{"id":102461,"date":"2025-02-27T06:01:59","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T06:01:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=102461"},"modified":"2025-02-26T19:11:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-26T19:11:32","slug":"lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-10-vua-gia-long-va-giam-muc-ba-da-loc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/102461\/lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-10-vua-gia-long-va-giam-muc-ba-da-loc","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef – Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 – Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>

Vua Gia Long<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra, tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c l\u1edbn: Th\u00e1ng 7-1789, trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 long tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, c\u1eadu b\u00e9 ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cha l\u00e0m vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u1edbi vua v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c bi\u1ebft: \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c Th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n b\u00e3i l\u1ec7nh \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n, ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1774: k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1789, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 <\/em><\/strong>sau khi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y (tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111i k\u00e8m) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, t\u1eeb Gia Long sang Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i s\u1eed gia thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t: Gia Long v\u00ec nh\u1edb \u01a1n B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u00f4ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do<\/em>. S\u1eed gia Charles Gosselin c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Gia Long s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u00abb\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb cho Ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 t\u1ecf \u00fd nu\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ecb vua \u00abv\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u00bb n\u00e0y: n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u00abngu xu\u1ea9n\u00bb, th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00abgi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 cao qu\u00fd\u00bb c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u00abgi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00bb B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam.<\/a>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Gia Long hay kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, trong 160 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (1615) t\u1edbi khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0 (1775).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u00dd v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1615, tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi: ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean (1613-1635), ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan (1635-1648), ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n (1648-1687), ch\u00faa Ngh\u0129a Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u0103n (1687-1691), Qu\u1ed1c ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Chu (1691-1725), \u0110\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u00fa (1725-1738), V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Kho\u00e1t (1738-1765) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n (1765-1777), vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 sau \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

Francesco Buzomi<\/em> (\u00dd), khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (1615) v\u1edbi Francesco de Pina <\/em>(B\u1ed3, 1617) v\u00e0 Cristoforo Borri<\/em> (\u00dd, 1618). Buzomi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1639, khi ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 Macao.<\/p>\n

Alexandre de Rhodes<\/em> (\u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1624, ra \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1627, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 Macao trong 10 n\u0103m). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1640 \u0111\u1ebfn 1645, tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn 1645 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n. V\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Roma n\u0103m1649, de Rhodes in c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7c \u00abgi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o\u00bb \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 \u00ab\u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i\u00bb c\u1ee7a Tam gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 xin T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh cho Ph\u00e1p\u00a0 thay th\u1ebf B\u1ed3 trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1.<\/p>\n

H\u00e8 1657, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n B\u1ed3 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi Roma. N\u0103m sau, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexandre VII duy\u1ec7t y k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a de Rhodes: Ng\u00e0y 27-8-1658, ra l\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf B\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u1ea5n phong ba \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a Ph\u00e1p: Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu (\u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte (\u0110\u00e0ng Trong) v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Cotolendi (Nam Kinh), nh\u01b0ng Pallu kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long, Cotolendi qua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o sau \u0111\u00e2y thay phi\u00ean nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte (1658-1679), Linh m\u1ee5c Mahot v\u00e0 de Courtaulin (1679-1682), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Mahot (1682-1684), Linh m\u1ee5c Labb\u00e9 v\u00e0 Forget (1684-1691) \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c P\u00e9rez (1687-1728), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Alexandre de Alexandris (1728-1738), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c de la Baume, Kh\u00e2m sai tu\u1ea7n duy\u1ec7t (Visiteur apostolique) (1737-1741), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lef\u00e8bvre (1741-1760), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Piguel (1760-1771), Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pigneaux de Behaine t\u1ee9c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c (1775-1799).<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u0103m 1664, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c (1657-1682) ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>c\u1ee7a Vatican truy\u1ec1n \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1645. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh C\u0103n (1682-1709), Tr\u1ecbnh C\u01b0\u01a1ng (1709-1729), Tr\u1ecbnh Giang (1729-1740), Tr\u1ecbnh Doanh (1740-1767), Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m (1767-1782), Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00e1n (l\u00e0m ch\u00faa 2 th\u00e1ng), Tr\u1ecbnh Kh\u1ea3i (1783-1786), kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 B\u00f9i Chu, Ph\u00e1t Di\u1ec7m… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i: Pallu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Fran\u00e7ois Deydier v\u00e0o l\u1ecdt t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1666, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Jacques de Bourges. N\u0103m 1693, Deydier m\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, de Bourges ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1714. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Belot ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i (1714-1717).<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 <\/em>c\u1ee7a Launay c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a quan T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1694<\/a>[2]<\/a> v\u00e0 Launay d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u0103m 1717, khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Belot qua \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n La Cochinchine religieuse <\/em>(\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Louvet kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc, cho n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, sau d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1664 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/p>\n

1- N\u0103m 1639 ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan (1635-1648) tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 Macao.<\/p>\n

2- N\u0103m 1649, Alexandre de Rhodes tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Roma, vi\u1ebft ba l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ea7u xin Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Ba l\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c T\u1ef1a<\/em> ba cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft vinh hi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9<\/em> v\u00e0 Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/em>c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Tam gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y x\u00e1c m\u1eb9 cha v\u00e0 c\u00fang gi\u1ed7 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c de Rhodes b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t ra<\/em> c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam \u00abx\u1eed t\u1eed\u00bb th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean Andr\u00e9 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u00abth\u00e1nh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u00bb \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

3-N\u0103m 1670, th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng L\u1eef Y \u0110oan c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u01a1 N\u00f4m S\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n ca<\/em>, b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh<\/em> vi\u1ebft theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

4- N\u0103m 1675, ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n (1648-1687) cho ph\u00e9p Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

5- N\u0103m 1690, ch\u00faa Ngh\u0129a Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u0103n (1687-1691) ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1eaft gao, n\u00ean t\u1eeb 1690 \u0111\u1ebfn 1750, \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n

6- N\u0103m 1731, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Alexandre de Alexandris (1728-1738) ra l\u1ec7nh t\u1ecbch thu S\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n ca<\/em> c\u1ee7a L\u1eef Y \u0110oan. Alexandris ch\u1ebft r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng. Launay vi\u1ebft: \u00abC\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Alexandris g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3n, h\u1ee1i \u00f4i! \u0111\u1ed3n g\u00ec! Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n x\u1ea7m x\u00ec… Th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ebft c\u1ee9ng trong gi\u01b0\u1eddng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ch\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8n tr\u1ed1ng<\/a>[4]<\/strong><\/a>.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

7- N\u0103m 1750, V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Kho\u00e1t (1738-1765) ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u1ecf t\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

8- Ng\u00e0y 22-4-1774, \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n (1765-1777) k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1749 v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

9- Sau l\u1ec7nh \u00e2n x\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e1ng 9-1774, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i Nam H\u00e0 (t\u1ee9c \u0110\u00e0ng Trong), \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y 12-3-1775.<\/p>\n

10- N\u0103m 1777, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 di\u1ec7t ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, gi\u1ebft T\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh V\u01b0\u01a1ng (19-9-1777), gi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n (18-10-1777). M\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh m\u1ee5c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap. B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh.<\/p>\n

11- N\u0103m 1783, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh g\u1eedi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh cho B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c sang Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

12- Th\u00e1ng 1-1789, Vua Quang Trung\u00a0 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Thanh.<\/p>\n

13- Th\u00e1ng 7-1789, C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y sang Anh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ed1n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eeba sai \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

14- Th\u00e1ng 7-1789, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4.<\/p>\n

15- Th\u00e1ng 5-1802, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Gia Long. N\u0103m 1804, \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

