{"id":101025,"date":"2024-09-19T00:15:28","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T00:15:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=101025"},"modified":"2024-09-20T17:48:14","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T17:48:14","slug":"lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-8-dao-gia-to-duoi-thoi-chua-trinh-tac-va-chua-hien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/101025\/lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-8-dao-gia-to-duoi-thoi-chua-trinh-tac-va-chua-hien","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef – Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8: \u0110\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em><\/h2>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8
\n\u0110\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n<\/h2>\n

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\"\" <\/strong><\/p>\n

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I -Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Nghi l\u1ec5<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u00f4n th\u1edd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u00ab th\u1ea7n, ph\u1eadt, th\u00e1nh\u00bb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i Ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i<\/em> (Idol\u00e2trie)<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ghi r\u00f5 trong Th\u00e1nh kinh. Nh\u01b0ng Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1645, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Inocent X (1644-1655) ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Nghi L\u1ec5 Trung hoa <\/em>(Les Rites Chinoises).<\/p>\n

V\u1eady Nghi l\u1ec5 Trung hoa <\/em>l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

Kinh L\u1ec5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ng\u0169 kinh c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed: Kinh Thi (v\u0103n th\u01a1), Kinh Th\u01b0 (truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft), Kinh L\u1ec5 (l\u1ec5 nghi), Kinh D\u1ecbch (tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc), Kinh Xu\u00e2n thu (s\u1eed h\u1ecdc).<\/p>\n

Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec5,<\/em> nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00ean trong L\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5; m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt, Kh\u1ed5ng, L\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00f4ng Th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn t\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5:<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> (Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh ch\u01b0a l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf) l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 T\u00f2ng Ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Gia Long<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u1ee9c Si\u00eau, Nguy\u1ec5n Du (tham tri b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5) v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng H\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Minh M\u1ea1ng <\/em>l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng H\u01b0ng, Phan Huy Th\u1ef1c…<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4 T\u00f2ng Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gia, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y d\u1eady Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u1ee9c Si\u00eau l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Gia Long trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 th\u00e0y d\u1ea1y Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 Minh M\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng khi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 v\u0103n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tan t\u00e1c sau bao n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh, trao cho Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng H\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u so\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c, <\/em>t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1822. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong 88 n\u0103m, tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u: Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c…<\/p>\n

Phan Huy Th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 T\u1ef3 B\u00e0 H\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5, <\/em>ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u1ec5<\/em>, c\u00f2n bao tr\u00f9m c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kinh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea1i sao tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh coi Gia-T\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o “man di m\u1ecdi r\u1ee3” v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y b\u1eaft con chi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf Nghi l\u1ec5.<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong s\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ec5 nghi ch\u00ed <\/em>[trang 5-147], Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00e3 L\u1ec5 nghi <\/em>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abTrong \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. L\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec1m nghi, soi s\u00e1ng ch\u1ed7 vi \u1ea9n, chia ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean k\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi, t\u1ecf r\u00f5 v\u1eadt n\u1ecd ph\u1ea9m kia. L\u1ec5 nghi 300 \u0111i\u1ec1u, uy nghi 3000 \u0111i\u1ec1u, ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ng\u1ee5 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec3n l\u1ec5 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 s\u00e2u k\u00edn tinh vi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00bb[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ba tr\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u trong L\u1ec5 nghi <\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi trong tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc;  nh\u1eefng quy ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, qua t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi L\u1ec5 nghi <\/em>l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

T\u00f4n k\u00ednh Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t, n\u1ec3 s\u1ee3 Qu\u1ef7 Th\u1ea7n, nh\u1edb \u01a1n Ti\u00ean T\u1ed5, gi\u1eef ph\u1eadn Vua t\u00f4i, Cha con… l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef nh\u00e2n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ed1ng<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00abNh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ed1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sinh h\u00f3a trong tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf gian nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh, qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n, l\u1ec5 nghi\u00e3 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra. Cho n\u00ean Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m c\u00e1i t\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t th\u00ec nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00e0nh x\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u hay d\u1edf. S\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 hay l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 d\u1edf l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u<\/em>.\u00bb[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i Ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i<\/em> (Idol\u00e2trie), <\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00abc\u1ea1nh tranh\u00bb v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-Su, nh\u01b0ng L\u1ec5 nghi <\/em>l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cao si\u00eau h\u01a1n Th\u00e1nh kinh<\/em>, v\u00ec th\u1ebf Vatican nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em>, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII:<\/p>\n

– 1645: Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Inocent X (1644-1655) ra ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

– 1656: Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexandre VII (1655-1667) ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/em><\/p>\n

– 1669: Cl\u00e9ment IX (1667-1669): tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh 1645 c\u1ee7a Innocent X: c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Cl\u00e9ment X (1670-1676) k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Cl\u00e9ment IX, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Cl\u00e9ment XI (1700-1721) ban h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh Ex illa die 19-3-1715<\/em><\/strong>: Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em>.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Khang Hy ra d\u1ee5: Tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y 17-5-1717<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

– <\/em>N\u0103m 1721, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean nh\u1edd Mezzabarba \u0111\u1ec7 l\u00ean Benoit XIII (1724-1730) t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/em><\/strong> ch\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u1edbc cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5,<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn; Ung Ch\u00ednh (k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p Khang Hy) c\u00f3 ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1724, nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

