{"id":100977,"date":"2024-09-12T00:15:35","date_gmt":"2024-09-12T00:15:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=100977"},"modified":"2024-09-11T16:24:06","modified_gmt":"2024-09-11T16:24:06","slug":"lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-7-louis-chevreuil-va-su-xuyen-tac-viec-tan-sat-dao-chua-o-dang-trong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/100977\/lich-su-truyen-giao-va-chu-quoc-ngu-chuong-7-louis-chevreuil-va-su-xuyen-tac-viec-tan-sat-dao-chua-o-dang-trong","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef – Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7: Louis Chevreuil v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong"},"content":{"rendered":"

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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em><\/h2>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7:
\nLouis Chevreuil
\nv\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/h2>\n

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\"\"  <\/strong><\/p>\n

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Trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng La Cochinchine Religieuse <\/em>(\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam),<\/em> linh m\u1ee5c Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet cho bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1883<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c k\u00fd h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e2m Tu\u1ea5t (1882), ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9t ba t\u1ec9nh Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng cho Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Y Pha Nho t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a (Pr\u00e9face) <\/em>s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Louvet vi\u1ebft: \u00abN\u0103m 1883, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 600.000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00bb <\/em>[1]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong b\u00e0i Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 (Introduction), <\/em>\u00f4ng k\u00ea khai r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n[2]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>  v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

“T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ta th\u1ea5y An nam c\u00f3 565.908 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 An Nam kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eady t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee9 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean \u1ea6n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Theo b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, th\u00ec h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o An nam \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng.”[3]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: T\u1ea1i sao \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00bb <\/em>kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong 240 n\u0103m [1644-1844] nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Louvet vi\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng<\/em>?[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u1eady sau Alexandre de Rhodes, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o gian<\/em> v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00bb (Pers\u00e9cution<\/em> ) \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam?<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t l\u00e0: Louis Chevreuil<\/strong>, linh m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n. Chevreuil \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n theo de Rhodes, d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abt\u1ed1 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1o Ky-t\u00f4\u00bb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I: Louis Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n II: \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa\u00bb c\u1ee7a Chevreuil.<\/em><\/p>\n

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I- Louis Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 29-7-1658, Vatican t\u1ea5n phong Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lambert de la Motte (t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u B\u00e9rythe hay B\u00e9rithe) l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong; v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 27-8-1658, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p Ph\u00e1p thay B\u1ed3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u00c1 \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00e0y 9-9-1959[5]<\/a>. Ba n\u0103m sau, 1662, \u00f4ng t\u1edbi Xi\u00eam, l\u1eadp T\u00f2a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ngay \u0111\u1ec3 “quan s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh”; nh\u01b0ng ba linh m\u1ee5c: Marquez (cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf H\u1ed9i An), Baudet (\u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng) v\u00e0 Fuciti (\u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Kim Long), thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ed3, vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3i \u00edt l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 “xem x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh”[6]<\/a>. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe g\u1eedi Louis Chevreuil<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n

Louis Chevreuil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o<\/em> (Vicaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral) ng\u00e0y 26-7-1664, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n (1648-1687) l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Kim Long, phi\u00e1 t\u00e2y nam kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Theo Vachet, Louis Chevreuil l\u00e0 con m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u1edf Rennes. \u0110\u1ed7 t\u00fa t\u00e0i Sorbonne (th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, Sorbonne d\u1ea1y c\u1ea3 trung h\u1ecdc), \u0111ang h\u1ecdc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, tr\u1ecd \u1edf qu\u00e1n Auberge de la Rose blanche (H\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1ch),<\/em> g\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng Clermont (t\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Louis-le-Grand ng\u00e0y nay), l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y Chevreuil t\u00ecnh c\u1edd g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pallu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ignace Cotolendi, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng t\u00f2a Nam Kinh, \u0111i \u00c1 ch\u00e2u ng\u00e0y 6-1-1661. Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Cotolendi qua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ng\u00e0y 16-8-1662, t\u1ea1i Machilipatnam, \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9[7]<\/sup><\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 Chevreuil t\u1edbi Xi\u00eam ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o. Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y 17-6-1664, Chevreuil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i An ng\u00e0y 26-7-1664.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng s\u1ebd \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Xi\u00eam ng\u00e0y 27-3-1665.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m th\u00e1ng sau, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1i Chevreuil v\u00e0 Hainques tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ng\u00e0y 4-8-1665, nh\u01b0ng Hainques, kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Chevreuil \u1ed1m, \u1edf l\u1ea1i Xi\u00eam, r\u1ed3i \u0111i Cam-B\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

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Chevreuil b\u1ecb Macao b\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0a ra T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Su\u1ed1t ba n\u0103m \u1edf Cam-B\u1ed1t, Chevreuil kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec: kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Cam-B\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n gi\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cam-B\u1ed1t, theo \u00f4ng “kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh<\/em> \u0111\u1ed9<\/em>“. R\u00fat c\u1ee5c Chevreuil \u1edf C\u0103m-B\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n 5 n\u0103m. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u1ec3, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean [ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3] “c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i”,<\/em> h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n “\u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>“. Kho\u1ea3ng 1670, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecd \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/em>, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft<\/em> l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 Macao, v\u00ec h\u1ecd nghi \u00f4ng theo “t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

T\u1edbi Macao, Chevreuil b\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c [B\u1ed3] theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em> (Saint-Office de l’Inquisition) v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 <\/em>[ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3], b\u1eaft giam c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi \u0111i Goa.<\/p>\n