16- N\u0103m 1804, Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

\u00abTa c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai; c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ta t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ta s\u1ebd g\u1eedi h\u1ecd \u0111i d\u00f2 th\u00e1m t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o ch\u00f9ng s\u1ebd che ch\u1edf cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ta. B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf Rome n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u1edf Paris<\/em><\/a>[5]<\/a>.\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 do th\u00e1m v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pierre Pigneaux (ho\u1eb7c Pigneau) de B\u00e9haine t\u1ee9c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, sinh ng\u00e0y 2-11-1741 t\u1ea1i Origny en Thi\u00e9rache (Aisne) Ph\u00e1p. H\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Laon, r\u1ed3i Paris. Gia nh\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris n\u0103m 1765. T\u1edbi Pondich\u00e9ry (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) th\u00e1ng 9-1772, d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n Saints-Angers. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1774, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1nh Mathias, th\u1ecd ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Adran t\u1ea1i Madras (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). Ng\u00e0y 22-4-1774, \u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu\u1ea7n (1765-1777) k\u00fd s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb t\u00f9, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i Nam H\u00e0 (\u0110\u00e0ng Trong). Ng\u00e0y 16-9-1774, \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Macao, ch\u1edd l\u1ec7nh \u0111i Nam H\u00e0 v\u00e0 cho in cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> (Cat\u00e9chisme)<\/a>[6]<\/strong><\/a>. <\/em>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb khi V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng ban h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u0103m 1750, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u1edf Nam H\u00e0 (Vicaire apstolique en Cochinchine).<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho cha m\u1eb9 t\u1eeb Macao ng\u00e0y 14-12-1774, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c cho bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd:<\/p>\n

Macao ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1774,<\/em><\/p>\n

Con t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 9 v\u1eeba qua, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd con s\u1ebd \u0111i <\/em>[Nam H\u00e0] trong th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y <\/em>[Macao] v\u1eabn \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua B\u1ed3, con \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y con h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p hai b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh \u1edf Macao, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Y Pha Nho, v\u1eeba t\u1eeb Nam H\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u vui m\u1eebng v\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 ba gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/em><\/p>\n

Con v\u1eeba cho in m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Nam H\u00e0<\/strong> (un cath\u00e9chisme en langue cochinchinoise) <\/em>[Trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 1, trang 9, Launay ghi r\u1eb1ng: \u00abT\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (caract\u00e8res chinois) 1+4+1+63 trang. Trang \u0111\u1ea7u in huy hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pigneaux (\u2026) B\u00e0i T\u1ef1a ghi ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u0103m 1774 do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c k\u00fd t\u00ean. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y in \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u1edf cu\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch.\u00bb]. Th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng con c\u00f3 4 linh m\u1ee5c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, 8 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nam H\u00e0, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cam-b\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb 28 \u0111\u1ebfn 40 tu\u1ed5i.<\/em><\/p>\n

Con s\u1ebd phong ch\u1ee9c th\u00eam cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa khi \u0111\u1ebfn Cam-b\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi h\u1ecd \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf Cam-b\u1ed1t v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0, c\u00f3 5 linh m\u1ee5c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, 5 linh m\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha, m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00dd, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam H\u00e0, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111em theo, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n <\/em>[tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o] g\u1ed3m 40 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/em><\/p>\n

Con c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Cam-b\u1ed1t, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>[Ch\u00faa] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n n\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n. \u1ede Nam H\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u con g\u00e1i s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 <\/em>[c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o]; nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 22 n\u0103m nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00faa <\/em>[\u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng] v\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, con tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u con s\u1ebd h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0169<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean <\/em>[M\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con (\u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 trong tay ba t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean) v\u00e0 v\u1eeba t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1o ta, sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> b\u00e1o cho con bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1edd con \u0111\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc con \u0111\u00e3 quen bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng ta, con \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n con l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u cho \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong mi\u1ec1n<\/em>. \u1ede Cam-b\u1ed1t v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100.000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/em>“<\/a>[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 12-3-1775, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn Can Cao (H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean) t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m H\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea5t<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 8-6-1775, g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai (Directeurs du s\u00e9minaire des ME [Missions Etrang\u00e8res]), B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft sau (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft):<\/p>\n

\u00abT\u00f4i r\u1eddi Maccao ng\u00e0y 28-2-1775, l\u00fac 10 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn 3 gi\u1edd khuya ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 v\u00ec bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 1-3, l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed3m 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. R\u1ea5t v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3… G\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f3ng b\u00e3o… Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 11, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Bassac (Ba Th\u1eafc, C\u00e0 Mau) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng Grenier \u0111em t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 ra \u0111\u00f3n. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau \u0111\u1ebfn Can cao (H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean <\/em>[M\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9] v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n. Sau m\u1ea5y bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebfu h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i Cam-b\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd s\u1edbm tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y…<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n r\u1eddi H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau v\u00e0 t\u1edbi kinh \u0111\u00f4 Cam-b\u1ed1t n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3…<\/em><\/p>\n

Theo nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Nam H\u00e0, th\u00ec kinh \u0111\u00f4 <\/em>[Hu\u1ebf] \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc <\/em>[Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac] x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm… Ch\u00faa <\/em>[\u0110\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng] \u0111ang \u0111i tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Cam-b\u1ed1t. T\u00f4i \u00a0\u0111\u1ee3i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nam H\u00e0, \u0111i th\u0103m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb 26 n\u0103m nay gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o<\/strong><\/em><\/a>[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 13-6-1775, t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Cam-b\u1ed1t g\u1eedi cha m\u1eb9, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111\u00f4 Cam-b\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y 13-6-1755,<\/em><\/p>\n

Con t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y (Cam-b\u1ed1t) kho\u1ea3ng trung tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng ba v\u1eeba qua, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu…<\/em><\/p>\n

Con v\u1eeba g\u1eedi ba gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf mi\u1ec1n cao nguy\u00ean, con gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi con. Khi t\u1edbi n\u01a1i con th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kho\u1ea3ng 1000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh con, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n <\/em>[ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng] h\u0103ng h\u00e1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

Con kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf Nam H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c…<\/em><\/a>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c r\u1eddi Macao ng\u00e0y 1-3-1775, 11 ng\u00e0y sau t\u1edbi C\u00e0 Mau (22-3-1775) ng\u00e0y 23-3-1775 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea5t (thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean), \u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i \u0111i Cam-b\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Nam H\u00e0, l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng to\u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn tranh (v\u1edbi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, cho n\u00ean, trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111i v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa Nam Vang v\u00e0 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh. N\u0103m 1777, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh g\u1eb7p B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1783, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh trao Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, ba tu\u1ed5i, cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a sang Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n. Th\u00e1ng 7-1789, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, x\u1ea9y ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng: Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed 9 tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/a>[11]<\/a>, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>do ai vi\u1ebft?<\/strong><\/p>\n

1-Cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng <\/em>m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c cho in khi \u0111\u1ebfn Macao n\u0103m 1774, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ghi trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho cha m\u1eb9 t\u1eeb Macao (14-12-1774) r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng<\/em> ch\u1eef Nam H\u00e0 <\/em><\/strong>(un cath\u00e9chisme en langue cochinchinoise)<\/em> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/strong>, nh\u01b0ng Launay cho bi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ghi trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1, trang 9, l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2- Launay c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft: T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai c\u00f3 ba b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o <\/strong>c\u1ee7a Pigneaux, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n Cat\u00e9chisme cochinchinois (Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Nam H\u00e0), <\/em>\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00abGi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pigneaux so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1774, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc <\/strong>(en annamite lettr\u00e9). S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u1ed5: 0,152x 0,097, 82 trang.\u00bb<\/em><\/a>[12]<\/a> C\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m (en annamite lettr\u00e9)<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u sao, li\u1ec1n sau nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef en annamite lettr\u00e9, <\/em>Launay l\u1ea1i m\u1edf ngo\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft th\u00eam b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef \u00ab\u00e9criture dite qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef\u00bb<\/em> (ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>). L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y sai, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec annamite lettr\u00e9,<\/em> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc,<\/em> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/em> (ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/em>) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o s\u00e1ch Cat\u00e9chisme cochinchinois <\/em>n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> m\u00e0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c cho in khi \u1edf Macao n\u0103m 1774, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Launay n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1, trang 9, \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u00ec Launay m\u1edf ngo\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch annamite lettr\u00e9 <\/em>l\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef,<\/em> khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef <\/em>v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1774<\/strong>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, trong khi ch\u00ednh Launay \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/em> v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1, trang 9.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1993, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung vi\u1ebft: \u00abTh\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o y\u1ebfu l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (1774, t\u1ef1a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1eef N\u00f4m) c\u1ee7a Pigneau de B\u00e9haine<\/em>\u00bb<\/a>[13]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Launay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m<\/em>, b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, k\u00fd t\u00ean B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khi \u0111\u1ebfn Macao n\u0103m 1774, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c cho in s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em><\/strong> b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m <\/strong>(kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef) v\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u00fd t\u00ean b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y do c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/em> trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, n\u0103m 1774, ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e9haine (1772\/1773)<\/em> do ai so\u1ea1n?<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd <\/em><\/strong>do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cho in n\u0103m 1838, \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, trang \u0111\u1ea7u ghi T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e9haine (1772\/1773)<\/em><\/strong>, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1- N\u0103m 1772 v\u00e0 1773, Pigneaux de B\u00e9haine t\u1ee9c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o ghi \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1772 v\u00e0 1773, khi \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2- Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, t\u1eadp <\/em>III, Launay cho bi\u1ebft: T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai c\u00f3 ba b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pigneaux; ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n Cat\u00e9chisme cochinchinois, <\/em>v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 2 cu\u1ed1n:<\/p>\n