– <\/em>N\u0103m 1742, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Benoit XIV (1740-1758) b\u00e3i b\u1ecf t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/em> <\/strong>n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o l\u1ec7nh Ex quo singulari<\/em> providentia<\/em> ng\u00e0y 11-7-1742<\/strong>, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>. B\u1eaft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea5m. Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00eam d\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u1eeda, n\u00ean ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1746, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Trung qu\u1ed1c c\u00e0ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb truy n\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Macao r\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4n qu\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb truy l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed gia Gosselin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam:<\/p>\n

\u00abNgh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Benoit XIV, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1774 <\/em>[th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 1742], k\u1ebft \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, tai h\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>[Ch\u00faa] h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, n\u00ean d\u00f9  h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hy sinh cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang, <\/em>[b\u1edfi v\u00ec] h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho t\u1eebng l\u1edbp v\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang trong n\u01b0\u1edbc [\u2026] Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi An-Nam, \u0111\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1eafn b\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/strong><\/em>\u00bb[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 XX. Ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c c\u1ee7a vua quan nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/em>.  <\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Ky-t\u00f4 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong kinh s\u00e1ch Gia-T\u00f4, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1939,<\/strong> Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pie XII<\/em> <\/strong>(1939-1958), m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> quy\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>. <\/strong>M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu \u0111i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi nay, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 B\u1ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexandre VII ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em> t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1656.  <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1721, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd Mezzabarba \u0111\u1ec7 l\u00ean Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Benoit XIII (1724-1730) xin t\u00e1m \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/em> ch\u00e2m ch\u01b0\u1edbc cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5,<\/em> Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1615-1660) \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00dd, m\u00e0 Francesco Buzomi l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 \u00abt\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n\u00bb ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn theo<\/em> Nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, <\/em>v\u00e0 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m cho ph\u00e9p con chi\u00ean th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u1ea5m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00dd, t\u1eeb 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn 1662 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u00f4n h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a Buzomi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Trong khi cu\u1ed1n Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes (1650), b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Ph\u1eadt, Kh\u1ed5ng, L\u00e3o, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trung th\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ea7n C\u1ea5m nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a Vatican trong s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1645; con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c  H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (1664), tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb Nghi l\u1ec5;<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong 40 n\u0103m qua. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng lao s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00dd, sau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u00abchi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t\u00bb: \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Cadi\u00e8re \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes, nh\u01b0 \u00abcha \u0111\u1ebb\u00bb c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, trong t\u1eadp san \u0110\u00f4 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfu c\u1ed5.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng; nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n \u00abt\u00e0n \u00e1c di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o\u00bb<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Louis Chevreuil \u0111\u00e3 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c trong K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, <\/em>m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/em>,<\/strong> v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1- S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1659, khi gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexandre VII t\u1ea5n phong cho hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p Fran\u00e7ois Pallu v\u00e0 Lambert de la Motte l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i B\u1ed3 trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn: Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p. Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn Macao, Goa, v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft b\u1ecf t\u00f9. S\u1ef1 c\u0103m th\u00f9 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa hai Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o s\u0129.<\/p>\n

2- \u1ede \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c phe B\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00eda Ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn D\u00f2ng T\u00ean<\/em> (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb D\u00f2ng T\u00ean) v\u00e0 coi l\u00e0 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i phe B\u1ed3 (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129) t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1666, hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Fragoso v\u00e0 Marini v\u1ec1 Roma t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Lambert de la Motte, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i v\u00e0 xin T\u00f2a th\u00e1nh g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 (vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau). L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, phe D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1edf Roma, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p n\u1eefa, n\u00ean khi Lambert de la Motte ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, g\u1eedi b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u00abb\u1ecdn D\u00f2ng T\u00ean\u00bb<\/em> l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u00abchuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u xa\u00bb, th\u01b0 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 Roma s\u1ebd d\u1eb9p lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris.<\/p>\n

3- Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Nghi L\u1ec5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1656, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Alexandre VII (1655-1667) nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 che ch\u1edf. Nh\u01b0ng H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh, nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>. Phong c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p-B\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

4- S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai phe \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 phe nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, <\/em>c\u00f2n x\u1ea9y ra trong ch\u00ednh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/strong> H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris,<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong phe th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Hainques v\u00e0 Brindeau, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

5- Khi Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm [g\u1ea7n] xong mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh nghi\u00e3 cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u0103m 1885, Linh m\u1ee5c Louvet tung ra cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0110\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o t\u00e0n <\/em>\u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n Andr\u00e9 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a de Rhodes) t\u1edbi th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam. <\/em>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh Pers\u00e9cution<\/em> l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh <\/em>khi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i “nh\u00fang tay” v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 “b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7” \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4<\/em>, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