Chevreuil b\u1ecb t\u00f9 5 th\u00e1ng \u1edf Macao, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb g\u1eedi \u0111i Goa, ch\u1ecbu ba l\u1ea7n th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb \u00f4ng theo t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. Chevreuil kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p r\u1eddi Goa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i Rajapour. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1p-\u1ea4n \u0111\u1ebfn Surate, n\u0103m 1671, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, Chevreuil c\u00f2n \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec. \u00d4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Ayuthia (c\u1ef1u kinh \u0111\u00f4 Xi\u00eam, \u1edf phi\u00e1 b\u1eafc Bangkok), n\u0103m 1693, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 66[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Chevreuil vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i Relation du premier voyage de M. Chevreuil en Cochinchine (K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d4. Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong), <\/em>k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1664-1665, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Chevreuil \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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K\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a <\/strong>Chevreuil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chevreuil vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 h\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abT\u00f4i r\u1eddi Xi\u00eam v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh <\/em>[c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe] ng\u00e0y 18-6-1664, tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu Xi\u00eam, do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e1i, b\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean t\u1ea7u.<\/em>[…]  t\u00f4i t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ng\u00e0y 26-7-1664\u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed t\u00f4i \u0111i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o (Vicaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a cho t\u00f4i s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n 2.000 livres \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh gi\u00fap c\u00e1c Cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean 300 livres, v\u00ec h\u1ecd than r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n <\/em>[…] v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf chung v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i<\/em>[12]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m cha Pedro Marques ngay trong ng\u00e0y 26-7-1664: \u00abCha Marquez, l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3n t\u00f4i v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i <\/em>t\u1ecf v\u1ebb<\/em> th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ea3o \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c g\u1eedi cho h\u1ecd\u00bb<\/em>[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: Fran\u00e7ois-Ignace Baudet (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng), Dominique Fuciti (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Kim Long) v\u00e0 Pedro Marques (cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt, \u1edf H\u1ed9i An) \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7n m\u00e0 v\u1edbi Chevreuil.<\/p>\n

Chevreuil b\u1ecb h\u1ea3i quan kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t h\u00e0nh l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c cha s\u1edf t\u1ea1i khuy\u00ean can nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nghe, \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y chung quanh to\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean “\u0111o\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n” c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh “b\u1eaft c\u00f3c” \u00f4ng: h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, b\u00e8n ph\u00e1i cha Baudet \u0111\u1ebfn vay 300 livres. T\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u00abkh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 300 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chia cho c\u00e1c \u00f4ng<\/em>. \u00d4ng ta c\u00e1m \u01a1n t\u00f4i, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi khen t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y 300 livres \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi m\u01b0\u1ee3n, m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ed7 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t xu d\u00ednh t\u00fai\u00bb<\/em>[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n \u00ab\u0111o\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n\u00bb ghi \u1edf trang 15, v\u00e0i trang sau, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng cha Marquez sai m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111em tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ed1n<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean “b\u1eaft c\u00f3c”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00abtri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh\u00bb:<\/p>\n

“Th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7u \u0111i Macao m\u00e0 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf t\u00f4i v\u00e0o, s\u1eafp nh\u1ed5 neo, t\u00f4i b\u00e8n g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 v\u1edbi anh ta \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng cha n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i ra l\u1ec7nh cho anh ta s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1edf t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh <\/em>[la Cour] t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Jean de la Croix <\/em>[t\u1ee9c Joao Da Crus] l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t tin c\u1eady, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u1ea5p cho 500 \u00e9cus v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. La Croix \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u00f4i s\u1eafp v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1<\/em>“[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra Chevreuil ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn Kim Long, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u: Jean de la Croix <\/em>kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u00abnh\u1eefng t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn lao\u00bb<\/em> c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe g\u1eedi cho Jean de la Croix (nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i k\u00fd) ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd de la Croix ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed \u00f4ng v\u1edbi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng de la Croix kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xin quan th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 \u0111u\u1ed5i Chevreuil<\/em> \u0111i.<\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thay ch\u1eef Kim Long<\/em> b\u1eb1ng Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em> g\u1eb7p ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n th\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft “b\u1ecf” v\u00e0o thuy\u1ec1n B\u1ed3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Macao, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat quy\u1ec1n uy n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean s\u1edf t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn: Chevreuil l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1<\/em> Jean de la Croix<\/em>, th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Chevreuil g\u1eb7p Joao Da Crus, th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chevreuil \u0111\u00e3 mua <\/em>thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i Kim Long, nh\u01b0ng sau “suy ngh\u0129” l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n n\u1eefa:<\/p>\n

“T\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, \u0111i th\u1eadt nhanh, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ba ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u1ebfn Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em> [th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 Kim Long], l\u1ea1i th\u1eb3ng nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac, y th\u1ea5y t\u00f4i th\u00ec n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a. T\u00f4i ch\u00e0o h\u1ecfi theo \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e9p x\u00e3 giao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a cho y nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rithe k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c g\u1eedi bi\u1ebfu y. Y t\u1ecf \u00fd bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn; sau \u0111\u00f3 y cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft, hi\u1ec7n y \u0111ang \u0111\u00fac hai kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c cho ch\u00faa<\/strong>, h\u00f4m nay ch\u00faa s\u1ebd t\u1edbi l\u00f2 \u0111\u00fac c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e0 y \u0111\u1ec3 xem, n\u1ebfu ch\u00faa th\u1ea5y t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00faa nghi ng\u1edd.<\/em><\/p>\n

Y d\u1eabn t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 cha Dominique Fuciti,<\/strong><\/em> D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y<\/em><\/strong>, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c cho t\u00f4i \u1edf.<\/strong> \u00d4ng cha n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3n t\u00f4i v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Assomption <\/em>[Th\u0103ng thi\u00ean, 15-8] cha Fuciti v\u00e0 tay th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00fac kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n m\u1eddi t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5, t\u00f4i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o (Grand Vicaire) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rithe g\u1eedi t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/strong> T\u00f4i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00fac gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u00f4i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00e0y c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n uy l\u1eabn l\u00f2ng khoan h\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa ban cho trong l\u1ec5 Th\u0103ng thi\u00ean; t\u00f4i nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00ean Jean de la Croix n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, sai con \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 trong tri\u1ec1u, xin \u00f4ng ta \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u00f4i \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho y t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 con trai y, \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i. S\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a quan th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 l\u00e0m y c\u00e2m  h\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf che ch\u1edf t\u00f4i, b\u1ecdn y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh <\/em>[t\u1ee9c Kim Long] t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: T\u00ean Jean de la Croix n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang,<\/strong> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u01b0 t\u1ebf. Nghe n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ec5, nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00eam trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng khen, \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 x\u00ec-c\u0103ng-\u0111an c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ea7m ti\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a<\/strong> nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed<\/strong> c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 30<\/strong> n\u0103m<\/strong>, \u0111\u1eb7t trong b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m h\u00f2m g\u1ed7 t\u1eed t\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng cha <\/em>[Fuciti] \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1n t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00ean Jean de la Croix c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00ean t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1<\/em> [\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng]”[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o: “T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ea7m ti\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m”. <\/strong>C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y <\/em>[1664] h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1614, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>, l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Chevreuil: ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng ai \u01b0a, kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u00ab\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7 Gi\u00e1o\u00bb<\/em>, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng b\u1ecb “\u0111u\u1ed5i” \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Chevreuil cho bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 Jean de la Croix <\/em>v\u00e0 khu h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Hu\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n: l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00faa \u0111ang cho \u0111\u00fac hai kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c. Sau n\u00e0y ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft: Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn l\u1eafm, \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Rigault de Genouilly, th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng 1857 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1edd th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y lui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p-T\u00e2y Ban Nha trong tr\u1eadn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng 1857.<\/p>\n