– Dictionarium anamitico-latinum<\/em> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Adran (Pigneaux) kh\u1ed5 0,345×0,240, 732 trang (64+4+664).<\/p>\n

– Dictionnaire chinois-annamite-latin<\/em> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Adran, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, kh\u1ed5 0,285×0,190, 906 trang (852+16+38).<\/a>[14]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Launay vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 in:<\/em><\/p>\n

– Le Cat\u00e9chisme nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i <\/em>[Launay] \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf trang 9<\/em>.<\/p>\n

– Dictionarium anamitico-latinum c\u1ee7a Adran, Taberd in n\u0103m 1838<\/em>.<\/a>[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1n Dictionarium anamitico-latinum<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Launay nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn hai l\u1ea7n, trong ph\u1ea7n \u00abb\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o\u00bb<\/em> v\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea7n \u00abs\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 in\u00bb, <\/em>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ghi l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Pigneaux de B\u00e9haine (1772\/1773<\/em>).<\/p>\n

3- M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong B\u1ea3n ch\u00fac th\u01b0<\/em> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c<\/em> (Testament de Mgr Pigneaux) <\/em>r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, do linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft tay \u1edf Qui Nh\u01a1n<\/a>[16]<\/a>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00e0o n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o<\/em> cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c so\u1ea1n, <\/em><\/strong>\u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, cho ai, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o, t\u1ea5m kh\u0103n, m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i, t\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb Vua, quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong ch\u00fac th\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd:<\/p>\n

– T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch<\/em> [c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng] s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9<\/a>[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ee9c \u00d4ng t\u1eb7ng Vua b\u1ed9 b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed1n B\u00e1ch Khoa To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/em><\/a>[18]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

– C\u00f2n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/em>, \u0110\u1ee9c \u00d4ng chuy\u1ec3n cho Tr\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c [Liot hay Labartette] \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1edf Gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9<\/a>[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ee9c \u00d4ng d\u1eb7n \u00f4ng Le Labrousse, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1edb cho T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft \u0110\u1ee9c \u00d4ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi h\u00e0i cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi<\/a>[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Pigneaux de B\u00e9haine (1772-1773<\/em>) m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, <\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do Pigneaux de B\u00e9haine l\u00e0m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong th\u1eddi gian 1772-1773, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pigneaux ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng ghi trong ch\u00fac th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em> n\u00e0o do \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Taberd ghi l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Pigneaux de B\u00e9haine (1772\/1773<\/em>), l\u00e0 do linh m\u1ee5c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi \u1ea5y, r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1eadn Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Vua Gia Long, so\u1ea1n ra. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u1edbi th\u1eeba sai. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Taberd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y trong t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u00abcho r\u1eb1ng\u00bb B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1772\/1773, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1772-1773, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh c\u1edd, sau \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u00abT\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n mang t\u00ean Pigneau <\/em>[Pigneaux] de B\u00e9haine hay Taberd, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u00fa nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 do Linh m\u1ee5c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 Phan V\u0103n Minh\u00bb.<\/a>[21]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Taberd so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ki\u00eam nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, l\u00e0 Linh m\u1ee5c Philippe Phan V\u0103n Minh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Phi N\u0103ng t\u1eadp<\/em>, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp bi\u00ean t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i.\u00a0<\/p>\n

B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a Nam H\u00e0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, ng\u00e0y 8-6-1775, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c cho bi\u1ebft: \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Macao ng\u00e0y 28-2-1775, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1-3-1775 m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed3m 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u00e0y 11-3-1775, \u0111\u1ebfn Bassac (Ba Th\u1eafc, thu\u1ed9c C\u00e0 Mau); ng\u00e0y 12-3-1775 \u0111\u1ebfn Can Cao (H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean), t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean [M\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean T\u1ee9] c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c con, \u0111\u1ec1u theo \u0111\u1ea1o, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i r\u1ea5t t\u1eed t\u1ebf, c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng \u0111i Cam-b\u1ed1t, v\u1eabn trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: “T\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t Nam H\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111i kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh m\u00e0 t\u1eeb 26 n\u0103m nay, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c<\/em>“<\/a>[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1749, V\u00f5 V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t h\u1ebft, Nam H\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c trong 26 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ebfn khi B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 10-7-1778 cho b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Steiner, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng quen th\u00e2n v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a Nam H\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

“Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho t\u00f4i hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129. N\u1ebfu d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u <\/em>[gi\u00e1o s\u0129] h\u01a1n n\u1eefa; b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i quen th\u00e2n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng <\/em>[Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh] s\u1ebd l\u00ean tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Xin h\u00e3y c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a Nam H\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y<\/strong><\/em>.”<\/a>[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n th\u01b0 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c: \u00f4ng c\u1ea7u mong nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00f4ng quen th\u00e2n v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh t\u1ee9c Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, vi\u1ec7c Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a Nam H\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. <\/em>Cho n\u00ean, khi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh nh\u1edd \u00f4ng \u0111em Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh sang Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp may ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n

– \u00d4ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 theo phong c\u00e1ch Gia-T\u00f4. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed s\u1ebd k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p vua cha, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9ng \u01b0\u1edbc: Gia-T\u00f4 ho\u00e1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Nam H\u00e0.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u1ed4ng s\u1ebd k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n Nam H\u00e0 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh: H\u1ed9i An, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, C\u00f9 Lao Ch\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 8) v\u00e0 C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o (\u0110i\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 10) n\u1ebfu Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u binh sang \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00fap<\/a>[24]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfm Nam H\u00e0. Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i Alexandre de Rhodes t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh Gia-T\u00f4 ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris.<\/p>\n

Khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh sang Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb di\u1ec5n ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, vua Louis XVI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd, kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n 1787, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd<\/a>[25]<\/a>. May thay, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i tr\u00fang \u00fd Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p n\u1eefa, n\u00ean vua kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eadn v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c vui m\u1eebng khi \u0111\u00f3n con v\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng Gia-T\u00f4 ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1 Nam H\u00e0<\/em> c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea1i sao? Xin tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eedi con cho B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 8-1783, b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft g\u1eaft gao, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi con trai \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, 3 tu\u1ed5i, cho Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00f3 v\u1ec7 u\u00fd Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Nh\u01a1n v\u00e0 cai c\u01a1 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Li\u00eam, \u0111i Ch\u00e2n B\u00f4n (Chantabun), Xi\u00eam La. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n, s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2-1785, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1 tan 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam do Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh m\u1edbi th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111em ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh sang Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

T\u1edbi Pondich\u00e9ry, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111i Ph\u00e1p, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 cho ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Nh\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Li\u00eam v\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb<\/a>[26]<\/a> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, c\u00f9ng b\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u, l\u00ean t\u1ea7u sang Ph\u00e1p, th\u00e1ng 7-1786.<\/p>\n

Ba n\u0103m sau, th\u00e1ng 7-1789, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, C\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ch\u00edn<\/a>[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed trong 6 n\u0103m <\/em>(1783-1789) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o nho h\u1ecdc b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, khi C\u1ea3nh k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p cha, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua catholique, <\/em>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1i sao?<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, x\u1ea9y ra ba ng\u00e0y sau khi ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa, \u0111\u01b0a vua Gia Long t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Ho\u00e0ng T\u1eed C\u1ea3nh<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y “qu\u1ef7”<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 13-12-1790 g\u1eedi \u00f4ng…<\/a>[28]<\/a>, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Paris, \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed sau khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 Le Labrousse k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

