\u00ec Quine suy-t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 V\u1eacT [OBJECT] theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ontological Reality. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1-t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i-gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Quine t\u1ea1i Columbia University, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968.<\/p>\n
Theo Quine \u201cOntology\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u201cCognition\u201d. T\u00ednh- t\u1eeb \u201cOntological\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft\u201d. B\u00e0i-gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Quine l\u00e0: \u201cSpeaking of Objects\u201d Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ontological Reality c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i\u201c hay v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u00ea theo nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c. B\u00e0i-gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Quine g\u1ed3m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n xoay quanh nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i [object] hay v\u1eadt [Ding] nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n
PH\u1ea6N M\u1ed8T<\/p>\n
Th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i [objective] hay v\u1eadt [Ding] say-di\u1ec5n theo ng\u1eef-h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh mi\u00eau-t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n chinh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ecbt b\u00f2 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng [affinity]. C\u00e1i t\u00ean nh\u01b0 TH\u1ece \u0111\u1eb7t cho con th\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y th\u1ecf. M\u1ed7i x\u00e3-h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ean cho th\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi t\u1ecf l\u00e0 Lapin [m] hay Lapine [f], ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi th\u1ecf l\u00e0 Kaninchen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh\/M\u1ef9 g\u1ecdi th\u1ecf l\u00e0 Rabbit. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i x\u00e3-h\u1ed9i k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9-l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi cho th\u1ecf. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5-th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u00edch-th\u1ef1c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i c\u1ee5-th\u1ec3 hay th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 s\u01a1-khai c\u1ee7a \u00fd-th\u1ee9c [cognition\/ ontology]<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh-x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1-v\u1eadt, v\u00ed-d\u1ee5 c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201ccon th\u1ecf\u201d ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o \u201ccon th\u1ecf\u201d ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ecf. Nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1-v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1-v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1-\u0111\u1ecbnh hay t\u1ea5t-\u0111jnh [deterministic] cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu-t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t-ng\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn-thi\u00ean [indeterministic] c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Quantum. Do \u0111\u00f3, Quine \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c-\u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 \u0111inh \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ed9t [warrant] v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft [cognition] c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta [v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1-v\u1eadt\/ Ding, Object].<\/p>\n
Theo Quine, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef-h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e0i [cagey linguist] khi chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef A sang ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef B kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ebfn ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 sang ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef C, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 theo n\u1ed9i-dung [context]. C\u00f4ng-vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef-h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u-tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng-ph\u00e1p theo khoa t\u1eeb-\u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n ra t\u1eeb-\u0111i\u1ec3n ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n-g\u1ed1c, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t-\u00e2m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: TH\u1ece trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, RABBIT trong ti\u1ebfng \u1ea0nh.<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o-s\u0129 Alexandre de Rhodes [\u0110\u1eafc-L\u1ed9] l\u1eafng nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba-ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ghi \u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u1eef bi\u1ec3u-th\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i [object]. Th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u-th\u1ecb r\u1ea5t r\u00f5-r\u00e0ng [obvious illustration], c\u1ee5-th\u1ec3 [physical] c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng [abstract] (Quine, Ontological Reality<\/i>, 1969, p. 1). Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c ch\u1eef th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u [sentences] [Quine, OR, p. 4].