Jean de la Croix, <\/em>t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Joao Da Crus <\/em>[hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Joao \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c l\u0103ng t\u1ea9m \u1edf Hu\u1ebf][17]<\/a>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ri\u00eang<\/em>, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m l\u1ec5. V\u1eady n\u0103m 1664, \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee3 \u0110\u00fac (nay l\u00e0 Ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00fac) c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai nh\u00e0 th\u1edd: nh\u00e0 th\u1edd nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Joao Da Crus <\/em>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn, do cha Dominique Fuciti ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. Ph\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00fac \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Kim Long.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-t\u00f4<\/em>, m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Pedro Marques, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u00f4n ho\u00e0 nh\u01b0 cha Buzomi (\u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1639), theo l\u1ec5 nghi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

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Chevreuil<\/strong> d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Chevreuil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean m\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 200 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n tham gia, l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t<\/em><\/strong>. Chevreuil cho l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan<\/strong> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1ch Cha (le P\u00e8re, Chevreuil th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi cha Marquez nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). \u00d4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 gi\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“H\u1ecd c\u1eed h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb doan, khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf \u00fd cho Cha bi\u1ebft. Bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m linh h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi<\/strong>. H\u1ecd k\u00ea m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e0n l\u1edbn, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi hai c\u00e2y b\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1p th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tay c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn, nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u kia \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 qu\u1ef3 l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh (…) Cha b\u1ea3o l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1ecfi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em>…”[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sau l\u1ec5, Chevreuil r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, con g\u00e1i, theo l\u1ed1i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eb7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc: c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o tay, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u th\u00e1nh l\u00ean ng\u1ef1c h\u1ecd, v.v… nh\u01b0ng Chevreuil c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m, v\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng” g\u00ec. Chevreuil ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 theo “l\u1ed1i T\u00e2y”, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Chevreuil kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, Chevreuil v\u00e0 cha Marquez v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i An. Cha nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt mang tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u00f4i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. <\/em>Hai ng\u00e0y sau, Chevreuil thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cha Marquez ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ecd 15 ng\u00e0y \u1edf chung. Chevreuil \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng l\u00e0 “\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7 Gi\u00e1o” (Grand Vicaire)<\/em> ra h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c cha c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng, cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Malacca [M\u00e3 Lai], c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Xi\u00eam. Chevreuil ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ra d\u1ecda, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng “b\u1eaft” cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng cha Marquez v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00eam, v\u00e0o l\u00fac ba gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng, khi\u1ebfn Chevreuil ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3, cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c Cha Marquez k\u00fd gi\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Cha c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Trong ba th\u00e1ng \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con chi\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Champa (t\u1ee9c Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m, h\u1ecd than b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu s\u0129 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, mu\u1ed1n \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5y. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi cha Marquez, nh\u01b0ng Cha kh\u00f4ng nghe. Kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn H\u1ed9i An, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n d\u00f9ng th\u00ec gi\u1edd r\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng La tinh.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1eef Pers\u00e9cution xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f2i b\u00fat c\u1ee7a Chevreuil<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Chevreuil k\u1ec3: M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, cha Baudet v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, r\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3n t\u00f4i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u1ea5y nghe tin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 Pers\u00e9cution<\/em><\/strong> (\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p) \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u, l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y [H\u1ed9i An], bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i gi\u00e0u,<\/em> ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0\u1edbp<\/em>. Chevreuil tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3. D\u00f9 ch\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n”.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Chevreuil thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u00abPers\u00e9cution<\/em> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u\u00bb<\/em><\/strong>, nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“La pers\u00e9cution<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u, ban \u0111\u1ea7u nho nh\u1ecf, r\u1ed3i t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n theo nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi vu kh\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00e2u ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4, lan t\u1edbi H\u1ed9i An n\u01a1i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf. Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0,<\/strong> l\u1ed9t tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi kh\u00e1m trong hai ng\u00e0y, s\u00e1ng chi\u1ec1u, tr\u1eeb nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i<\/strong> \u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm t\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam<\/strong> (les gouverneurs de la province de Cacham) g\u1eedi hai \u00f4ng quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u00e0 hai Cha \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 <\/em>[tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Saint-Fran\u00e7ois] \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Xi\u00eam \u0111i Macao<\/em>“[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7, <\/em>v\u1eady m\u00e0 Chevreuil vi\u1ebft: “nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam<\/em><\/strong> (les gouverneurs de la province de Cacham),<\/em> ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai v\u00e0o v\u1edbi ai. R\u1ed3i Chevreuil k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt gi\u1ea7u \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, b\u1ecdn n\u00e0y “h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c<\/em>” s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng d\u1eb5m l\u00ean th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o, k\u00e9o theo b\u1ecdn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3: “130 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam<\/em>” c\u0169ng “h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t<\/em>” theo ch\u00e2n b\u1ecdn Nh\u1eadt. B\u1ecf hoang nh\u00e0 th\u1edd kh\u00f4ng lai v\u00e3ng.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f4 l\u00fd:<\/p>\n

1- C\u00e2u: “La Pers\u00e9cution \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u”, <\/em>r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1, v\u00ec trong tri\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 l\u1ec5 nghi n\u00e0o, ngo\u00e0i Nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 “\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/em>” \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

2-<\/em> Theo Chevreuil, trong tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u1ebb vu kh\u1ed1ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 Pers\u00e9cution. <\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-t\u00f4 c\u1ea5m gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/em> cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ecb ch\u00faa c\u1ea5m, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb vu kh\u1ed1ng<\/em> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ch\u00faa.   <\/em><\/p>\n