“N\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xin \u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu, khi v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ba ng\u00e0y sau khi t\u1edbi n\u01a1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n.<\/em> Vua, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 theo t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c d\u1ecb \u0111oan n\u00e0y. Sau khi vua v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ec5 xong, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. B\u00e0 m\u1eb9 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao con kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ai b\u1ea3o con nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ea3o con h\u1ebft; l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m con l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3: l\u00e0m sao m\u1eb9 b\u1eaft con l\u1ea1y qu\u1ef7<\/strong>?”<\/em><\/a>[29]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00fam l\u1ea1i khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o d\u1ed7 d\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n thua g\u00ec, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh t\u00e1t con ba, b\u1ed1n c\u00e1i. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3c. Vua l\u00e0m thinh. C\u00e1c quan n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nhau: “Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o”. <\/em>B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd vua m\u1edbi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng: “Kh\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng Th\u1ea7y <\/em>[B\u00e1 \u0110\u00e1 L\u1ed9c] n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. Ta tin \u00f4ng \u1ea5y gi\u1eef l\u1eddi<\/em>“<\/a>[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trang sau, Le Labrousse k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n

“Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u1edf trong cung. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m b\u00e0 \u0111i v\u1eafng. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed l\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c v\u1ebd th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt. Ho\u00e0ng H\u1eadu v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft ngay l\u00e0 ai l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 g\u1ecdi con l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi: “T\u1ea1i sao con b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng?”. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “Th\u01b0a m\u1eb9, \u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, con c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1ec1. Con th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ebd l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Con th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, thi\u1ebfu, n\u00ean con th\u00eam v\u00e0o. M\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f2n tr\u00e1t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ea1i sao m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf?”. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00f4i <\/em>[Le Labrousse] nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, khi d\u1ea1o ch\u01a1i \u1edf Pondich\u00e9ry, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecb \u0111oan <\/em>[t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt] b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e9m v\u00e0o. May m\u00e0 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ee1<\/em><\/a>[31]<\/a>.”<\/p>\n

V\u1eabn trong th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, Le Labrousse k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecb c\u00e1c quan ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c b\u00e8n t\u00e2u vua kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n m\u1edbi ra th\u0103m \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 khi g\u1eb7p, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c than v\u00e3n:<\/p>\n

“Con kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vua, ngay ng\u00e0y mai, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, con xin tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p; con \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c con tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/em>“.<\/a>[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ba m\u1ea9u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y do linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u1eadu b\u00e9 9, tu\u1ed5i, sau 6 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 theo s\u00e1t t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u: ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt,<\/em> coi linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ma qu\u1ef7<\/em>! V\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a: khi l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua s\u1ebd Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t<\/em>!<\/p>\n

H\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f2n nh\u1edb, n\u0103m 1622, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Critoforo Borri c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong k\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/a>[33]<\/a>, chuy\u1ec7n b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 quan \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u1edf C\u0103m-b\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb n\u1eef sau khi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc con m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Borri v\u00e0 Buzomi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, cha Buzomi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Nay, linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu b\u00e9 C\u1ea3nh, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n: Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v\u00ec coi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u1ef7<\/em>. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1t ph\u00e2n b\u00f2 l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 hai n\u0103m sau, trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft cho linh m\u1ee5c Grinne th\u00e1ng 6-1792<\/a>[34]<\/a>, linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf v\u1ebb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n

“Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i”.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao? \u00d4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 13-12-1790, v\u1eeba tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp: sau vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u l\u00ean tr\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129.<\/p>\n

Trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn theo l\u1eddi Le Labrousse (xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft), Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd:<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em> v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa.<\/em> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i duy nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan trong tri\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

“Ta c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Th\u1ea7y, kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u0103n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ea7y tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00fang gi\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u00f4 l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng; l\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

“N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m con chi\u00ean th\u1edd c\u00fang, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Vua quay l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed: “Con c\u00f3 nghe l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n

“Th\u1ea7y n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ta, ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5”<\/em><\/a>[35]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Le Labrousse k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i <\/em>[c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129] \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 Rome v\u00e0 Sorbonne <\/em>[xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean] nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y kh\u00f4ng \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin th\u00eam. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 “\u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba” con v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/em> ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00e9p \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y \u0111\u00e3, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1y.<\/em> [\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y Le Labrouse vi\u1ebft sai: Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecfi Paris v\u00e0 Rome nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ecfi, theo th\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y].<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd, v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p. “Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eef im l\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u1eefa v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed h\u1ecfi g\u00ec, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau g\u00ec, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1y<\/em>“<\/a>[36]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng vua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea7y, trao ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t <\/em>[\u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u1ee9c Si\u00eau, Ng\u00f4 T\u00f2ng Ch\u00e2u, Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Nh\u01a1n…], th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng (\u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 ng\u00e0y) C\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u1ea7y c\u0169 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, \u1edf v\u1edbi \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/em><\/a>[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u1edbi vua<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c b\u1ecb tri\u1ec7u l\u00ean gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc vua v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u00fang l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u01a1 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho n\u0103m 1789, m\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em>, \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac qua \u0111\u1eddi. L\u00e1 th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft cho linh m\u1ee5c Letondal, qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee7 tu vi\u1ec7n Macao, ng\u00e0y 17-8-1789, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u (xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft):<\/p>\n

“Ngay sau ng\u00e0y ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i v\u1edbi vua v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Vua t\u1ecf v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a con \u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng: “Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p con chi\u00ean qu\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean”<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

“Th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y Ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, bi\u1ebft th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/em>.”<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi vua r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa c\u0169ng coi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb \u01a1n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o tin r\u1eb1ng linh h\u1ed3n cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt c\u1ed7 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con, qua ph\u01b0<\/em>\u01a1ng t\u1ecb\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi gi\u00e0u sang, s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean g\u00ec m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf.<\/em>“<\/p>\n

Vua ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng: “Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7y. Ta th\u1eeba bi\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang gi\u1ed7 cha m\u1eb9, nh\u01b0ng ta coi l\u1ec5 gi\u1ed7 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, vua n\u00f3i th\u00eam: “Khi d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 gi\u1ed7, ta t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7:<\/em> “N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00fang y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, ta mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ta l\u00e0m, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 khi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec cho c\u00e1c c\u1ee5 l\u1eabn cho ta, nh\u01b0ng ta mu\u1ed1n t\u1ecf cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 ta mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n noi theo t\u00ecnh quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m con …”<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi vua r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/em>[…] Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, cho \u0103n c\u1ed7 trong t\u00e1m, m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y, l\u00e0m qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o gi\u1ea5y… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan sao? R\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed1t h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed1t n\u1ebfn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0i v\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n… N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo…”<\/em><\/p>\n

Vua n\u00f3i: “Ta r\u1ea5t mong t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa, b\u1edfi ta ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 n\u00e0o ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta theo \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ta cho th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 c\u00fang gi\u1ed7, thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay theo quan ni\u1ec7m d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m… th\u00ec l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? <\/em>[…]<\/p>\n

“Ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ma thu\u1eadt, chi\u00eam tinh, ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ta coi vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed, kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng ta ki\u00ean tr\u00ec g\u00ecn gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em><\/strong>, nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ta coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/strong>. Ta y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Th\u1ea7y ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ta<\/em>“<\/a>[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp: “Ngay \u0111\u00eam \u1ea5y, vua \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho qu\u1ea7n th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i th\u00eam, n\u1ebfu tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111a th\u00ea, trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 Rome, Paris v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng x\u1ea9y ra khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec), n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111i Pondich\u00e9ry hay v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ebd n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng, v\u00e0 trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, \u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n cha Ledontal ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5<\/a>[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Boisserat sau bu\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 11-8-1789, linh m\u1ee5c Boisserat vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho linh m\u1ee5c Boiret, thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

“Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00f4i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean<\/em>: M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh d\u1ecb \u0111oan, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng nay, vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang cha m\u1eb9 sau khi h\u1ecd qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 r\u1eb1ng ta y\u00eau cha m\u1eb9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khen ng\u1ee3i. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f3 khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sai tr\u00e1i, d\u1ecb \u0111oan; v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea5m. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, vua \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ec1u nghe theo, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sai tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u0111oan n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u1ecb \u0111oan.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, sau khi vua ch\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t vua tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0i tr\u00ed ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e2ng vua c\u00e1c b\u1eefa \u0103n trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ta kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft \u00e1n; b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh sau khi vua qua \u0111\u1eddi. Khi ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea3 m\u0169 ch\u00e0o b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Henri IV tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u Pont Neuf \u1edf Paris, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ta bi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y ni\u1ec1m k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng anh h\u1ed3n v\u1ecb vua l\u1edbn. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn Versailles, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecf m\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ngai v\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin b\u00ed m\u1eadt, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u00e0 vua. Sau c\u00f9ng, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu nh\u1ecf l\u1ec7 h\u00f4n b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan hay n\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng cha n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong \u1ea3nh.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y; n\u1ebfu ta s\u1ee3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i m\u00ea t\u00edn, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cam \u0111oan long tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n nay. Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a vua tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y; nhi\u1ec1u quan \u1edf trong tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vua. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n long tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang d\u1ecb \u0111oan, nh\u01b0 ma thu\u1eadt…\u00a0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u00ean b\u00e0i v\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u: “\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00fa s\u1edf c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng vong linh, v.v.”<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00fang t\u00f4i? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ec3 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean? Ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y <\/em>[c\u1ea5m th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean] ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 hay ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c<\/strong>. Th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i, t\u00f4i kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0i h\u00e3y tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Sorbonne, Navarre v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Rome, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 mau l\u1eb9, v\u00e0 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t qua nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau<\/em>.”<\/a>[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 9-10-1790, H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai g\u1eedi cho B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La-tinh, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La-tinh<\/a>[41]<\/a>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/em><\/strong> th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t c\u00e1c quan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua “l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i” trong tay Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, v\u00e0 trao l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c quan trong tri\u1ec1u d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ganh t\u1ef5, c\u0103m gh\u00e9t c\u00e1c quan nho h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 17-6-1792, cho M. Letondal, qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee7 tu vi\u1ec7n Macao, linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1:<\/p>\n

“C\u1eadu ta <\/em>[ Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh] l\u00e2u nay \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, bao v\u00e2y b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 qu\u1ef7 Sa t\u0103ng, ch\u00fang ch\u01a1i ng\u00e0n tr\u00f2, d\u00f9ng ng\u00e0n m\u00e1nh kho\u00e9, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1eadu th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.”<\/em><\/a>[42]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh” tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng xa c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan nho h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m “s\u1ed1ng chung” n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1793, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Th\u00e1i t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai ng\u00e0y 20-6-1795, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Liot vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“Vua Nam H\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n n\u1eefa. Vua v\u1eabn k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 x\u01b0a, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c quan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c\u201d<\/em><\/a>[43]<\/a> .<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1797, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh cho r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean “sa \u0111\u1ecda” (v\u00ec n\u0103m 18 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua ban cho ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfp) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng g\u00ec ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u1ea1o, “kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Laurent Barisy, thanh ni\u00ean Ph\u00e1p phi\u00eau l\u01b0u sang \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m 1793 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0, ph\u00f2 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng cho t\u1edbi khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1802<\/a>[44]<\/a>; \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cha Letondal, ng\u00e0y 11- 4-1801, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c Vua chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ng\u1ee5y qu\u00e2n <\/em>[\u1edf tr\u1eadn Th\u1ecb N\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y 28-2-1801], treo c\u1edd Ho\u00e0ng tri\u1ec1u thay th\u1ebf c\u1edd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft; \u0111ang tu\u1ed5i thanh xu\u00e2n, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nam H\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u00eam \u00e1i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t; l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi che ch\u1edf c\u00f4ng khai cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng hay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Nam H\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang con, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu con d\u00e1m n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang con, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang con. Tr\u1eddi h\u1ee1i! C\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n cao minh tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3! T\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf<\/em><\/a>[45]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 20-3-1801, v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 22, theo l\u1eddi Barisy, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u00absa \u0111\u1ecda\u00bb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ghi l\u1ea1i. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00abb\u1ecf \u0111i\u00bb v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y \u00abd\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00absa t\u0103ng\u00bb nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb sau bu\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Gia-T\u00f4 tr\u00ean ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1789, Ph\u00e1p b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh lo s\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

Sau khi Quang Trung di\u1ec7t Tr\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Thanh \u1edf B\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ecf \u0111i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t s\u1ee7ng v\u00ec l\u00e1 s\u1edb c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ed9c (th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 4, n\u0103m 1795), d\u00e2ng vua xin ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c (v\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4)<\/a>[46]<\/a>, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: vi\u1ec7c T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh gi\u1eef l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ed1ng Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> m\u00e0 \u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i theo, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0n t\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi h\u00e0nh \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecf \u0111i, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 30-5-1795, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 ng\u1eafn cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Boiret, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nay, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n v\u1eeba ch\u1ebft. T\u00f4i v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 ban ra ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7m x\u1ee9,<\/strong> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y trong l\u00f2ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00ednh To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh b\u00e3i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf Rome, xin \u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u01a1n n\u00f3i cho H\u1ed3ng y Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n trong gi\u00e1o khu do t\u00f4i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0 hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y <\/em>[Nam H\u00e0], tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i d\u00e1m l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c <\/em>[kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1y x\u00e1c cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft]. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/em><\/a>[47]<\/a>.”<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 5-6-1796 g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette<\/a>[48]<\/a>, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn B\u1eafc H\u00e0, l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 b\u00e1o cho Labartette bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u00e9o Labartette “v\u1ec1 phe” m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mong Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c xem x\u00e9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0 v\u00e0 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, n\u1ebfu Rome c\u00f3 h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn. R\u1ed3i B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

“X\u01b0a nay, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi h\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft; ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi Cl\u00e9ment XI v\u00e0 Benoit XIV, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn gay go v\u1ec1 nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y \u1ea5y c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 trong s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Chu\u00e1. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1760, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129, \u0111\u00e3 mang nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u la \u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 Rome n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ef3 l\u1ea1y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i linh h\u1ed3n cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea9m b\u00e1o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 nguy\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y n\u0103m 1775; t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. V\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1eafc\u00a0 l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. V\u1ecb\u00a0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng to\u00e0<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i… Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng c\u0103n d\u1eb7n k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi t\u1edbi Rome m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng b\u1eaft gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9 v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, <\/strong>tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam H\u00e0.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ng\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i coi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc xin khoan \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, l\u00e0 ngoan c\u1ed1, ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh… v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd\u00a0 t\u00f4i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecd d\u00e1m vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Rome. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ngh\u0129 sau n\u00e0y m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 sau 20 n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng, qua bao nhi\u00eau tranh c\u00e3i, t\u00f4i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng h\u01a1n t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u: t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch, nghe nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00f3i v\u1ebf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o sai, \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac t\u00f4i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t vua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan, h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng k\u00edch t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m… Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u00f4i v\u1eabn suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n do d\u1ef1 g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin b\u00e1o cho \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00f4i c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00e0o Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c \u0111i<\/em>“<\/a>[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em> t\u1eeb h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u00e0y. Vatican v\u00ec quy\u1ebft gi\u1eef s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Gia-T\u00f4 h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qua \u0111\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng sau khi vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00e0y 12-4-1797, \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Rome b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e1m n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (1789) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng La-tinh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 30-5-1798,\u00a0 trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft cho linh m\u1ee5c Boiret, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c cho bi\u1ebft: \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Rome: “\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y (theo l\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh<\/em><\/strong>“.<\/a>[50]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 15-6-1798, vi\u1ebft cho linh m\u1ee5c Boiret, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u1eabn b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

“Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, cho m\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n l\u1ea1y vua \u0111\u1ec3 xin m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 xin m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c. C\u00e1i l\u1ea1y n\u00e0y, trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, theo t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea7u xin. L\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, c\u00e1i l\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec c\u1ea3, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch thi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean.”<\/em><\/a>[51]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 9-10-1799.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y12-11-1800, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn B\u1eafc H\u00e0, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai:<\/p>\n

“Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ef3 l\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1y x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nghi th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, \u00e2n nh\u00e2n; t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y ai n\u00f3i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i v\u1eeba n\u00f3i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00f4i nghi l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o sai l\u1ea7m, khi c\u1ea5m t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec cho l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan.<\/em>“<\/a>[52]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Quy Nh\u01a1n, t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh ki\u1ebft l\u1ef5, m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Sen-da [?]. Sau ba th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au, \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 57, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse v\u00e0 hai linh m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/a>[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7u l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh giao cho Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ec5 an t\u00e1ng. Vua vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y \u01a1n ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3, \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y l\u0103ng ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng cho \u00f4ng (L\u0103ng Cha C\u1ea3), x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng con \u00f4ng trong b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Nho v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh m\u1ea5t sau Th\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i, ng\u00e0y 20-3-1801, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 22, v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 Le Labrousse, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, h\u00e3y cho \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i H\u1ed3ng Y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1edbi l\u00fac ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1y thi h\u00e0i cha m\u1eb9<\/em>“.<\/a>[54]<\/a><\/p>\n

Linh m\u1ee5c Paul Ngh\u1ecb t\u1ee9c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 19-2-1801, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

Linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse m\u1ea5t \u1edf Nha Trang ng\u00e0y 25-4-1801.<\/a>[55]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp: T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ed1ng Nghi L\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c “Gia-T\u00f4 ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam” nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a Gia Long.<\/p>\n

Linh m\u1ee5c Boisserat \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: “<\/strong>ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 hay ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c”<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2011, Claude Gendre vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o T\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng; nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u1ed5ng M\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m<\/em>“<\/a>[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1804<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m Gi\u00e1p T\u00fd (1804), sau khi ra B\u1eafc nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc phong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf, vua h\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfu 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 d\u00e2n \u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0, v\u00ec vua nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y“G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ec5 n\u00e3i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb suy \u0111\u1ed3i, l\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c hay, noi theo \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i. Ph\u1ea9m ti\u1ebft \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi xin, vi\u1ec7c ma chay, th\u1edd th\u1ea7n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt, nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn.<\/em>“<\/a>[57]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

1- V\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft \u0103n u\u1ed1ng<\/em>: c\u1ea5m x\u00f4i th\u1ecbt, ch\u00e8 ch\u00e9n, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3…<\/p>\n

2- V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 vui m\u1eebng<\/em>: c\u0169ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vin v\u00e0o l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m…<\/p>\n

3- V\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1 th\u00fa:<\/em> c\u0169ng ch\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m, kh\u00f4ng xa x\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

4- Vi\u1ec7c tang t\u1ebf:<\/em> \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0m con c\u1ed1t \u1edf trong l\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m…<\/p>\n

5- Vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd th\u1ea7n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt:<\/em> Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i d\u1ecb \u0111oan \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m:<\/p>\n

“Th\u1edd cha m\u1eb9 ch\u1eb3ng ra g\u00ec, d\u1eabu c\u00f3 \u0103n chay ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng v\u00f4 \u00edch.”<\/em><\/p>\n

“G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 k\u1ebb s\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 cao, l\u1ea7u g\u00e1c r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng t\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i trang ho\u00e0ng, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m chay, ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e0n, m\u1edf h\u1ed9i, ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n v\u1ec1 c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt nu\u00f4i s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9p h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u ph\u00fac b\u00e1o vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ti\u00eau hao m\u00e1u m\u1ee1.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1eady t\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u00f9a qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu b\u1ed5, c\u00f2n l\u00e0m ch\u00f9a m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00f4 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fac chu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n chay h\u1ed9i ch\u00f9a, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m<\/em>. S\u01b0 s\u00e3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebb ch\u00e2n tu th\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1edf t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i khai r\u00f5 t\u00ednh danh qu\u00e1n ch\u1ec9, \u0111em n\u1ed9p \u1edf quan tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ed1.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, tai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc, c\u00e1i thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea3o gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 \u00edch c\u1ea3 (…) Nay th\u1eddi th\u1edd qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e2u (…) \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 xin ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa, k\u00eau \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f3ng, l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, khua chu\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1edbt, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c theo nhau, l\u00e0m cho m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c. K\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u00e0 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 th\u00e1c \u1ea3o huy\u1ec1n, l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i tai m\u1eaft. Th\u1ed5i b\u00f9a v\u1ebd kho\u00e1n, t\u1ea1 ph\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh nhai; chu\u1ed9c m\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi h\u1ed3n, xem nh\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng qu\u00fd. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebfp t\u00ednh, b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1eddi th\u00e1n, c\u1ea5m thu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecbn \u0103n, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ng\u1ef1a r\u01a1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1eadp c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00f9a thu\u1ed1c m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c (…) T\u1eeb nay d\u00e2n gian nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111au \u1ed1m, ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u1ea7u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1edb n\u00ean tin nghe b\u1ecdn y\u00eau t\u00e0 m\u00e0 c\u1ea7u c\u00fang x\u1eb1ng xi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdn th\u1ea7y ph\u00e1p c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u01a1ng tai tr\u1eeb ho\u1ea1. N\u1ebfu quen gi\u1eef th\u00f3i c\u0169, \u1eaft b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecb.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t ra thuy\u1ebft thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebb ngu phu ngu ph\u1ee5 ch\u1ea1y v\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ean, ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m th\u00e0nh quen, m\u00ea m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft.<\/em><\/strong> T\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau, d\u00e2n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng x\u00e3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gia-T\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01a1n tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ea5n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu b\u1ed5, d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ec7 c\u0169, k\u00ednh gi\u1eef gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 quen theo th\u00f3i l\u00e0ng, can ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t gi\u00e1c th\u00ec x\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111i vi\u1ec5n ch\u00e2u<\/strong>, d\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng <\/em>[?], n\u1eb7ng th\u00ec sung d\u1ecbch phu, nh\u1eb9 th\u00ec x\u1eed roi hay tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1edbt t\u1ed5n ph\u00ed cho d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 gi\u1eef phong t\u1ee5c thu\u1ea7n h\u1eadu<\/em><\/a>[58]<\/a>.<\/em>“<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gia Long trong c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. D\u1ee5 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Gia Long k\u00e9o d\u00e0i sang nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ee7a vua Gia Long, sau khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng suy \u0111\u1ed3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vua mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 \u0111oan kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 nghi l\u1ec5, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y vua x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan m\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i cho B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1798: “Ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m ma thu\u1eadt, chi\u00eam tinh, ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ta coi vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed, kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng ta ki\u00ean tr\u00ec g\u00ecn gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 vua Gia Long ch\u01b0a ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam “s\u1ebd” c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u1eabn lo ng\u1ea1i, bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean th\u1edbt: ngay khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu<\/a>[59]<\/a>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3n Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c k\u00edch c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “x\u00ec-c\u0103ng-\u0111an” l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c vua l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft: \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o c\u1ea5m th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb 1800 tr\u1edf \u0111i<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1800 l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, sau khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c qua \u0111\u1eddi. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette g\u1eedi linh m\u1ee5c Letondal, Qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee7 tu vi\u1ec7n Macao, ng\u00e0y 5-11-1800, th\u00ec:\u00a0<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1800<\/em>: c\u00f3 8 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, v\u00e0 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, <\/em>g\u1ed3m: 6 do B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c phong ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c, 3 do Labartette phong, v\u00e0 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/a>[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Nam H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 sau: Cha Liot \u1edf T\u00f2a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, t\u1ee9c mi\u1ec1n Nam, thay th\u1ebf Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Cha Grillet \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn B\u00e0 R\u1ecba. Cha Jean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u1edf L\u00e1i Thi\u00eau. Cha Jourdain \u1edf T\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u. Hai cha Fran\u00e7ois v\u00e0 Cl\u00e9ment, d\u00f2ng Franciscain ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, \u1edf v\u00f9ng Tam L\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c cha Dominique, Andr\u00e9 v\u00e0 Ng\u00e3i, \u1edf v\u00f9ng S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai. C\u00e1c cha Marin v\u00e0 Ngu\u00f4n \u1edf gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n Nam. V\u00e0 cha Andr\u00e9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc, \u1edf Cam-b\u1ed1t.<\/a>[61]<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1803<\/em>: Cha Jourdain qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 25-7-1803<\/a>[62]<\/a>. Nam H\u00e0 c\u00f2n cha Liot l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 cha Grillet, hai cha Fran\u00e7ois v\u00e0 Cl\u00e9ment, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, cha Jean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 5 cha ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t: Andr\u00e9, Thomas, Dominique, Ngai v\u00e0 Nguon<\/a>[63]<\/a>. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng:10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1805<\/em>: C\u00f3 10 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, s\u00e1u linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng (fr\u00e8res) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u1edf Nam H\u00e0 l\u00e0 60.000.<\/a>[64]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 Chaigneau g\u1eedi Ledontal ng\u00e0y 30-5-1812, t\u1eeb Hu\u1ebf, cho bi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 gi\u00e0 c\u1ea3, qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn thay th\u1ebf. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t n\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/em><\/a>[65]<\/a>.”<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1823. Sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/a>[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: vua Gia Long gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1804. Vua \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Quang Trung. \u0110\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, nh\u01b0ng Gia Long v\u1eabn nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette, l\u00e0 Cha B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean, v\u1eabn ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i vua ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, <\/em>nh\u01b0ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/em> Trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu,<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1806, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c gay g\u1eaft trong tri\u1ec1u. Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 2-5-1806 cho Letondal, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Tu vi\u1ec7n Macao, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette k\u1ec3 r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u0103m 1806 c\u00f3 5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o <\/em>[l\u1eadu] \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, trong l\u00fac kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t: b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ban Nha d\u00f2ng dominicain v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd d\u00f2ng franciscain, m\u00e0 To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1eedi \u0111i Trung Hoa. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111ang b\u00e0n c\u00e3i s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129: c\u00e1c quan, khi th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o ngo\u1ea1i lai n\u00e0y, khi th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i… Vua ch\u1ec9 l\u1eafng nghe, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean vua r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1i t\u1ea7u ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea7u Anh. May nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a quan coi c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y l\u00ean b\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111i tr\u1ed1n trong \u0111\u00eam… V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u1edd hai \u00f4ng Chaigneau v\u00e0 Vannier \u0111\u00e3 “\u0111\u1ecdc” nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n m\u00e0 vua b\u1eaft m\u1edf ra, theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\u00bb<\/em>.<\/a>[67]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: b\u00ean Ph\u00e1p, b\u1ecb C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vua Gia Long kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o,<\/em> ch\u01b0a ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o l\u1eadu t\u1eeb th\u1eddi B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n: Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Audermar qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Phuong Ruou [Ph\u01b0\u1eddng R\u01b0\u1ee3u?] Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, ng\u00e0y 8-8-1821, v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch. Linh m\u1ee5c Jarot m\u1ea5t \u1edf Phuong Ruou, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, ng\u00e0y 22-5-1823, v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh th\u1ed5 t\u1ea3. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 6-8-1823 \u1edf C\u1ed5 V\u01b0u, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Khi vua Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, n\u0103m 1820, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Audermar v\u00e0 Labartette c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi hai, ba n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0: Linh m\u1ee5c de la Bissach\u00e8re <\/em>(\u1edf B\u1eafc H\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1790 \u0111\u1ebfn 1806), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1eddi danh, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u00e0 b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Quang Trung v\u00e0 Gia Long th\u1eadm t\u1ec7: K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/a>[68]<\/strong><\/a>. <\/em>N\u0103m 1815, Bissach\u00e8re tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u. N\u0103m 1817, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd ph\u1ee5 h\u1ecda, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, v\u00ec T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 tam gi\u00e1o: Kh\u1ed5ng, M\u1ea1nh, Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m con chi\u00ean th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, <\/em>cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam; h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e3 man v\u00f4 c\u1ed1<\/em>, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Ba cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00e0: K\u00fd s\u1ef1 Bissach\u00e8re<\/em>, t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 La relation sur le Tonkin et la Cochinchine<\/em> (K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc H\u00e0 v\u00e0 Nam H\u00e0) <\/em>c\u1ee7a de la Bissach\u00e8re, in n\u0103m 1812 t\u1ea1i Paris, Cours d’Histoire Annamite<\/em> (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, in n\u0103m 1875, t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i g\u00f2n v\u00e0 La Cochinchine Religieuse<\/em> (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>) c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Louvet, in n\u0103m 1885, t\u1ea1i Paris. Ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 de la Bissach\u00e8re, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd <\/em>v\u00e0 Louvet, <\/em>t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua Gia Long, Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c; khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4<\/em>, do Alexande de Rhodes t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1edb hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn, c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Trong ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, cho d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc, ngay sau khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm xong L\u1ee5c t\u1ec9nh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 “b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0n \u00e1c” c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 “t\u00e0n \u00e1c” n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i “can thi\u1ec7p” v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng “s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/em> cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 “h\u1ee3p l\u00fd”.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp<\/em>)
\nTh\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea
\n<\/strong>thuykhue.free.fr<\/p>\n