<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u00e0 khi chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hay sang ti\u1ebfng Anh ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef trong c\u00e2u [phonenic corespondence] m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec1n theo t\u1ef1-\u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00ed-d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb TH\u1ece sang RABBIT hay t\u1eeb TH\u1ece sang LAPIN ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m v\u00ec \u00e2m TH\u1ece v\u00e0 \u00e2m RABBIT kh\u00e1c nhau. Do l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm trong t\u1ef1-\u0111i\u1ec1n, v\u00ed-d\u1ee5 t\u1ef1-\u0111i\u1ec3n VI\u00caT-ANH \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u201cTh\u1ecf l\u00e0 Rabbit\u201d [xin xem Appendix]<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft Quine c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u2018th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i\u201d [object] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee5-th\u1ec3 [physical]hay tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng [abstract]. Bi\u1ebft v\u1eadt [Ding\/ Object] \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng-phu nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u01a1-c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc Th\u1ef1c- ch\u1ee9ng [Positivism] m\u00e0 Quine l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i-bi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t quan-tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 trong Ph\u1ea7n M\u1ed9t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tham kh\u1ea3o. V\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef. Theo Wittgenstein, ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i. [2.04, 2.063, 4.01]. Nghe hay l\u1eafm. Nh\u01b0ng trong tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein, ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u1ea5u-tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5-th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n-gi\u1ea3n. Trong Tractatus <\/i>tinh-th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc Positivism tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o-khoa cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng-ph\u00e1i Vienna C\u1ec9rcle. N\u1ed9i-dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tractates <\/i>b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh-b\u00e0y t\u01b0-t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3n-d\u1ecb v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo suy-t\u01b0 lu\u1eadn-l\u00fd. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn- \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea9m-m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau [6.421] c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng b\u00e0n t\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n
Trong ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft-lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1n Tractatus <\/i>Wittgenstein c\u00f3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u201cc\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng.\u201d [W. T., 6.54] Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 y\u00ean-l\u1eb7ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy-t\u01b0 hay v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh-c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i-\u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0ng ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1-c\u1ea5u tr\u1eebu-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef n\u00f3i [parole] v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft [\u00e9criture] t\u01b0-duy v\u1eabn \u00e2m-th\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t-\u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 trong th\u00e2n-x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta mong \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef ti\u1ec1m-\u1ea9n \u1ea5y chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
Trong su\u1ed1t ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m Wittgenstein \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1ea1m\u201d vi\u1ebft ra Philosophical Investigations<\/i>, xong n\u0103m 1945, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1953, 1958, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf Tractatus<\/i>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ph\u1ea7n hai c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u00e3n-th\u1ee9c\u201d [Visual Perceptions] l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1. Thay v\u00ec nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1-ki\u1ec7n [object hay Ding] \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y b\u00fat v\u1ebd ra s\u1ef1-ki\u1ec7n y nh\u01b0 khi ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i-th\u00edch v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u00e3n- th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng-h\u1ee3p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00ecn g\u00e0 ho\u00e1 cu\u1ed1c\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c- c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, do \u1ea3nh-h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-gian v\u00e0 \u00e1nh-s\u00e1ng\u2026 Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c-t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea7u con v\u1ecbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u con th\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. [W. PI., p. 194] Cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y hi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft qua \u1ea3o- gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n-th\u1ee9c [the illusionistic views qua Visual Perceptions] ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea3o-gi\u00e1c\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eef \u201c\u1ea3o-gi\u00e1c\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00fang ra \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n quan v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1-ki\u1ec7n hay v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt tho\u00e1ng qua \u2018h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0\u201d [alleged hay likeness], v\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1eeb xa ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t xe \u0111i\u1ec7n [xe l\u1eeda] nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i ngo\u1eb1n noggin di chuy\u1ec3n quanh \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 r\u1eafn l\u01b0\u1ee3n. Ch\u1eef \u201ct\u1ef1a-h\u1ed3\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng-t\u1eeb [similarly] cho n\u00ean \u201cr\u1eafn l\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u-th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e3n-th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i \u201ctr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, hi\u00ean- t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u1ef1a-h\u1ed3\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cconjunction\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c v\u00ed-von hai s\u1ef1- ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n