  <\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf hai mi\u1ec1n <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1618, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean (1613-1635), l\u00fd do v\u00ec h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau, khi m\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: Borri, ph\u1ea7n 2).<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u0103m 1639, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan (1635-1648), l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 Macao<\/em>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n Shimabara<\/em> (1637-1638), \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng (1623-1657) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o. Khi tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Alexandre de Rhodes kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc n\u0103m 1630 (de Rhodes l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t), theo l\u1eddi de Rhodes, ch\u00faa cho y\u1ebft th\u1ecb l\u1ec7nh truy l\u00f9ng \u00f4ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long, \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“… v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3-1631, b\u1ed1n linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u00e0 Gaspar d’Amaral, Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro, Antonio de Fontes v\u00e0 Antonio F. Cardim t\u1eeb \u00c1o M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p hai linh m\u1ee5c Gaspar d’Amaral v\u00e0 Antonio F. Cardim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long; t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1632, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam ba linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i: Raymond de Govea (T\u00e2y Ban Nha) v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd l\u00e0 Bernadin Reggio, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Mayorica”<\/em>[4]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng c\u00f3 ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u0103m Canh D\u1ea7n <\/em>(1650) (d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00faa v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, t\u1eeb 1631 \u0111\u1ebfn 1660.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1657. Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i (1657-1682). T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4? Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi hai d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1664 v\u00e0 1669 (s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi) ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean m\u1edbi ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh t\u1ecbch thu s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cho t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o (vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 t\u1edbi). Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1eed gia Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“N\u0103m Gi\u00e1p th\u00ecn (1644) ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1eaft gi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng<\/em>“[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u00f4ng ch\u00e9p trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em> c\u1ee7a Louvet, v\u00e0 Louvet \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Chevreuil, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1699, [\u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Chu (1691-1725)] m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n ghi nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/em>:<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u0103m th\u1ee9 20, K\u1ef7 M\u00e3o, <\/em>[1699] tra b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa-lang \u1edf trong hai x\u1ee9; \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ebft\u00bb<\/em>[6]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00abN\u0103m th\u1ee9 20\u00bb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee9 20 \u0111\u1eddi L\u00ea Hy T\u00f4ng, Hoa-lang<\/em> l\u00e0 phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef Hollande<\/em>. \u0110\u1ea1o Hoa-lang<\/em>, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4. (C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00f2a Lan l\u00e0 Hoa lan, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hollande m\u1eb7c \u00e1o hoa)<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ho\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3. V\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u00abth\u00e2n\u00bb v\u1edbi H\u00f2a-Lan, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u00abth\u00e2n\u00bb v\u1edbi B\u1ed3, n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u00fang g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa-lang, <\/em>th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn.  <\/p>\n

Hai x\u1ee9 m\u00e0 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea5n Bi\u00ean v\u00e0 Phi\u00ean Tr\u1ea5n, thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ee7y Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, do ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Chu, ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i \u00f4ng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh. <\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: C\u1ea5m gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c<\/em>, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh, <\/em>t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf th\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef t\u1eed<\/em> h\u00ecnh, <\/em>tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec3m: \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng x\u1eed theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft ai th\u00ec gi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, th\u1eeba sai \u00abthu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ef7 binh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u1ec1n d\u1ebbo. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. H\u1ecd b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn tranh Tr\u1ecbnh-Nguy\u1ec5n, gi\u00fap mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t mi\u1ec1n Nam, r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u00abthanh to\u00e1n\u00bb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc sau.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh tan h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i H\u00f2a Lan \u1edf c\u1eeda Eo [Thu\u1eadn An] n\u0103m 1643, n\u00ean qu\u00e2n H\u00f2a Lan kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u00abx\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u00bb \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u1eefa. Trong khi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u1eabn th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi H\u00f2a-Lan. Ngo\u00e0i ra, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1eeb Macao sang, nh\u01b0 Gaspar d’Amaral v\u00e0 Antonio Barbosa, c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1660, khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i ra \u0111i, nh\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 phong cho th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Martin Mat [M\u1eadt?] l\u00e0m cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, tr\u00f4ng nom gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois Deydier \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 8-1666, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois Deydier, tr\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long. Trong ba n\u0103m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i do c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb  40 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois Deydier, sinh ng\u00e0y 28-9-1634 t\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Sainte-Marie, Toulon (Var) Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y 27-11-1660, l\u00ean t\u1ea7u \u1edf Marseille c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Jacques de Bourges th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong sang Xi\u00eam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 theo Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam n\u0103m 1664, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u, n\u0103m 1665.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y 20-6-1666, Fran\u00e7ois Deydier, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de La Motte phong ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i (Vicaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du Tonkin) v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111i Th\u0103ng Long. Fran\u00e7ois Deydier, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 8-1666. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. \u1ede B\u1eafc, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n “phe B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha”, n\u00ean \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 Deydier \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean [ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3] v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, cha Marquez \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Chevreuil r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 26-8-1666, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh: t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ra \u0111i (1660) v\u00e0 sau d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1664, hai th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng [Vi\u1ec7t] gi\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1m th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng [c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m]. Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 45 \u0111\u1ebfn 50 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u, nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 15…<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 2-9-1666, Deydier l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, qua \u0111\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3[7]<\/a>. Deydier n\u00f3i th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed5, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n coi nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

