{"id":101606,"date":"2024-11-25T22:09:54","date_gmt":"2024-11-25T22:09:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=101606"},"modified":"2024-11-30T19:23:00","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T19:23:00","slug":"doc-sch-hoi-hoa-trung-quoc-cua-dich-gia-nguyen-pho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/101606\/doc-sch-hoi-hoa-trung-quoc-cua-dich-gia-nguyen-pho","title":{"rendered":"\u0111\u1ecdc sách “h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda trung qu\u1ed1c” c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ed1"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"1\"<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n

B\u00eca tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea9m \u201cH\u1ed9i H\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

\u201cH\u1ed9i H\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d, nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb Ki\u1ebfn Dung, do Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u1ed1 d\u1ecbch, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u0103m 2013. Trong \u201cL\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft, n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201ctr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c theo d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng<\/i>\u201d gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cn\u1eafm b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u00edch m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y quan t\u00e2m.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1 d\u00e0y, 558 trang, chia l\u00e0m s\u00e1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c qua d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0: kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, kh\u00ed v\u1eadn, k\u1ef9 ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. M\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i hay ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cKh\u00ed v\u1eadn trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c\u201d. <\/p>\n

Xin t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh qua hai ti\u1ebft trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t, b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m\u201d; v\u00e0 hai, b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u01a1 v\u0103n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m <\/b><\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecda gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u01b0a, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o tranh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra sao th\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda gia. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u00e2m d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. L\u00e3o T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng so s\u00e1nh chuy\u1ec7n \u201ch\u1ecdc\u201d v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d nh\u01b0 sau: <\/p>\n

V\u1ecb h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt t\u0103ng, vi \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed5n, t\u1ed5n chi h\u1ef1u t\u1ed5n, d\u0129 ch\u00ed vu v\u00f4 vi <\/i><\/p>\n

(Theo h\u1ecdc th\u00ec ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng, theo \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3m, gi\u1ea3m r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m n\u1eefa cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 vi)<\/p>\n

M\u00e0:<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 vi nhi v\u00f4 b\u1ea5t vi<\/i><\/p>\n

(Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m)<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. V\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00ec \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ba \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec do sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00f3; th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m cao th\u00ec h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea5p th\u00ec h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb k\u00e9m; th\u1ee9 ba, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u0129 phu cao h\u01a1n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.<\/i>\u201d <\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m cao nh\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 h\u1ecda s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c th\u00ec m\u1edbi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m cao hay th\u1ea5p. Theo T\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Pha, \u201cTuy n\u00f3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00ec v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong \u00fd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh ra n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f4i tay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m\u201d. Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u201cd\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eadt kh\u00ed\u201d. Ch\u1eef \u201cd\u1eadt\u201d (\u9038) c\u00f3 ba h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a: <\/p>\n

– \u1ea9n c\u01b0, tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c, xa r\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, tho\u00e1t ly nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng; <\/p>\n

– t\u1ef1 do ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang, t\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng; <\/p>\n

– an nh\u00e0n th\u01b0 s\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"2_l\u1ec7<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cL\u1ec7 chi \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ee5c\u201d, tranh Ng\u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh<\/i><\/p>\n

(H\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ch)<\/p>\n

\"3_Kh\u1ecfa<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u1ecfa n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e1ch\u201d, tranh c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m Phong Mi\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh<\/i><\/p>\n

(H\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ch)<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef \u201cd\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m\u201d l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch \u201cH\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m\u201d c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ho\u00e0i Qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y x\u1ebfp h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda th\u00e0nh ba h\u1ea1ng: th\u1ea7n<\/i> (xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n), di\u1ec7u <\/i>(\u0111\u1eb9p), n\u0103ng <\/i>(kh\u00e9o tay, tinh x\u1ea3o). M\u1ed7i h\u1ea1ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc: \u201cth\u1ea7n\u201d l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u201cdi\u1ec7u\u201d b\u1eadc trung v\u00e0 \u201cn\u0103ng\u201d b\u1eadc h\u1ea1. V\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ba h\u1ea1ng kia th\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 d\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m. <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy t\u00f4n \u201ch\u1ecda gia d\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m\u201d l\u00e0 T\u00f4n V\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00ednh t\u00ecnh kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u n\u1ec7 l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n thanh tho\u00e1t, tuy th\u00edch u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 say s\u01b0a, th\u1ea7y ch\u00f9a \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay lui t\u1edbi, k\u1ebb gi\u00e0u ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc, l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng hay ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0n v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n<\/i>.\u201d C\u00f2n phong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd tranh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00ec \u201cth\u1ec3 b\u00fat sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/i>\u201d, \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u0103m b\u1ea3y n\u00e9t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh<\/i>\u201d. <\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau: <\/p>\n