Wittgenstein ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n-v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf [atomic] do \u0111\u00f3 theo \u00f4ng ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3n-d\u1ecb nh\u01b0: \u201cCho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n g\u1ea1ch \u2026 hai h\u00f2n g\u1ea1ch \u2026\u201d. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u00ed-d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u-tr\u00fac ban-s\u01a1 [premordial, basic, primal] cho tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng chim, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i hay ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba t\u00edch-l\u0169y l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t-tri\u1ec3n theo tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh-c\u1ea3m. Ch\u1eef m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1eef c\u0169 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Wittgenstein b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do chinh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft theo nh\u1eadn-x\u00e9t [remarks] c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t-tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u00fang tinh-th\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc. Cho n\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn-x\u00e9t [remarks] c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft l\u1eadp-ng\u00f4n [\u00e9mettre une hypoth\u00e8se\/ express an opinion]. L\u1eadp-ng\u00f4n hay Didactic [adj.] g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Hy-l\u1ea1p, Didaktic\u00f3s hay La-tin, Diducticus, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0-t\u01b0\u1edfng theo gi\u00e1o-l\u00fd nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh v\u0103n trong \u0110\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c Kinh <\/i>c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o-t\u1eed [Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching<\/i>, 1963, trans. D. C. Lau, Penguin Books] nghe s\u00e2u-s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i ch\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t m\u01a1-h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch-l\u00fd. [Black Max, CWT, and others, 1964, Cornell University, pp. 376-379]. L\u1eadp-ng\u00f4n trong ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cOstention\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cH\u00e0o-nho\u00e1ng\u201d hay \u201cL\u00e0m ra v\u1ebb\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi \u00fd trong Tractatus <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00f9ng-ph\u1ee9c hay \u0111\u1ecbnh-ngh\u0129a v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edbi khi \u0111\u1ecdc Si\u00eau-h\u00ecnh H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn-l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kant v\u00e0 Heidegger.<\/p>\n
Theo Wittgenstein V\u1eadt hay Ding c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong th\u1ebf-gian. \u0110\u00fang th\u1ebf v\u00ec ngay trong c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n Tactattus <\/i>\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cTh\u1ebf-gian l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1-th\u1eadt\u201d. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt [Ding] l\u00e0 g\u00ec trong th\u1ebf- gian? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i V\u1eadt [Ding] bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c-ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng? Xin \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u0169ng c\u00e2u 2.011, 2.0121 2.0122 cho \u0111\u1ebfn 2.014, 2.02, 2.021, 2.023, 2.032, 2.0271, 2.0272.<\/p>\n
\u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cV\u1eadt [Ding] l\u00e0 c\u01a1-c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec7n [Sachverhalt], t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01a1-c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf-gian. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n-gi\u1ea3n hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n-v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf [atomic]. Heidegger nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang \u201cng\u00f4n-ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi change ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u201cnh\u00e1t g\u1eebng\u201d con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng-hu\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay tr\u1ea1ng-hu\u1ed1ng trong l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft hay hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng-gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi-gian trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c-ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7-thu\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u01a1, v\u0103n, \u0111\u00e0n, tranh, \u0111i\u00eau-kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn-tr\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng! Ch\u00fang ta b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c li\u00ean-t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng-gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi-gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ed-d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ecdc hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i-Gi\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n
Li\u1ec5u ban s\u01a1, h\u1ea1nh ng\u00e2n d\u00e0i, C\u1ed5ng s\u00f4 c\u00f2n v\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u T\u00e0i-t\u1eed qua.<\/i><\/p>\n
<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n| \n Li\u1ec5u ban s\u01a1<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m uy\u00ean-nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi-gian<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | <\/td>\n | \n h\u1ea1nh ng\u00e2n d\u00e0<\/i>i<\/p>\n \u1ea8n-d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u00e2m-thanh trong kh\u00f4ng-gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi-gian<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n |