Trong ba n\u0103m, \u00f4ng \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, c\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3i \u0103n m\u1eb7c r\u00e1ch r\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gia-T\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea3n m\u00e1t sau b\u1ed1n n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh m\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. <\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1668, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho \u0110uc Lao Cou (\u0110\u1ee9c C\u00f9 Lao?) v\u1ee3 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau b\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 16-3-1669. Theo th\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 7-10-1669 cho H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 (La Propagande): “\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i th\u0103m 9, 10 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00f9ng Nam <\/em>[Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh], \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y hai th\u00e1ng, l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho 1.597 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nghe 4.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i<\/em>“[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1679, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb Fran\u00e7ois Deydier v\u00e0 Jacques de Bourges thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Sau m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ng\u00e0y 25-11-1679, Deydier \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1ecd ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ascalon v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf K\u1ebb S\u1eb7t (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng), [c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 ghi] Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn (H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean) ng\u00e0y 1-7-1693[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Fran\u00e7ois Deydier l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois Pallu kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois Pallu sinh ng\u00e0y 31-8-1626 t\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o khu Saint-Saturnin, Tours (Indre-et-Loire), Ph\u00e1p; th\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c H\u00e9liopolis ng\u00e0y 19-7-1658, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ng\u00e0y 9-9-1659. \u0110i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y 8-11-1661. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a de Rhodes, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, n\u00ean ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ec1 th\u1ebf h\u01a1n c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 9 <\/em>gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/em>. Ng\u00e0y 27-1-1664 t\u1edbi Xi\u00eam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u1edf d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean n\u0103m 1665, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng To\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 11-1679.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu:<\/p>\n

Sau khi kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p: 1665-1667; r\u1ed3i sang Roma: 1667-1668; l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p: 1668; v\u00e0 sang Roma: 1668-1669; r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p: 1669-1670.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111i \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i ba n\u0103m: 1670-1673.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Xi\u00eam: 1673-1674. \u1ede Manille: 1674-1675. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ban Nha: 1675-1676.<\/p>\n

\u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha: 1676-1677. \u1ede Rome: 1677-1680. \u1ede Ph\u00e1p: 1680-1681.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 1-4-1680, Pallu nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung qu\u1ed1c (Administrateur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Missions de Chine).<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 15-4-1680, \u00f4ng ki\u00eam th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111i \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba: 1681-1682.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng t\u1edbi Xi\u00eam n\u0103m 1682. T\u1edbi Trung qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1683.[11]<\/a> Qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Mo-yang (Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn) ng\u00e0y 29-10-1684[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Pallu \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu, \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam n\u0103m 1664. \u00d4ng k\u00ea khai t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1660, r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi th\u00edch gi\u00e1ng ph\u00fac; t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00fac \u00e2m, \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00e3 to\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n ba tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Theo nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n tin r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa <\/em>[Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c] \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 70.000 k\u1ebb d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u00ab\u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u\u00bb h\u01a1n, tuy c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 quan:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0110\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nhu\u1ed9m \u0111\u1ecf m\u00e1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd <\/em>[\u2026]<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1edf r\u1ed9 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i b\u1ecb ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y, vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7y thi h\u00e0i Qu\u1ef7 s\u1ee9 \u00bb<\/em>[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 khinh mi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00abkhai ho\u00e1\u00bb. \u00d4ng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft qu\u1ef7 s\u1ee9, cho x\u00e1c ch\u00fang bay \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u1eddi.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i, \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f2n cao v\u1ecdng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u01a1i kh\u00f3, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kinh b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nho s\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn \u00abc\u01b0u mang\u00bb \u00f4ng v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 tha thi\u1ebft mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 so\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf di s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00dd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: H\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n ba tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, <\/em>ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc cho H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ban Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai \u1edf Xi\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1eed \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

  <\/strong><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd r\u00fat g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p, Pallu vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“… T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n s\u00e1u tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i hai (2-1-1662), v\u1edbi 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i k\u00e8m, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd l\u00ean t\u1ea7u \u1edf Marseille theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi  tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau t\u00f4i t\u1edbi Alep<\/em> [\u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Syrie]”[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u1edbi Alep \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n phi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u00edn, m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu. Sau Alep, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Babylone, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec n\u00f3ng qu\u00e1, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Erzeron [Erzurum, t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3] gi\u1eefa Anatolie [ph\u1ea7n \u00c1 ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3] v\u00e0 Euphrate [s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn \u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u], t\u1edbi Tauris [Tabriz, \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Ba T\u01b0]. Sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u1edf Tauris, \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Hispahan, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Ba T\u01b0, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u00ean t\u00e0u Anh, \u1edf h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Gamron, tr\u00ean v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i Surate (S\u0169rat, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, theo g\u00f3t Lambert de la Motte, \u00f4ng \u0111i xuy\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, qua Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1edbi Odia (t\u1ee9c Juthia, hay Ayuthia) kinh \u0111\u00f4 Xi\u00eam, ng\u00e0y 27-1-1664. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n hai n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c (1657-1682). N\u0103m sau, 1665, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u. V\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eabn theo l\u1eddi \u00f4ng k\u1ec3, khi t\u1edbi Xi\u00eam, Pallu ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0u bu\u00f4n \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n 500 \u00e9cus[15]<\/a>. Sau khi l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a, y tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u1eefa:<\/p>\n