3–<\/em> V\u1eabn theo Chevreuil, s\u1ef1 “\u0110\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/em>” b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf trong Tri\u1ec1u, r\u1ed3i lan t\u1edbi H\u1ed9i An, <\/em>n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 chung. Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0…<\/em>C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Chevreuil kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd: ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Kim Long<\/em>, huy\u1ec7n H\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00e0, t\u1ec9nh Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ednh<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf H\u1ed9i An<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t! R\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng l\u00ednh n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft “s\u1ee3” \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7 Gi\u00e1o Chevreuil, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m v\u00e0o nh\u00e0!<\/p>\n

Chevreuil kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t: Mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta sai l\u00ednh t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng l\u1eafm l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam hay \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, kh\u00f4ng ai sai l\u00ednh \u1edf Hu\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cai tr\u1ecb, v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1n l\u1ec7nh<\/em>, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tra t\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/em>, v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft tr\u1ebb con <\/em>th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00abX\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc<\/em><\/strong>\u00bb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1n l\u1ec7nh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh vi\u1ec7c Alexandre de Rhodes b\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, gi\u1ebft Andr\u00e9 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6, ph\u1ea7n 2.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, Chevreuil ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a de Rhodes v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1n, <\/em>\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: <\/p>\n

\u00abC\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su, v\u1eeba t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i sau khi x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i, b\u1ecb d\u1eabn th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam v\u00e0 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed<\/strong>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef <\/em>[24 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o] v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, b\u1ecb x\u1eed voi d\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u\u00bb<\/em>[23]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1edf d\u0129 h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u00abh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u\u00bb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 man di m\u1ecdi r\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua L\u00ea, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n chia Nam B\u1eafc, \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, cho t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, khi vua ra lu\u1eadt Gia Long, m\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng theo Lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u0103m 1666, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (1664):<\/p>\n

\u00abH\u00e0ng n\u0103m, x\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec7n, bao nhi\u00ean \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed, bao nhi\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u01b0a x\u1eed, n\u1ed9p l\u00ean huy\u1ec7n quan, huy\u1ec7n quan n\u1ed9p l\u00ean ph\u1ee7 quan, ph\u1ee7 quan n\u1ed9p l\u00ean Th\u1eeba ty, Th\u1eeba ty n\u1ed9p l\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ty, Hi\u1ebfn ty n\u1ed9p l\u00ean Cai \u0111\u1ea1o. Nha m\u00f4n Cai \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ee7 bao nhi\u00eau \u00e1n c\u1ee7a nha m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u00e1n x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t, bao nhi\u00eau \u00e1n x\u1eed bi\u1ebfm (b\u1ecf) nh\u1eefng nha \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau \u00e1n ch\u01b0a x\u1eed xong, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean do, c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nha m\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n nha m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 so\u00e1t l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh s\u1ed5 kh\u1ea3i (c\u00f4ng v\u0103n) v\u00e0 s\u1ed5 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9p l\u00ean Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed \u0111\u00e0i. Nha m\u00f4n Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfu l\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10 th\u00ec s\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng cai \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t chuy\u1ec3n g\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 11 th\u00ec thu l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 n\u1ed9p v\u00e0 k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u00e1n do b\u1ea3n nha m\u00f4n x\u00e9t x\u1eed l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed xong bao nhi\u00eau \u00e1n, ghi ch\u00fa r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 kh\u1ea3i b\u1ea9m l\u00ean.\u00bb[24]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed \u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 xong, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n \u0111em ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ra ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c cho voi d\u1ea7y v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u1ea1, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u00abt\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt\u00bb. \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 c\u00f2n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean 10 tri\u1ec7u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/em> b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft! [25]<\/a> <\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh<\/em>, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, m\u1edbi l\u00e0m s\u1ed5 b\u1ea9m l\u00ean Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed, r\u1ed3i Ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed tr\u00ecnh vua x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n ch\u00f3t. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c L\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 2 hay 3 tr\u0103m \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eedi v\u1ec1, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00c1n M\u00f9a Thu, <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 vua  k\u00fd. Vua x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, cho gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 5 %.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft trong Khi\u00eam l\u0103ng k\u00fd<\/em> [bia d\u1ef1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0103ng vua] c\u00e2u: \u00abta n\u1eafm quy\u1ec3n sinh s\u00e1t l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean gi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u00e1n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5<\/em><\/strong>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00abth\u00f4ng tin\u00bb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, th\u1eeba sai, khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 r\u1ea1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5 n\u00e0o ra l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/em>, m\u00e0 coi h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 con, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u00abch\u00fang ngu mu\u1ed9i\u00bb, theo l\u1eddi d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a cha c\u1ed1, n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129, th\u1eeba sai.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00abTra t\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/em><\/strong>\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1n<\/em>, Chevreuil c\u00f2n k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u01a1n 50 tu\u1ed5i, t\u00ean th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 Anna, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean b\u1ecb k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o gh\u00e9t, b\u00e1o quan r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 ta l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n<\/em>, n\u00ean b\u00e0 ta b\u1ecb:<\/p>\n

\u00abc\u00e1c quan<\/em> cho \u0111\u00e1nh roi k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t<\/em> v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y<\/em> t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m s\u1eaft nung, \u00e1p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: m\u1eb7t m\u0169i, d\u01b0\u1edbi tai, ng\u1ef1c, b\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn, v\u00e0 d\u00fai nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn b\u1ea5c ch\u00e2m l\u1eeda v\u00e0o m\u1eaft, v\u00e0o tai, v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 m\u0169i\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

(aux mandarins qui la firent cruellement fouetter, et puis la condamn\u00e8rent \u00e0 \u00eatre br\u00fbl\u00e9e \u00e0 petit feu avec des plaques de fer embras\u00e9es qu’on lui appliquait en plusieurs parties du corps: sur le visage, au-dessous des oreilles, sur la poitrine et sur les c\u00f4tes; on lui mettait aussi des m\u00e8ches allum\u00e9es dans les yeux, dans les oreilles et dans les narines<\/em>.)[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, Chevreuil c\u0169ng v\u1eabn qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 d\u00e3 man, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ai th\u00ec b\u1eaft, tra t\u1ea5n c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. <\/em>B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