\n| \n C\u1ed5ng s\u00f4 c\u00f2n v\u1ecdng<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m trong kh\u00f4ng-gian<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n <\/i><\/p>\n [k\u1ebft v\u1edbi<\/i>]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n | \n \u0111i\u1ec7u T\u00e0i-t\u1eed qua<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u1eddi-gian v\u00e0 \u00e2m-thanh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi T\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kh\u00f4n.g-gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi-gian \u1edf hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 tr\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1ng trong kh\u00f4ng-gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi-gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u1ecdc hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean-t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i-th\u00f4ng. Chinh h\u1ed9i-th\u00f4ng g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m-x\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n D\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp-\u00fd c\u1ee7a John Venn, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf-gian t\u1ee9c ti\u1ec3u v\u0169-tr\u1ee5 lMicrocosm] m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean li\u00ean-k\u1ebft th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh [ego] hay A v\u1edbi th\u1ebf-gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i [others] hay B. G\u1ecdi A l\u00e0 hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 B l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh-dung ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ti\u1ec3u v\u0169-tr\u1ee5 trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n A v\u00e0 B h\u1ed9i-th\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng-gian F. F c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u1ed9i-th\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng AB change bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u01a1n-v\u1ecb uy\u00ean-nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n ![\"clip_image012\"](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/clip_image012_thumb-1.jpg\" "\\"clip_image012\\"") <\/a><\/p>\n
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<\/strong><\/p>\nAPPENDIX<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed-d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i-dung.<\/b><\/p>\n THE PRE-ONTOLOGY OF THE CONCEPT OF THING\/DING IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT AND HEIDEGGER.<\/p>\n Since Kant and then with Heidegger, the cognitive thinking of THING\/DING heralds new concepts as of yet these two philosophers investigate such issue quite differently. Kant\u2019s Critique of Pure Reaso<\/i>n is prone to scientific approaches. In chapter 3 of this book the theme Ding-an-Sich sets for pre-requisite conditions that the pure understanding of THING should come directly from THING not from personal experience of THING lest subjective opinion meanwhile THING is continuously subject to change [constitutive a priori<\/i>].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ding-an-Sich c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u00fd-th\u1ee9c trong l\u1ecbch-s\u1eed Tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc theo tinh-th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh Si\u00eau-h\u00ecnh (Metaphysics). Trong khi \u1ea5y, l\u1ea1 thay, \u00fd- ni\u1ec7m v\u00ea V\u1eadt (Ding) c\u1ee7a Heidegger l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u Th\u1ef1c-ti\u1ec5n (Pragmatisn) nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Heidegger lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u1edbi \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n-t\u1ea3ng Si\u00eau-h\u00ecnh H\u1ecdc (Metaphysics)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1777,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[380,152,24,9,183],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chuyen-luan","category-hoc-thuat","category-ly-luan","category-nghien-cuu","category-nhan-van"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1777"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102677"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102684,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102677\/revisions\/102684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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![\"clip_image003\"](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/clip_image003.jpg\" "\\"clip_image003\\"")
<\/a><\/td>\n![\"clip_image004\"](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/clip_image004.jpg\" "\\"clip_image004\\"")
<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n![<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nVenn\u2019s Diagram<\/b><\/p>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n[C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp] <\/b><\/p>\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/strong><\/p>\nAPPENDIX<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed-d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u1ea5n-\u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i-dung.<\/b><\/p>\nTHE PRE-ONTOLOGY OF THE CONCEPT OF THING\/DING IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT AND HEIDEGGER.<\/p>\nSince Kant and then with Heidegger, the cognitive thinking of THING\/DING heralds new concepts as of yet these two philosophers investigate such issue quite differently. Kant\u2019s Critique of Pure Reaso<\/i>n is prone to scientific approaches. In chapter 3 of this book the theme Ding-an-Sich sets for pre-requisite conditions that the pure understanding of THING should come directly from THING not from personal experience of THING lest subjective opinion meanwhile THING is continuously subject to change [constitutive a priori<\/i>].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ding-an-Sich c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 \u00fd-th\u1ee9c trong l\u1ecbch-s\u1eed Tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc theo tinh-th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh Si\u00eau-h\u00ecnh (Metaphysics). Trong khi \u1ea5y, l\u1ea1 thay, \u00fd- ni\u1ec7m v\u00ea V\u1eadt (Ding) c\u1ee7a Heidegger l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u Th\u1ef1c-ti\u1ec5n (Pragmatisn) nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n tri\u1ebft-h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Heidegger lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u1edbi \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n-t\u1ea3ng Si\u00eau-h\u00ecnh H\u1ecdc (Metaphysics)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1777,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[380,152,24,9,183],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chuyen-luan","category-hoc-thuat","category-ly-luan","category-nghien-cuu","category-nhan-van"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1777"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102677"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102684,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102677\/revisions\/102684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/clip_image012-1.jpg\"){kind=link}