– lo\u1ea1i tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft v\u1eeba v\u1ebd tranh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n nh\u00e2n\u201d <\/p>\n

– lo\u1ea1i tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecda c\u00f4ng\u201d <\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1i \u201cv\u0103n nh\u00e2n\u201d cho \u201cd\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m\u201d l\u00e0 cao, c\u00f2n ph\u00e1i \u201ch\u1ecda c\u00f4ng\u201d th\u00ec xem \u201cth\u1ea7n ph\u1ea9m\u201d (v\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n, v\u1ebd theo c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng) l\u00e0 cao. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00e1i \u201cv\u0103n nh\u00e2n\u201d tr\u00ean ph\u00e1i \u201ch\u1ecda c\u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201cgi\u1edbi h\u1ecda gia v\u0103n nh\u00e2n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o gi\u1edbi h\u1ecda gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xu th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda<\/i>.\u201d V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u201cv\u0103n nh\u00e2n\u201d. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u201cNh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy t\u00f4n v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Q\u01b0\u1ed1c, d\u00f9 l\u00e0m quan \u1edf tri\u1ec1u hay l\u00e0m d\u00e2n \u1edf qu\u00ea, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o \u201c\u0111\u1ea1t th\u00ec c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 \u201cc\u00f9ng th\u00ec lo tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1i th\u00e2n<\/i>\u201d, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh si\u00eau tr\u1ea7n tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean \u0111u\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m\u201d, do \u1edf ch\u1ed7, c\u00e1c v\u0103n nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u201cc\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, \u1ea9n c\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u1ed1n s\u01a1n l\u00e2m, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i cung khuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng h\u1ed3, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1m h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean<\/i>,\u201d kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 cao qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng quan ni\u1ec7m d\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng hay, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nguy h\u1ea1i, theo \u0110\u1ed5ng K\u1ef3 X\u01b0\u01a1ng trong \u201cH\u1ecda thi\u1ec1n th\u1ea5t b\u00fat k\u00fd\u201d. \u00d4ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy t\u00f4n tranh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, ca ng\u1ee3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng \u201cc\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u d\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 qua loa trong phong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd<\/i>.\u201d Theo \u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u201cph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1i tinh t\u1ebf vi di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i x\u00e1n l\u1ea1n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1m<\/i>.\u201d \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u201cph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd tranh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Th\u01a1 v\u0103n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: THI<\/b> (th\u01a1), TH\u01af<\/b> (th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p), \u1ea4N <\/b>(\u1ea5n tri\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 H\u1eccA<\/b> (v\u1ebd). <\/p>\n

Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 T\u1eeb Ki\u1ebfn Dung, trong l\u00fac li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u201cnh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, th\u00ec m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u1edbi th\u01a1 v\u0103n, th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1ea5n tri\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. \u201c\u00dd c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u1ea5u t\u1ee9 ra sao, b\u00fat ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ra sao, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi thi, th\u01b0, \u1ea5n<\/i>.\u201d N\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Trung Qu\u1ed1c qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"4_Quách<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Tranh: Qu\u00e1ch Huy \u0111\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i>(H\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ch)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u01a1 v\u0103n (THI) v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda (H\u1eccA). <\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u1ed5, v\u00ec v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o.<\/i>\u201d \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec d\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/i>,\u201d ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda m\u1edbi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ee5c C\u01a1 cho r\u1eb1ng, \u201cMi\u00eau t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c. Theo G.E. Lessing (1729-1781), h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda xem c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed1i cao\u201d v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u201cx\u1ea5u\u201d; c\u00f2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u00ec c\u00f3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng \u201cmi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u1ea5u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc<\/i>.\u201d M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian\u201d l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u201cph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gian trong m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i<\/i>\u201d; c\u00f2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u201cli\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian\u201d l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, cho n\u00ean, t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. N\u00f3i chung, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eddi gian\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecda v\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/i>\u201d <\/p>\n

Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u201cch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1; c\u00f2n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i tranh treo m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tranh theo d\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec3n, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m tan bi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa v\u0103n th\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda<\/i>.\u201d Hai nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn ki\u00eam h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecda<\/i>,\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2: V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u; T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai ph\u00e1. <\/p>\n

V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy (699-759) t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Ma C\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi huy\u1ec7n K\u1ef3, thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee7 Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y. Cha m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt su\u1ed1t ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m n\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. \u00d4ng t\u00e0i hoa t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e0n hay, v\u1ebd gi\u1ecfi, ch\u1eef \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn: \u201cTa hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u00e0m thi t\u1eeb l\u1ebfu l\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda gia.\u201d \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u xa, m\u1eaft ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y tranh v\u1ebd m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trong th\u01a1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda \u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 tranh hi\u1ec7n ra trong \u00fd, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ea9m t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7m b\u00fat v\u1ebd ra, t\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n sinh ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i v\u1eady.\u201d Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi trung h\u1eefu h\u1ecda\u201d (trong th\u01a1 c\u00f3 h\u1ecda). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 sau:<\/p>\n

– L\u1ea1c hoa t\u1ecbch m\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1 s\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec3u<\/i><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u thanh thanh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee7y nh\u00e2n<\/i><\/p>\n

(Hoa r\u01a1i l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd chim r\u1eebng h\u00f3t<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec5u xanh xanh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua s\u00f4ng)<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1o th\u1ee7y c\u00f9ng x\u1ee9<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u1ecda khan v\u00e2n kh\u1edfi th\u1eddi<\/i><\/p>\n

(\u0110i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i cu\u1ed1i b\u00e3i<\/p>\n

Ng\u1ed3i ng\u1eafm l\u00fac m\u00e2y l\u00ean)<\/p>\n

– B\u1ea1ch v\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u1ecdng h\u1ee3p <\/i><\/p>\n

Thanh \u00e1i nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1n v\u00f4<\/i><\/p>\n

(M\u00e2y tr\u1eafng nh\u00ecn tan h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n

M\u00f9 d\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y chi)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/p>\n

\"5_Tôn<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Tranh: T\u00f4n V\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i>(H\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb trong s\u00e1ch)<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u1ecda \u00fd b\u00ecnh l\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft.\u201d <\/i>Tranh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng theo s\u1eed s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n x\u01b0ng tranh s\u01a1n th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh vi\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n phong th\u1ea1ch s\u1eafc, tuy\u1ec7t t\u00edch thi\u00ean c\u01a1<\/i>\u201d (d\u00e1ng m\u00e2y s\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1, tuy\u1ec7t b\u00fat thi\u00ean b\u1ea9m) hay \u201cb\u00fat m\u1eb7c uy\u1ec3n l\u1ec7, kh\u00ed v\u1eadn thanh cao<\/i>\u201d (b\u00fat m\u1ef1c uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, kh\u00ed v\u1eadn thanh cao). Tuy nhi\u00ean, V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u201cc\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn<\/i>.\u201d Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 300 n\u0103m sau, th\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cthi trung h\u1eefu h\u1ecda\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd qua m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c. <\/p>\n