“T\u00f4i v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec7n tay nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y, bu\u1ed9c h\u1eafn gi\u1eef l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i cho bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111ang s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, vi\u1ec7c in s\u00e1ch th\u00e1nh kinh b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5<\/em> kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t<\/em>; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00fac \u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>[c\u00f3 th\u1ec3] x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf tai h\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean kh\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1ec7nh ch\u00faa, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00faa tr\u00fat nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn kh\u00f4n ngu\u00f4i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1n \u00e1p v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y tu <\/em>[b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh]”[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: D\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, theo th\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i g\u1eedi ng\u00e0y 23-1-1664. \u00d4ng b\u00e8n vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, u\u1ef7 l\u1ea1o h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. C\u00f3 hai l\u1ed1i: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n. V\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Xi\u00eam chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 L\u00e0o, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb L\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb Manilles cho bi\u1ebft: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Y Pha Nho th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111i Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n. \u00d4ng b\u00e8n quay v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (le pr\u00e9sident du commerce?) Xi\u00eam, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111i L\u00e0o, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb t\u00f4i [Pallu] l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, n\u1ebfu cho v\u00e0o L\u00e0o, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 (son maitre?)[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo l\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ai gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i <\/em>r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: v\u00ec ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng hay v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1n \u00abho\u00e1 ki\u1ebfp cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u00bb th\u00e0nh ma qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu c\u0169ng k\u00ea khai t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1660 [tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam], v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

“… c\u00f3 h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n ba tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Theo nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n tin r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa <\/em>[Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c] theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o”<\/em>[18]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: N\u1ebfu \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng “ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, <\/em>th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o thi\u00ean ch\u00faa?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng: b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00faa bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch, n\u00ean m\u1edbi ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m in kinh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t may, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y<\/em>, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, tr\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i g\u1eedi ra ngo\u00e0i, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>c\u1ee7a Vatican  <\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1664 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Palllu tr\u00edch ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ng\u00e0y 23-1-1664:<\/p>\n

“Ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u1eefng cha c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb (\u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o), tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd; \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y d\u1eady d\u1ed7 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00f4 l\u1eadu, cho k\u1ebb d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1 l\u0103ng, d\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o xui v\u1ee3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf v\u1ee3, v.v…<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, ta ra l\u1ec7nh cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u1edf g\u1ea7n ta trong tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb  c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u00f4n qu\u00ea, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecbch thu ngay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch kinh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Cha c\u1ed1 reo r\u1eafc trong x\u1ee9, \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o x\u1ea5u xa n\u00e0y. <\/strong>Ta truy\u1ec1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ai bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y hay cha gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong H\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pallu<\/em>:<\/p>\n

“Nous avons chass\u00e9 et nous chassons \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9 hors de notre royaume ces P\u00e8res (ce sont les pr\u00e9dicateurs), lesquels, fugitifs de leurs terres, sont venus enseigner aux peuples grossiers, aux ignorants et aux femmes, une loi qui est sans fondement, d’autant plus pernicieuse et ridicule qu’elle enseigne qu’il ne faut point adorer ni le ciel, ni la terre; qu’il ne faut point rendre de culte \u00e0 l’esprit ni au d\u00e9mon; une loi qui fait que les femmes quittent leurs maris et que les maris abandonnent leurs femmes, etc…<\/em><\/p>\n

A ces causes, nous ordonnons que les chefs de nos officiers r\u00e9sidant pr\u00e8s de nous en notre Cour et ceux qui commandent dans les ald\u00e9es (ce sont leurs villes et bourgades) aient \u00e0 faire les dilligences possibles pour ramasser tous les livres de pri\u00e8res et o\u00f9 sont contenues les doctrines que ces P\u00e8res ont sem\u00e9es par le royaume; qu’ils les fassent bruler et que rien ne reste d’une si m\u00e9chante loi. Nous commandons \u00e0 toutes personnes qui connaitrons des cat\u00e9chistes, ou des pr\u00e9dicateurs de cette religion, de les r\u00e9f\u00e9rer, promettant de les r\u00e9compenser, etc…”[19]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n “d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>” c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 g\u1eedi cho Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef N\u00f4m ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c, n\u1ebfu sau n\u00e0y t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00edch trong D\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1664 <\/strong>tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>, v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1eedi ra ngo\u00e0i. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd:<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec thi\u00ean tai h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n<\/em>, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc kinh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/em>, v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

1- X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y<\/u>: d\u1eady d\u1ed7 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00f4 l\u1eadu, cho k\u1ebb d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1 l\u0103ng, d\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o xui  v\u1ee3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf v\u1ee3…<\/em>(c\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 c\u1ea5m \u0111a th\u00ea).<\/p>\n

2- <\/em>V\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh:<\/u> ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecbch thu ngay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch kinh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Cha c\u1ed1 reo r\u1eafc trong x\u1ee9, \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u00abx\u1ea5u xa\u00bb n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1eady, l\u00fd do c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kinh s\u00e1ch<\/em> ch\u1ee9a<\/em> \u0111\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u1ed9i dung v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1 l\u0103ng, <\/em>n\u00ean ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng cho in l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. <\/em>Trong d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/em>, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 “t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 D\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, ban h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c (1657-1682), tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a Vatican, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1645.  <\/p>\n

V\u1eady, s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1664, l\u00e0 d\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, do ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c ban h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ec5  T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng, \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o v\u00e0 Th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 rao gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (nh\u01b0 trong s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y, <\/em>1650, c\u1ee7a de Rhodes).<\/p>\n

Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1645: Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Inocent X (1644-1655) ra ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>l\u00e0 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>\u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng [\u0111\u1ea1o <\/em>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vatican g\u00f3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nghi l\u1ec5 <\/em>(Rites), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn n\u0103m sau, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam (1664), h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 th\u00e1nh: ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i; tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1664 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n 50 n\u0103m sau<\/em> s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1614 c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tokugawa Ieyasu, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00e0 53 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>d\u1ee5 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y 17-5-1717 c\u1ee7a  vua Khang Hy.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n \u1edf Goa, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 1542, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec7m s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y 27-7-1549, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1582, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Trung qu\u1ed1c. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa tr\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh 1664 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho Pallu v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long. N\u00ean sau khi th\u1eed t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i qua ng\u1ea3 L\u00e0o, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, Pallu bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng g\u00ec, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mau ch\u00f3ng quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p, ng\u00e0y 17-1-1665.<\/p>\n

Khi Pallu, \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam n\u0103m 1664, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe t\u1ee9c Lambert de la Motte, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng to\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111ang g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n B\u1ed3: n\u0103m 1663, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 Vatican xin t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c; cho n\u00ean hai v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau: Pallu tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Pallu k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1eabn \u1ea5p \u1ee7 nguy\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Paris v\u00e0 Rome y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe \u0111au y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i 2 n\u0103m, c\u00f2n t\u00f4i [Pallu] r\u1ea5t kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, tuy v\u1eady, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t l\u1eafm, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi Pallu v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p, n\u0103m 1666, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Fran\u00e7ois Deydier \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o x\u1ee9 B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 14-6-1669 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 14-6-1669, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, chi\u1ebfu theo l\u1ec7nh Ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ee9c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sai nha, m\u00f4n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch, l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 ngu mu\u1ed9i, d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, tin theo<\/strong>. <\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m Canh D\u1ea7n <\/em>[1650], \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua <\/em>[L\u00ea], khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch b\u1ecdn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, b\u1ecba ra c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ed7 s\u00e0ng. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ra l\u1ec7nh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00e0y \u0111i, ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong c\u1ea3 x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft qu\u1ea3 tang \u0111ang h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp theo th\u00f3i quen trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hay \u0111eo d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp n\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e1nh 50 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi th\u1ea3 ra. <\/strong>L\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y s\u1ee9c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan nha hi\u00ean (l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ec9nh)<\/em> […] B\u1ecdn sai nha, m\u00f4n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng chu t\u1ea5t thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, ho\u1eb7c \u0103n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb theo \u00e1n l\u1ec7nh.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m th\u1ee9 b\u1ea9y, ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u C\u1ea3nh Tri <\/em>[L\u00ea Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4n], ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 16, th\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 5 <\/em>[t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 14-6-1669].<\/p>\n

D\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, in trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Launay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 sai n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, n\u1ebfu sau n\u00e0y t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean xin ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc tham  kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n

“Le conseil du roi, selon l’ordre qu’il en a re\u00e7u de Sa Majest\u00e9, ordonne \u00e0 tous sergents et huissiers des gouverneurs de toutes les provinces, touchant la loi des Portugais qui est une loi extravagante qui trompe le monde; les pauvres peuples idiots et ignorants qui ne savent points tout ce la s’y attachent. N\u00e9anmoins, l’ann\u00e9e Canh-d\u00e2n <\/em>[1650], il y a un \u00e9dit du roi qui reproche aux Portugais d’\u00eatre des trompeurs, d’inventer une loi qu’ils apprennent aux peuples, lesquels b\u00e2tissent des \u00e9glises, s’y assemblent p\u00eale-m\u00eale y faisait des d\u00e9shonn\u00eatet\u00e9s. Nous ordonnons donc que ces \u00e9glises soient abattues et compl\u00e9tement d\u00e9truites par tout le royaume et que, pour l’avenir, qui que ce soit, homme ou femme, qui sera surpris s’assembler encore selon qu’on avait accoutum\u00e9 par le pass\u00e9, ou qui portera sur soi quelque signe de ces Portugais, qu’on prendra ce signe et qu’on le brisera en pi\u00e8ces , et que la personne sera ch\u00e2ti\u00e9e  de 50 coups de b\u00e2tons; apr\u00e8s quoi on la relacha. Ces ordres sont remis \u00e0 tous les quan-nha-hien (qui sont les lettr\u00e9s constitu\u00e9s en toutes les provinces pour tous les jugements) <\/em>[… ] Que si lesdits<\/em> sergents et huissiers ne font point la diligence qui convient pour cela, ou qu’il leur arrive d’exiger des deniers des peuples pour ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 cet ordre, ou les deniers de la d\u00e9pense de leur chemin, il faudra les ch\u00e2tier selon les ordonnaces.<\/em><\/p>\n

Donn\u00e9 la 7e ann\u00e9e du r\u00e8gne du vua Canh Tri, le 16 du 5e mois (qui est le 14 juin<\/em>)”[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 29-6-1669, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i ra th\u00eam m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1[22]<\/a>. Hai d\u1ee5 ra trong n\u0103m 1669 n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7,<\/em> v\u00ec v\u0103n b\u1ea3n 1664, do Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n vi\u1ebft g\u1eedi ra ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Qua d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u1ec1u theo g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5 1664, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 Quang Trung c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng v\u1eady, xoay quanh ba \u00fd ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