<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Charles Gosselin, L’Empire d’Annam (V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c An Nam)<\/em> nxb Perrin et Cie, Paris, 1904, BNF ch\u1ee5p v\u00e0 in l\u1ea1i, Avant-Propos <\/em>(Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1) trang XVIII-XIX.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Histoire de la Mission du Tonkin, Documents historiques 1658-1717 (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 1658-1717) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Launay, Librairie Orientale et Am\u00e9ricaine, Nxb Maisonneuve Fr\u00e8res, 1927. H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris v\u00e0 Les Indes Savantes, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, 2000, trang 503.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5: Alexandre de Rhodes<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u201cLa mort de Mgr Alexandre a fait du bruit; h\u00e9las! quel bruit!… Les chr\u00e9tiens en murmurent encore… On l’a trouv\u00e9 raid mort dans son lit; on l’a enterr\u00e9 sans pompe\u201d <\/em>Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>T\u1eadp II, trang 44.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u00edch Opinions de Napol\u00e9on sur divers sujets de politique et d’administration,<\/em> receuillis par un membre de son Conseil d’Etat, par le Baron Pelet (de la Loz\u00e8re) membre de la chambre des d\u00e9put\u00e9s (Firmin Didot Fr\u00e8res, 1883, Paris) trang 208-209. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u do Nguy\u1ec5n Qu\u1ed1c Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra trong Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n T\u01b0\u1eddng,<\/em> t\u1eadp I, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, Maryland USA, 2013, trang 380.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft theo L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, T\u1eadp III, trang 1-4.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi cho cha m\u1eb9, vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Macao ng\u00e0y 24-12-1774, in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 8-9.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ebft theo nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, T\u1eadp III, trang 1-4.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, ng\u00e0y 8-6-1775, in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 <\/em>Launay, III, trang 10-11.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[10]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi cha m\u1eb9 ng\u00e0y 3-6-1775, t\u1eeb kinh \u0111\u00f4 Cam-b\u1ed1t, in l\u1ea1i trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 <\/em>Launay, III, trang 11-12.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[11]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, C\u00f4ng ty Saigon Books v\u00e0 Nxb H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, 2017.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[12]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, t\u1eadp <\/em>III, trang 9-10.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[13]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch c\u0169 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>, in trong cu\u1ed1n V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII-XIX)<\/em>, T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p Tp HCM, 1993, trang 96.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[14]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, t\u1eadp III, <\/em>Launay, trang 9-10.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[15]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, t\u1eadp <\/em>III, Launay, trang 9-10.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[16]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testament de Mgr Pigneaux, do Le Labrousse<\/em> vi\u1ebft, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 384-390.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[17]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testament de Mgr Pigneaux, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 386.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[18]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testament de Mgr Pigneaux, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 388.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[19]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testament de Mgr Pigneaux, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 388.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[20]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testament de Mgr Pigneaux, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 390.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[21]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch c\u0169 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft ra t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>, in trong cu\u1ed1n V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII-XIX)<\/em>, T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p Tp HCM, 1993, trang 1)<\/p>\n