T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c (1037-1101) t\u1ef1 T\u1eed Chi\u00eam, hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u00f4ng Pha c\u01b0 s\u0129, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4ng Pha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi My S\u01a1n, nay thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cha l\u00e0 T\u00f4 Tu\u00e2n v\u00e0 em l\u00e0 T\u00f4 Tri\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i gia thi v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTam T\u00f4\u201d (ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd T\u00f4). Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t h\u00e0o s\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1c quan, tuy \u00f4ng l\u00e0m quan th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, song \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd, v\u1eabn \u01b0u du t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vui. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong v\u0103n th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1eeba h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba t\u00ecnh t\u1ee9. T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ecdc th\u01a1 Ma C\u1eadt (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy) th\u00ec r\u00f5 trong th\u01a1 c\u00f3 h\u1ecda, xem tranh Ma C\u1eadt th\u00ec r\u00f5 trong h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u01a1.<\/i>\u201d L\u1ea5y V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, T\u00f4 Th\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u01a1 v\u0103n, ra s\u1ee9c xi\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa thi v\u00e0 h\u1ecda, t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef \u201cThi h\u1ecda nh\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt\u201d (Th\u01a1 H\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t).<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u01b0 Y\u00ean L\u0103ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea1 s\u1edf h\u1ecda tri\u1ebft chi nh\u1ecb th\u1ee7\u201d, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf c\u00e1i v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i (h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3) gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u201ct\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1eddi ph\u00fa v\u00e0 n\u00e9t thanh t\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u1ea5y; do v\u1eady, th\u01a1 h\u1ecda tuy ch\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau<\/i>.\u201d Theo \u00f4ng, \u201ctrong tranh V\u01b0\u01a1ng Duy \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 v\u0103n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong th\u01a1 c\u00f3 h\u1ecda. C\u00f2n trong h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u01a1 th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? <\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, tinh t\u1ebf to\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecda gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd h\u1ecda t\u00ecnh th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eefa h\u00f2a tan, th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i li\u1ec7t b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, h\u00e0m \u00fd b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn tr\u00e0n ra tr\u00ean tranh. Tuy l\u00e0 h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat dung t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 kh\u1eafc b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u01b0 h\u1ecda, \u01b0u nh\u00e3 thanh t\u00e2n, th\u01b0a nh\u1ea1t kh\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c cao<\/i>.\u201d (\u2026) \u201cNh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u01a1 v\u0103n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u01a1 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 cao th\u1ea5p, nh\u00e3 t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m, n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft.<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai ph\u00e1i: <\/p>\n

– V\u0103n nh\u00e2n hay \u201ch\u1ecda gia v\u0103n nh\u00e2n\u201d: ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecda trong th\u01a1, hay v\u1eeba l\u00e0m th\u01a1 v\u1eeba v\u1ebd tranh. <\/p>\n

– H\u1ecda c\u00f4ng hay h\u1ecda gia: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u1ebd, m\u00e0 trong b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd th\u01a1. <\/p>\n

Tuy c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, c\u00f2n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n nh\u00e2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. H\u1ecda gia mang t\u00ednh th\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, tinh t\u1ebf, to\u00e1t l\u00ean t\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u01a1 n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 v\u0103n n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong h\u1ecda. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng cao nh\u00e3 h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecda. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u0103n nh\u00e2n, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. V\u1edbi h\u1ecd, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecda gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 s\u01a1n th\u1ee7y, mai lan c\u00fac tr\u00fac v\u00e0 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cth\u01a1 h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf ch\u1eef \u201ct\u00e2m\u201d: \u201cth\u01a1 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, h\u1ecda l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m<\/i>\u201d. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u0103n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda gia v\u0103n nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 bi\u1ebft v\u1ebd. \u201cH\u1ecd v\u1ed1n gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda t\u1ea1o tranh \u1ea3nh, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y thi c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m h\u1ecda c\u1ea3nh, l\u1ea5y v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y khoe c\u00e1i gi\u1ecfi, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1i v\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/i>.\u201d H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u0103n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00ean \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd lan \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda c\u00f4ng<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u1ed1 sinh n\u0103m 1942 t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 Vinh M\u1ef9, Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c, Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean Hu\u1ebf, t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Khoa Hu\u1ebf (C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Tri\u1ebft) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Hu\u1ebf (ban Vi\u1ec7t V\u0103n), nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t V\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Th\u00e0nh N\u1ed9i Hu\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u, c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 \u1edf Hu\u1ebf. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, chuy\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m H\u00e1n V\u0103n v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Trong v\u00f2ng g\u1ea7n 30 n\u0103m qua, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n h\u01a1n 20 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3: Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 L\u1ee5a (c\u1ee7a Xa M\u1ed9 K\u1ef3), Ng\u1eef Ph\u00e1p H\u00e1n Ng\u1eef Th\u1ef1c D\u1ee5ng (c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng Ng\u1ecdc Thanh), T\u1eeb L\u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n, M\u1ea1n \u0110\u00e0m V\u1ec1 H\u1ed3ng L\u00e2u M\u1ed9ng (c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 L\u01b0u V\u0129nh L\u01b0\u01a1ng), H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d d\u00e0y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n trang, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

(12\/2022 \u2013 11\/2024)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00f3i chung, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cth\u01a1 h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf ch\u1eef \u201ct\u00e2m\u201d: \u201cth\u01a1 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, h\u1ecda l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":502,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101606","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-gioi-thieu-tac-pham"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101606","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/502"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101606"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101634,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101606\/revisions\/101634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}