– X\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ea1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch, l\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 ngu mu\u1ed9i, d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, tin theo.<\/em><\/p>\n

– <\/em>L\u1ec7nh: t\u1ecbch thu v\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t, ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd<\/em>…<\/p>\n

– <\/em>Ai kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh 50 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed3i tha v\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ebft d\u00e2n.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c<\/em>, ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n: d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ngu mu\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang g\u1ea7n g\u1ee5i cha c\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u, v.v…<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m: ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd<\/em>, trong d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

Trong th\u01b0 linh m\u1ee5c Deydier vi\u1ebft cho Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu ng\u00e0y 1-8-1669: \u00f4ng t\u1ecf \u00fd nghi ng\u1edd vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, <\/em>m\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef oratoire,<\/em> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n<\/em>. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i \u0111i ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n? Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. V\u1eady n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ph\u00e1<\/em> th\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i giao l\u1ea1i cho quan nha c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ec5, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu gi\u1eef th\u00ec gi\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed9 (b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft)[23]<\/a>?<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c “ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n”, theo cha Deydier, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea9y ra<\/em>. C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m, thay v\u00ec ban ng\u00e0y, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ban \u0111\u00eam t\u1eeb 2 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn 3-4 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1669, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 ban hai d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o: ng\u00e0y 14-6-1669 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 29-6-1669, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe t\u1ee9c Pierre Lambert de la Motte, r\u1eddi Paris ng\u00e0y 18-6-1660, \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea7u \u1edf Marseille ng\u00e0y 27-11-1660, \u0111i \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Jacques de Bourges v\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois Deydier. [Fran\u00e7ois Deydier s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u0103ng Long v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y].<\/p>\n

Sau hai n\u0103m h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, ng\u00e0y 22-8-1662, <\/em>\u00f4ng t\u1edbi Juthia, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc Xi\u00eam, tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 trong v\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (Camp des Cochinchinois). \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Roma (ng\u00e0y 10-10-1662; 6-3-63 v\u00e0 11-7-63) v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 (th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129) th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch, g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y 3-10-1663 cho Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng xin t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u00fang toi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 t\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1664, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ngay, cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed Chevreuil l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Chevreuil v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.<\/p>\n

Trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Beyrithe, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1edf Xi\u00eam, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc duy nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o [c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5m Nghi l\u1ec5<\/em> c\u1ee7a Vatican kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m  \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lan].<\/p>\n

B\u1ea9y n\u0103m sau khi t\u1edbi Xi\u00eam, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe m\u1edbi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long (1669-1670). \u00d4ng nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. T\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean Ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn (H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean). \u00d4ng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n h\u1ea3i quan nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Ph\u00e1p \u0111em t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a v\u00e0o b\u00e1n, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. \u00d4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean t\u1ea7u bu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eadu \u1edf ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn, c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

– Th\u00e1ng 1-1670, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 phong linh m\u1ee5c<\/em> cho 7 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i; nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Ng\u00e0y 14-2-1670, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (Synode) t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng \u0110\u00ecnh Hi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn<\/em>[26]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

– Ng\u00e0y 26-2-1670, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp D\u00f2ng M\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1<\/em> cho c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu \u1edf Ki\u00ean Lao[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0y, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ea1o thanh th\u1ebf cho H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, trong v\u00f9ng tam gi\u00e1c ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5: H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois Deydier \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean phong th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc K\u1ef3 <\/em>tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe t\u1ee9c Lambert de la Motte \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

  <\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea9y v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea9y th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe th\u1ee5 phong linh m\u1ee5c th\u00e1ng 1-1670, l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

Martin Mat [M\u1eadt?], 68 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

Antoine Qu\u1ebf, 56 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

Philippe Nhan [Nh\u00e2n?] 52 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

Simon Ki\u00ean, 60 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

Jacques Chieu [Chi\u00eau, Chi\u1ebfu, Chi\u1ec3u?] 46 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

L\u00e9on Tru [Tr\u00fa, Tr\u1ee5], 46 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

Vite Tri [Tri, Tr\u00ed, Tr\u1ecb] 30 tu\u1ed5i[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

Linh m\u1ee5c Martin Mat [M\u1eadt?]<\/strong> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1edf B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng sinh kho\u1ea3ng 1602, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt [pr\u00eate des idoles], r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i n\u0103m 27 tu\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng t\u1edbi n\u0103m 68 tu\u1ed5i. Bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, thu ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u con chi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tin c\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi  \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u0103m 1662, \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng l\u00e0m cha B\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean, tr\u00f4ng nom t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hai gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf B\u1eafc, l\u00e0 B\u00f9i Chu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1659, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Di\u1ec7m, n\u0103m 1679. Ng\u00e0y nay, ai \u0111i qua v\u00f9ng Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 ra c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o 1664 v\u00e0 1669, vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Berythe t\u1ee9c Lambert de la Motte \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u0103m 1669, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf, r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef Pers\u00e9cution<\/em> tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>.<\/p>\n