<\/a>[22]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft cho H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai ng\u00e0y 8-6-1775<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay III, trang 10-11.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[23]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng Steiner ng\u00e0y 10-7-1778<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay III, trang 17.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[24]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea3n h\u00f2a u\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u0103m 1782, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 158-160.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[25]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y 28-11-1787, v\u1edbi de Montmorin, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[26]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Linh m\u1ee5c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb hay Paul Ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u00f9ng b\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 (xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, <\/em>Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 131-142).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[27]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c<\/em>, t\u1eadp I, t. 218 v\u00e0 226. Ng\u00e0y 28-7-1787, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi V\u0169ng T\u1ea7u, g\u1ed3m: Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, 4 gi\u00e1o s\u0129: Boisserant, Pillon, Tarin, Leblanc, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh\/em h\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, 4 c\u1eadn v\u1ec7, 2 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c (Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, trang 350).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[28]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c Grinne, theo n\u1ed9i dung l\u00e1 th\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[29]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00e2u ch\u00f3t: “Personne ne me l’a dit; ma raison seule me le d\u00e9fend, pourquoi voulez-vous que je salue le diable?” Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse g\u1eedi \u00d4…, ng\u00e0y 13-12-1790<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 279.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[30]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse g\u1eedi \u00d4…, ng\u00e0y 13-12-1790<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 279.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[31]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse g\u1eedi \u00d4…, ng\u00e0y 13-12-1790<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 280.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[32]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse g\u1eedi \u00d4…, ng\u00e0y 13-12-1790<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 281.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[33]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, ph\u1ea7n III: Cristoforo Borri.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[34]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft cho linh m\u1ee5c Grinne<\/em>, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u00e1ng 6-1792, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 281-283.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[35]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft cho Grinne th\u00e1ng 6-1792<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 282.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[36]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft cho Grinne th\u00e1ng 6-1792<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 282-283.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[37]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse vi\u1ebft cho Grinne th\u00e1ng 6-1792<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 283.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[38]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi M. Letondal, ng\u00e0y 17-8-1789, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 321.\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/a>[39]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c g\u1eedi Letondal, ng\u00e0y 17-8-1789, in trong<\/em> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 320-322.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[40]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Boisserat vi\u1ebft cho Boiret,<\/em> ng\u00e0y 11-8-1789, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 322-323.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[41]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 H\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o g\u1eedi B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, <\/em>b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef La-tinh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 323-326.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[42]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “Le voil\u00e0 depuis longtemps dans une Cour de pa\u00efens, sous la discipline de ma\u00eetres pa\u00efens, environn\u00e9 d’une foule de ministres de Satan, qui jouent mille r\u00f4les et emploient mille artifices pour corrompre son innocence”. Th\u01b0 Le Labrousse g\u1eedi M. L\u00e9tondal, ng\u00e0y 17-6-1792, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 284.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[43]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 339.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[44]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xem cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi Laurent Barisy, trong Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 535-546.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[45]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Larent Barisy g\u1eedi M. Letondal ng\u00e0y 11- 4-1801<\/em>, in trong t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Les Fran\u00e7ais au service de Gia Long, leurs correspondances<\/em> (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap vua Gia Long, Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Cadi\u00e8re, BAVH, 1926, t\u1eadp IV, t. 379, v\u00e0 in trong s\u00e1ch Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 543-544.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[46]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 470-474.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[47]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft cho Boiret ng\u00e0y 30-5-1795<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 327.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[48]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jean Labartette sinh ng\u00e0y 31-1-1744 \u1edf Ainhoa (Basses Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es), \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 29-11-1773, l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1784. Qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Co-vuu [C\u1ed5 B\u01b0u hay Tr\u00ed B\u01b0u] Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, ng\u00e0y 6-8-1823. (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, III, trang 12).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[49]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft cho Labartette, 5-6-1796,<\/em> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 328-329.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[50]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft cho Boiret ng\u00e0y 30-5-1798<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 331.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[51]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c vi\u1ebft cho Boiret ng\u00e0y 15-6-1798,<\/em> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 332.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[52]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette g\u1eedi cho gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai ng\u00e0y 12-11-1800<\/em>, Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 333.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[53]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette g\u1eedi cho Boiret,<\/em> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 374.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[54]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Testament de Mgr Pigneaux <\/em>(Di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c<\/em>) do linh m\u1ee5c Le Labrousse so\u1ea1n, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 390.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[55]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 480, 481.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[56]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Claude Gendre, La Franc-Ma\u00e7onnerie, m\u00e8re du colonialisme, le cas du Vietnam<\/em> (H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nghi\u00e3 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Vi\u1ec7t Nam) L’Harmattan, 2011, trang 81).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[57]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh Bi\u00ean,<\/em> trang 583-588.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[58]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ee5c L\u1ee5c Ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean<\/em>, trang 586-587.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[59]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Labartette v\u00e0 Jarot g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, ng\u00e0y 7 v\u00e0 12 th\u00e1ng 10-1821 (Launay, III, trang 403)\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/a>[60]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Labartette g\u1eedi Letondal<\/em> ng\u00e0y 5-11-1800<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, Launay<\/em>, t\u1eadp III, trang 413.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[61]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 M. Jourdain g\u1eedi M. Letondal ng\u00e0y 9-4-1802<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3,<\/em> Launay, t\u1eadp III, trang 413.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[62]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n III, trang 397.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[63]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Jourdain g\u1eedi Letondal, ng\u00e0y 3-1-1803<\/em>, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/em>, Launay, III, trang 413.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[64]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>M\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u l\u00e0: Liot, Doussain, Girard, Grillet, Jarot, Izoard, Labartette, Cl\u00e9ment, v\u00e0 hai cha franciscain: Fran\u00e7ois v\u00e0 Jean. S\u00e1u linh m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t: Marin, Hi\u1ec1n, Nh\u01a1n, T\u00edn, Tu\u1ea5n, Hi\u1ebfn, m\u1edbi ch\u1ebft. N\u0103m fr\u00e8res: An, Luy, Yen, Phuoc, Kim m\u1edbi phong. V\u1ec1 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi do cha B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c phong \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, th\u00ec 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f2n 5: Andr\u00e9 Ton, Andr\u00e9 Ngai, Dominique Tan, Thomas Nam v\u00e0 Nh\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 14 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c cha Liot, Girard, Jarot, \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt.(Th\u01b0 Labartette g\u1eedi Boiret, ng\u00e0y 14-5-1805,<\/em>\u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/em>, Launay, III, trang 413-414).<\/p>\n

<\/a>[65]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Chaigneau g\u1eedi L\u00e9dontal ng\u00e0y 30-5-1812<\/em>, (Documents relatifs \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque de Gia Long<\/em> (T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Gia Long) c\u1ee7a Cadi\u00e8re, in trong Bulletin de l’Ecole fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient (T\u1eadp san Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5), tome 12, 1912, trang 61.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[66]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ghi t\u00ean 18 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1eeb 1801 \u0111\u1ebfn 1823 (in trong Launay III, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 trang \u0111i k\u00e8m):<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cha Paul Ngh\u1ecb t\u1ee9c H\u1ed3 V\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 19-2-1801 t\u1ea1i S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (Launay III, trang 480). Cha Le Labrousse, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Nha Trang ng\u00e0y 25-4-1801 (trang 481). Cha Jourdain, ch\u1ebft \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 25-7-1803 (trang 481). Cha Gire, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean ng\u00e0y 20-6-1804 (trang 482). Cha Marin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean ng\u00e0y 12-7-1804 (trang 482). Cha Izoard (\u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0 1805) ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Phuong Ruou [Ph\u01b0\u1eddng R\u01b0\u1ee3u?], Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, ng\u00e0y 16-7-1808 (t. 483). Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Doussain, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Mi-Cang, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 14-12-1809 (t.485). Cha Liot ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 28-4-1811, \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, (trang 486). Cha Grillet ch\u1ebft \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n ng\u00e0y 27-4-1812 (trang 486). Cha Girard, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Di Loan [?], Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y 6-12- 1812 (trang 487). Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Audemar, tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette t\u1eeb 1817, ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Ph\u01b0\u1eddng R\u01b0\u1ee3u ng\u00e0y 8-8-1821 (trang 488). Cha Jarot, ch\u1ebft \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u1eddng R\u01b0\u1ee3u ng\u00e0y 22-5-1823 (trang 489). Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette ch\u1ebft \u1edf C\u1ed5-V\u01b0u (x\u00f3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb) ng\u00e0y 6-8-1823 (trang 490). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cha ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t: Hi\u1ec1n, Nh\u01a1n, T\u00edn, Tu\u1ea5n, Hi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ghi t\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qua danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Labartette l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1823; ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[67]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u01b0 Labartette g\u1eedi Letondal ng\u00e0y 2-5-1806<\/em>, in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/em>, Launay, III trang 403, ch\u00fa th\u00edch 2.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[68]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xem Vua Gia Long v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p<\/em>, Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea, trang 215-230.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra, tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,153,163],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-lich-su","category-ton-giao"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=102461"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102468,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102461\/revisions\/102468"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=102461"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=102461"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=102461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}