1- Vi\u1ec7c tra t\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>. Trong b\u1ed9 L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed<\/em> c\u1ee7a Phan Huy Ch\u00fa (m\u1ee5c H\u00ecnh Lu\u1eadt Ch\u00ed, trang 287- 407) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, ghi r\u00f5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t nh\u1ea5t<\/em> v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c tra t\u1ea5n<\/em> d\u00e3 man<\/em> nh\u01b0 Chevreuil “m\u00f4 t\u1ea3”, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00f9, \u0111\u1ea7y. <\/em>T\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ba b\u1ef1c: Gi\u1ea3o (th\u1eaft c\u1ed5) v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3m (ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c. Khi\u00eau (ch\u00e9m b\u00eau \u0111\u1ea7u) l\u00e0 hai. L\u0103ng tr\u00ec (ch\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n tay, x\u1ebbo th\u1ecbt cho ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n) l\u00e0 ba.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Phan Huy Ch\u00fa ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u00e1c: ch\u1eb7t ng\u00f3n tay k\u1ebb c\u1eafp, v.v…<\/p>\n

Ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn, vua ch\u00faa<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t d\u00e3 man<\/em>, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tra t\u1ea5n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i che \u0111\u1eady nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

2- \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai: vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cu\u1ed1n Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y <\/em>c\u1ee7a de Rhodes, g\u1ecdi Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i<\/em>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ea1o (Ph\u1eadt, Kh\u1ed5ng, L\u00e3o)  v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u00e0 Anna kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00ec t\u1ed9i “ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

3- Chevreuil c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eefa: Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/em>.<\/strong> Ngay c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00fd, Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c<\/em> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Hernan Cort\u00e8s, Francisco Pizarro, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La tinh.<\/p>\n

4- Ri\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Vatican, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1789<\/em>. <\/strong>T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t non tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u thua k\u00e9m: t\u1eeb khi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, <\/em>v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/em><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

\u00abVoi d\u00e0y c\u00f4 b\u00e9 Lucie v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u00abtra t\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u00bb<\/em>, Chevreuil t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c \u00abh\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh<\/em> tr\u1ebb con\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng<\/strong>, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u1edf Qu\u00e3ng Ng\u00e3i, b\u1ecb \u0111eo g\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i An. C\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf<\/strong> (Les trois enfants<\/em>), m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i t\u00ean Lucie v\u00e0 hai trai, tu\u1ed5i 14 v\u00e0 15, can \u0111\u1ea3m ra v\u00e0o th\u0103m h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c t\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, v\u00ec kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. R\u1ed3i b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cha:<\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nhau, khi chia tay ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, mi\u1ec7ng ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i:<\/em> “Th\u00f4i, c\u00e1c cha t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang con l\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1: Ba gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Fuciti, Baudet v\u00e0 Chevreuil<\/em> c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb giam, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Chevreuil <\/em>vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb t\u00f9, sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i cho ba \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>?<\/p>\n

Chevreuil k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed1n th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ba \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7<\/em> v\u00e0 n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

\u00abB\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea1m c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i, theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n\u00bb. S\u1ef1 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u00e1c quan ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn, h\u1ecd k\u1ebft \u00e1n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c cho voi d\u00e0y c\u1ea3 ba\u00bb <\/strong>(Cette hardiesse surprit les juges et les irita si fort, qu’ils les condamn\u00e8rent sur-le-champ tous les trois \u00e0 \u00eatre expos\u00e9s aux \u00e9l\u00e9phants<\/strong>)”<\/em>[28]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n Andr\u00e9 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ignace<\/em> v\u00e0 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 Ignace, trong chuy\u1ec7n Andr\u00e9 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a de Rhodes, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u1eef d\u1ed9i h\u01a1n: c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb quan to\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c cho voi d\u00e0y.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Chevreuil k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh, can gi\u00e1n: “C\u00e1c ch\u00e1u \u0111i\u00ean sao m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ebft tr\u1ebb th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 ch\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi\u00bb, <\/em>c\u00f4 b\u00e9 Lucie, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Linh (Saint-Esprit) ph\u00f2 tr\u1ee3, b\u00e8n c\u1ea5t cao gi\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n

\u00abAi \u0111i\u00ean h\u01a1n ai, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng hay ch\u00fang t\u00f4i? C\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft h\u1ed3n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u1edb \u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1edd k\u00ednh. X\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eb3ng ai \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ec5n. C\u00f2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft tr\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3n linh h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t x\u00e1c. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 vinh hi\u1ec3n n\u00e0o h\u01a1n khi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a  ti\u1ec5n?\u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Lucie, ba \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb hi\u00ean ngang ra ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/p>\n

\u00abT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan trong t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n xem cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf: b\u1edfi v\u00ec ngay sau khi t\u1edbi n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c con voi, m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf nh\u00ecn l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 ba l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ch\u00fang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt n\u00e0y h\u1ea5t l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, cho r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng s\u1eebng, xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n d\u00ed n\u00e1t<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh vinh hi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1nh t\u00edch q\u00fay b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u1eed n\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi D\u00f2ng T\u00ean nh\u1eadn thi th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u00e9 trai, c\u00f2n t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e9 Lucie trinh ti\u1ebft, t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o,<\/strong> <\/em>[\u0111em v\u1ec1] cho \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rithe \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean ban th\u1edd \u1edf trong gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4ng x\u00e2y \u1edf Xi\u00eam<\/em>.<\/strong> (Les J\u00e9suites eurent les corps des gar\u00e7ons et moi j’eus le bonheur d’avoir la t\u00eate de la petite vierge et martyre Lucie, que Mgr de B\u00e9rithe fit d\u00e9poser sous l’autel de l’\u00e9glise qu’il a  fait b\u00e2tir \u00e0 Siam<\/strong>)\u00bb<\/em>[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n de Rhodes \u0111em \u0111\u1ea7u Andr\u00e9 \u0111em v\u1ec1 La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n h\u1eadu th\u1ebf”, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o Ki-T\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, linh m\u1ee5c Jouvet trong cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>, th\u1ea5y Chevreuil ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd: ch\u00faa c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa, <\/em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng [d\u00e1m] n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ch\u00faa l\u00e0 ai? N\u00ean \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ra l\u00e0 ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n,<\/em> r\u1ed3i ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c th\u00eam cho gh\u00ea r\u1ee3n, \u0111\u1ec3 “x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh” ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 “b\u1ea1o chu\u00e1”, tra t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb con.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00abvoi d\u00e0y tr\u1ebb con\u00bb <\/em>n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Chevreuil, xem c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n?<\/p>\n

1- Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed tr\u1ebb con<\/em>.<\/p>\n

2- Theo gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u1ebb con kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn<\/em>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f4 b\u00e9 Lucie<\/em> \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1p h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111anh th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn.<\/em> Chevreuil \u0111\u00e3 “m\u1edbm” v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abmua\u00bb cho n\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

3- Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Lucie, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i n\u1eb7ng:<\/p>\n

Lucie b\u1ecb voi d\u1ea7y, <\/em><\/strong>v\u1eady<\/em> m\u00e0 Chevreuil l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u00e9<\/em><\/strong> \u0111em v\u1ec1 Xi\u00eam<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe. S\u01a1 h\u1edf<\/em> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng k\u1ec3: ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd Chevreuil ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb voi d\u00e0y \u0111em v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c? V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

Chevreuil \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Lucie<\/em>, sau khi Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ai ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rithe \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4 b\u00e9 l\u00ean ban th\u1edd\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 x\u1eed t\u1eed<\/em> b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Chevreuil “t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft” giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

“Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3… k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ea3ng Nam v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5t Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong…Con s\u1ed1 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 43 ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/em>“[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

“N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7-1664 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3-1665, th\u1eddi gian Chevreuil \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Con s\u1ed1 43 <\/strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t “h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean”, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n Lucie v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 b\u1ecb voi d\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm <\/strong>nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

Sau n\u00e0y Louvet, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: 43 l\u00e0<\/strong> con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n<\/em>.  <\/strong>V\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 43 s\u1ebd “\u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng ai ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Louvet c\u00f2n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c th\u00eam: “D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ec1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em><\/strong>“[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u00f4ng d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Hi\u1ec1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecf gay<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n h\u1ecfi cung b\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Pierre \u0110ang, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Chevreuil[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ghi “t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Chevreuil, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft “bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o” c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Louvet. R\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec tin l\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y tu, n\u00ean coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u00ab\u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n “gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o”.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1eefa trong b\u00e0i K\u00fd s\u1ef1<\/em> n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n Chevreuil gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00faa<\/em> “d\u00e3 man t\u00e0n \u00e1c”, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady:<\/p>\n

“Sau t\u00f4i m\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00faa c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa hay m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 n\u00e0o, d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 v\u1eady<\/strong>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u00faa c\u0169ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o tin t\u1ee9c cho t\u00f4i hay l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n x\u1ea5u b\u1ee5ng, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00faa r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 vua B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha.<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eddi t\u00f4i <\/em>[\u1edf \u0111\u00f3], ch\u00faa hay h\u1ecfi Jean de la Croix<\/em> v\u1ec1 vua B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vua B\u1ed3 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m B\u1ed3 \u1edf Goa v\u00e0 Macao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha hay kh\u00f4ng. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00faa t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u1edb cho c\u00e1c Cha d\u1eabn t\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a vua B\u1ed3 l\u00ean c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c<\/em> [\u2026] V\u00ec th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t<\/em> vua B\u1ed3, ch\u00faa b\u1eaft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh vua B\u1ed3, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng.[…]<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 do b\u1ecdn Do Th\u00e1i<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y<\/strong>, v\u00ec ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh trong 40 n\u0103m nay tr\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y,<\/strong> v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e1nh c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p do Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng g\u1eedi t\u1edbi, n\u00ean h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng gi\u00e8m pha gieo v\u00e0o tai ch\u00faa. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng tin ch\u1eafc, v\u00ec \u1edf Trung Hoa, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng gieo r\u1eafc nh\u1eefng s\u00e0m b\u00e1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1n nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea9y ra cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd.<\/em>[33]<\/a>“<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, t\u1edbi khi Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 29 n\u0103m (1615-1644) tr\u1ea3i ba \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa (ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n) v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ch\u00faa “kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ai<\/em>?” Ch\u1ea3 nh\u1ebd trong 24 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n g\u1ee5i cha Buzomi, c\u00e1c ch\u00faa l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi th\u1eb3ng Cha r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ai, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nghe chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1o?<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1u trung, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n “ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/em>” n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n c\u0169 so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/em>de Rhodes k\u1ec3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe chuy\u1ec7n hai t\u00ean H\u00f2a Lan c\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfc b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 cho Nh\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0 b\u1ecdn Y Pha Nho \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chung quanh n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, khi\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn ra l\u1ec7nh t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o trong su\u1ed1t 40 n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 t\u1eeb thu\u1edf th\u1ee7a khai sinh, trong 16 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf<\/em>.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, de Rhodes k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00abb<\/em><\/strong>\u1ecba ra tr\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c c\u00e2y Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, l\u00e0m ch\u00faa kinh t\u1edfm<\/em><\/strong>. Ch\u00faa li\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1t Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng cha n\u00e0o \u0111eo th\u1ee9 r\u1ed3 r\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft\u00bb<\/em>[35]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, <\/em>g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u0103m 1639.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a de Rhodes v\u00e0 Chevreuil r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft “40 n\u0103m”, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thay Nh\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 xong. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i n\u00f3i chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, tin l\u1eddi nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u1ecd c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00ec ngu d\u1ed1t, c\u1ed1t l\u00e0m l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean do c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 Nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng <\/em>c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Chevreuil l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng: “ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn Do Th\u00e1i<\/em>” phao tin nh\u1ea3m. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Chevreuil k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u1eefa. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfm tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay, m\u00e0 Chevreuil d\u00e1m qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do Th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng<\/em>” \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong!<\/p>\n