(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>           <\/em>Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, L\u1ec5 Nghi Ch\u00ed, L\u1ecbch Tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, quy\u1ec3n XX, T\u1eadp Hai,<\/em> Nxb Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1992, trang 5.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>           Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Nho Gi\u00e1o<\/em>, Quy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i, trang 84.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>              Charles Gosselin, L’Empire d’Annam<\/em> (\u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c An Nam), Edition 1904, BnF ch\u1ee5p in l\u1ea1i, trang 48-49.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>              \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/em>T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Ra Kh\u01a1i, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n 1972, T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1edbi ch\u1ee5p in l\u1ea1i, Paris, 1985, trang 41-42.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>              Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>, quy\u1ec3n II, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c, 1971, trang 100.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>           L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, Ph\u1ee7 bi\u00ean t\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c,<\/em> Nxb Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i, H\u1ea3 N\u1ed9i, 1977, trang 64.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>              Theo L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717,<\/em> Launay, trang10 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd Fran\u00e7ois Deydier,<\/em> in trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb trang 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 35. Tr\u00edch c\u00e1c trang 15, 26, 27.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>              L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717,<\/em> Launay, trang 56 v\u00e0 62.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>              Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717<\/em>, trang 10, 14, 15, 16 v\u00e0 396.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>            Pallu vi\u1ebft trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u00f3 9 gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Wikip\u00e9dia ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, b\u00e0i Pierre Lambert de La Motte, <\/em>ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 10.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>            Theo H\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pallu,<\/em> in trong Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717, <\/em>trang 7.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717, <\/em>trang 1.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>            Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abLa Cochinchine, toute empourpr\u00e9e du sang des martyrs,<\/em><\/strong> ne diminue en rien sa f\u00e9condit\u00e9. Le nombre des chr\u00e9tiens y est fort grand. On y compte beaucoup d’\u00e9glises [\u2026]<\/em><\/p>\n

                Et on doit esp\u00e9rer que bient\u00f4t tous ces royaumes changeront de face et qu’on va voir la religion fleurir en tous ces lieux, l’idol\u00e2trie se d\u00e9truire, les cultes diaboliques extermin\u00e9s. L’Eglise et le Ciel s’enrichir des d\u00e9pouilles de l’Enfer\u00bb, <\/strong><\/em>tr\u00edch Fran\u00e7ois Pallu, \u00c9tat sommaire des missions de la Chine et envoi de trois \u00c9v\u00eaques dans les nouvelles \u00e9glises de cet empire <\/em>(M\u00e9moire de propagande compos\u00e9 vers 1660), S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi ba Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn ba gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong v\u00f9ng <\/em>(T\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/em>, ghi kho\u1ea3ng 1660), in l\u1ea1i trong La geste fran\u00e7aise en Indochine<\/em> c\u1ee7a Georges Taboulet, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 25.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>            Relat. Abr. des Miss. et des Voy. des Ev. fran\u00e7. par Mess. Fr. Pallu (K\u00fd s\u1ef1<\/em> r\u00fat ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 du h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng Fran\u00e7ois Pallu… <\/em>) in trong Launay, Histoire de la Mission du Tonkin, documets historiques, 1658-1717<\/em> (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3<\/em>, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>, 1658-1717<\/em>),  trang 5.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>            Ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c x\u01b0a, \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>            H\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pallu<\/em>, in trong Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3<\/em>, 1658-1717<\/em>, trang 6.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>            H\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pallu<\/em>, in trong Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3<\/em>, 1658-1717, <\/em>trang 6-7.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>            Fran\u00e7ois Pallu, Etat sommaire des missions de la Chine et envoi de trois Ev\u00eaques dans les nouvelles \u00e9glises de cet empire <\/em>(M\u00e9moire de propagande compos\u00e9 vers 1660), S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi ba Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn ba gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn m\u1edbi trong v\u00f9ng <\/em>(T\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/em>, ghi kho\u1ea3ng 1660), in l\u1ea1i trong La geste fran\u00e7aise en Indochine<\/em> c\u1ee7a Georges Taboulet, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 25.)<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>         <\/em>Tr\u00edch H\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pallu, <\/em>in trong  L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717, <\/em>c\u1ee7a Launay, trang 6.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>            H\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pallu, in trong Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717, <\/em>trang 7- 8.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>            L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717,<\/em> Launay, trang 65.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>            L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717,<\/em> Launay, trang 66.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717, <\/em>trang 78-79.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>            Theo b\u00e0i Mgr Pierre Lambert de la Motte (1624-1679)<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Missions \u00c9trang\u00e8res de Paris <\/em>ng\u00e0y 10-3-2020, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: https:\/\/missionsetrangeres.com\/mgr-pierre-lambert-de-la-motte-1624-1679<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

[25]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717, <\/em>trang 89-91.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717, <\/em>trang 91- 101.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717,<\/em> trang 101-105.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717, <\/em>trang 89.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a>            Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3,1658-1717, <\/em>trang 90.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ba tr\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u trong L\u1ec5 nghi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi trong tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc;\u00a0 nh\u1eefng quy ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, qua t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi L\u1ec5 nghi l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh kinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu","category-tu-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101025"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101025\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101027,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101025\/revisions\/101027"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}