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II-\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa<\/em>\u00bb c\u1ee7a Chevreuil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pers\u00e9cution v\u00e0 Martyr<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, hai ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Pers\u00e9cution <\/em>v\u00e0 Martyr<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Pers\u00e9cution <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Martyr<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> hay t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pers\u00e9cution <\/em>d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p<\/em>, qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00e3 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang \u00fd nghi\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c <\/em>m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef Pers\u00e9cution, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Alexandre de Rhodes d\u00f9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, trong hai cu\u1ed1n La glorieuse mort d’Andr\u00e9 (C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft vinh hi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9)<\/em> v\u00e0 Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o;<\/em> cu\u1ed1n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/em> c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri, vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, Pers\u00e9cution <\/em>v\u00e0 Martyr <\/em>th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong th\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh m\u1ee5c Andrien Launay thu th\u1eadp trong b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 <\/em>v\u00e0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc K\u1ef3,<\/em> in n\u0103m 1923, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u  trong t\u1eadp chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet La Cochinchine Religieuse (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam) <\/em>v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong gi\u1edbi vi\u1ebft s\u1eed n\u00f3i chung m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Louvet, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c Pers\u00e9cution v\u00e0 Martyr c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX\u00bb <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u00abkinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u00bb; khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o\u00bb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

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Louvet v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i Introduction <\/em>(Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1), linh m\u1ee5c Louvet t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00abTh\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho ta v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u01a1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay b\u1ecdn tin l\u00e0nh Anh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng quy c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh (un concours de circonstances providentielles) khi\u1ebfn ta may m\u1eafn chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng [\u2026] Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho ta bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea9y ra trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a ta, v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Canada v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1c. Xin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00e1nh cho t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c th\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n n\u00e0y! (Que Dieu \u00e9pargne ce malheur et cette honte \u00e0 notre ch\u00e8re patrie!<\/em>)\u00bb[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n minh b\u00e2u quanh c\u00e1c con m\u1ed3i, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 s\u01a1 h\u1edf c\u1ee7a nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch La Cochinchine Religieuse (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet l\u00ean \u00e1n  \u00abhai tr\u0103m n\u0103m Pers\u00e9cution v\u00e0 Martyr \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00bb <\/em>g\u1ed3m hai t\u1eadp, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 1115 trang. V\u1edbi 219 trang Introduction<\/em> (Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1) <\/em>nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng “t\u1ed9i \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 1820 tr\u1edf \u0111i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> (l’\u00c8re des Martyrs)<\/em> v\u00e0 vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “N\u00e9ron Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t, Louvet m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ee5 Pers\u00e9cution<\/em> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Andr\u00e9 Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a de Rhodes, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00abthuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c\u00bb l\u1eafm, \u00f4ng b\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam m\u1ed9t “ch\u1ee9ng” n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n t\u00ean Horace Massa, \u1edf H\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1 [H\u1ed9i An], g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 Roma, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 “nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft” ng\u00e0y 26-7, th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ebb Andr\u00e9, sinh t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Ram-an<\/em> \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, v\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y “t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” b\u1ed1c l\u00ean sau khi Andr\u00e9 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bi\u1ebft x\u00e1m h\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00e9n l\u1eeda…[37]<\/a> L\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Andr\u00e9 sinh t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Ram-an<\/em> \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 de Rhodes kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi!<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hai tr\u1edf \u0111i, Louvet \u00abm\u00f4 t\u1ea3\u00bb nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 “T\u00e0n s\u00e1t  kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng” \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX:<\/p>\n

– \u00abNgay t\u1eeb 1644,<\/strong><\/em> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i<\/em> Pers\u00e9cutions, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay<\/em><\/strong>\u00bb<\/em>[1884].<\/p>\n

(D\u00e8s 1644, on vit commencer en Cochinchine cette longue suite de pers\u00e9cutions<\/strong>, qui devait durer, \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s sans interruption, jusqu’\u00e0 nos jours)<\/em>[38]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

– \u00ab\u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o, sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eafm tr\u00ean c\u1ecdc nh\u1ecdn cao, theo l\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn l\u00e0m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00bb.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

(Les t\u00eates des martyrs<\/strong> furent ensuite plac\u00e9es sur des pieux \u00e9lev\u00e9s, selon l’ordre expr\u00e8s du roi, ainsi qu’il se pratique ici envers  les malfaiteurs)<\/em>[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, hai ch\u1eef Pers\u00e9cution<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 martyrs <\/strong><\/em>tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, v\u1edbi <\/em>ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch \u00abt\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt\u00bb l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n

– \u00abTrong hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m, m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3y nh\u01b0 su\u1ed1i \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p quan<\/em>\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Pendant deux cent ans, le sang chr\u00e9tien a coul\u00e9 \u00e0 flots dans tous les pr\u00e9toires des mandarins)<\/em>[40]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Louvet tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Louvet trong \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam,<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim (1920), \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0o \u0110\u0103ng V\u1ef9 (1974), Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef (1988), Etienne V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh (1992)… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Louvet, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft \u00e1n nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim (1883-1953), s\u1eed gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u00bb l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1edbi c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

“S\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e0n \u00e1c. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i \u0111em l\u00e0m t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Y Pha Nho m\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u1edb \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1eady<\/em>[41]<\/a>“<\/em>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim in d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1eed gia duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb 1945 \u0111\u1ebfn 1954, sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1edbi 1975.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o \u0110\u0103ng V\u1ef9 (1908-1997), vi\u1ebft: \u00ab\u0110\u00e1nh ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ch\u1ecdc gi\u1eadn g\u00e2y th\u00f9 th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb con, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i h\u00e0i.\u00bb[42]<\/strong><\/a> <\/em>C\u00e2u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u00abch\u1ecdc gi\u1eadn g\u00e2y th\u00f9 th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\u00bb <\/em>nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u00e0 \u00abnh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eb7t v\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb con\u00bb<\/em> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/em>Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u00f4ng coi k\u1ebb \u00abx\u00e2m l\u0103ng\u00bb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean? V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, k\u1ebb b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb con, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u00abch\u1ecdc gi\u1eadn\u00bb h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1eed gia, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia l\u1edbp sau nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n S\u01a1n (1915-1978) c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \u00abTi\u1ebfng s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Trung T\u01b0\u1edbng Rigault de Genouilly v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Lapierre v\u00e0o m\u00f9a thu n\u0103m \u0110inh v\u1ecb (1847), ti\u1ebfc thay, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o cho c\u00e1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00f4n \u00e1m<\/strong> c\u1ee7a vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb<\/em>\u00bb[43]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 23-3-1847, hai t\u1ea7u La Gloire v\u00e0 La Victorieuse, do \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Lapierre v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Rigault de Genouilly \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, [l\u1ea5y c\u1edb] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111\u1ec3 xin tha Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Lef\u00e8bvre, b\u1ecb giam t\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tha v\u00e0 cho d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i Singapour r\u1ed3i. Trong l\u00fac Lef\u00e8bvre \u0111ang s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba<\/em>, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y15-4-1847, hai t\u00e0u Gloire <\/em>v\u00e0 Victorieuse<\/em> b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd n\u1ed5 s\u00fang b\u1eafn tan h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m 5 thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y, kh\u00f4ng \u00abquan t\u00e2m\u00bb g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u00abs\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn\u00bb Lef\u00e8bvre. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp. V\u1eady m\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n S\u01a1n l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abc\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o<\/em> c\u00e1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00f4n \u00e1m<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb\u00bb, <\/em>th\u00ec ta c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i g\u00ec!<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng: th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd<\/em>, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft tin theo c\u00e1i l\u00fd \u1ea5y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd… cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng sao \u00abg\u1ed9t r\u1eeda\u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

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S\u1eed gia Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef (1935-1992)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef sinh n\u0103m 1935 t\u1ea1i Duy\u00ean H\u00e0, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh. Qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1992 t\u1ea1i Canada. T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Cao s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, d\u1ea1y s\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch bi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, s\u1eed k\u00fd, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1961. N\u0103m 1975, di t\u1ea3n sang Canada, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u S\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba<\/em> \u1edf Montr\u00e9al,  N\u0103m 1979, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a<\/em>[44]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, <\/em>ngo\u00e0i ra \u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 Lan giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, XVII, XVIII)[45]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Louvet k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef. <\/em>Trong cu\u1ed1n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 Lan giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, XVII, XVIII), <\/em>in n\u0103m 1988, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 T\u1eeb c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em>[46]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e9p Louvet, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

“Ch\u00faa <\/em>[Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c] c\u0169ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0o l\u1ea9n tr\u1ed1n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng, ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ngay, x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh<\/em>“[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean,<\/em> n\u0103m 1664, c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u: “Ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta nh\u1eefng cha c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y”<\/em>; kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef t\u1eed h\u00ecnh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1669, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i ra d\u1ee5 th\u1ee9 hai g\u1eaft gao h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n <\/em>(nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh); c\u00f2n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb b\u1eaft qu\u1ea3 tang \u0111ang h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, th\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh 50 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi th\u1ea3 ra; <\/em>c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai ch\u1eef t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. <\/em>(Hai d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

V\u1eady s\u1ef1 th\u00eam th\u1eaft<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eed gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, ti\u1ebfp tay v\u00e0 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa. Ngay vi\u1ec7c Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef cho in l\u1ea1i 4 tranh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, trong cu\u1ed1n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, qua c\u00e1c k\u00fd h\u1ecda T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>[48]<\/a>, v\u1ebd c\u1ea3nh x\u1eed t\u1eed gi\u00e1o s\u0129,<\/em> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh<\/em>, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1edd nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft oan<\/em>.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i K\u00fd s\u1ef1<\/em> c\u1ee7a Chevreuil, tung ra nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7t <\/em>v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n “gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o” n\u0103m 1664-1665, h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Louvet ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam <\/em>(1885). V\u00e0 h\u01a1n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef sao l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Chevreuil v\u00e0 Louvet, th\u00eam th\u1eaft v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i chi ti\u1ebft cho “h\u1ee3p l\u00fd” h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1661, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n<\/em><\/strong>, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng d\u1eady. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o<\/strong>. Nh\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eb5m l\u00ean. Ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu d\u1eb5m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111em ch\u00e9m hay cho voi d\u00e0y<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1663,<\/em><\/strong> l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i gay g\u1eaft h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n b\u1ecb t\u00e1n ph\u00e1, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. <\/strong>C\u00e1c cha ph\u1ea3i chia nhau \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i: Cha Marques \u1edf H\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1, Cha Ignace Beaudet <\/em>[Baudet] \u1edf Tourane v\u00e0 cha Dominique Fuciti \u1edf Hu\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u0103m 1665 l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Nh\u1eadt ki\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung \u1edf H\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1. Ch\u00faa ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1c Nh\u1eadt ki\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 d\u1eb5m l\u00ean \u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00ec qu\u00e1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt ki\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e2ng l\u1ec7nh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft,<\/strong> nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu d\u1eb5m l\u00ean \u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa. Ng\u00e0y 31-1-1665 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3<\/strong><\/em> \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf k\u1ebb Ch\u00e0m <\/em><\/strong>(Qu\u1ea3ng Nam). Ng\u00e0y 2-4 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 4 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra Qu\u1ea3ng Nam x\u1eed t\u1eed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 2 n\u1eef t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u1edf t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong h\u00f4m c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1eef t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Lucie<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn xin v\u1edbi quan \u00e1n: Th\u01b0a quan, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i \u00f4ng Pierre K\u00ec, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u00ec t\u1ed9i theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 xin v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan cho t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c quan cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 tr\u1ebb [\u2026] H\u00f4m nay t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi d\u1ea7y v\u1edbi b\u00e0 n\u00e0y.[…] Quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4 n\u00e0y ra ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea7u c\u00f4 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf ban th\u1edd nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh b\u00ean Xi\u00eam<\/strong>\u00bb [49]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i Chevreuil (v\u00e0 Louvet), c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a n\u1eb7ng l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng th\u00eam th\u1eaft<\/em> l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u: \u00abC\u00e1c cha ph\u1ea3i chia nhau \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i: Cha Marques \u1edf H\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1, Cha Ignace Beaudet <\/em>[Baudet] \u1edf Tourane v\u00e0 cha Dominique Fuciti \u1edf Hu\u1ebf\u00bb, <\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec h\u1ecd tr\u1ed1n \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p\u00bb, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u1edf t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y: Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef d\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n Lucie b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. C\u00f4 b\u00e9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh “m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3” (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ebft v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean) v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft: Lucie l\u00e0 con \u00f4ng Pierre K\u1ef3, t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f4 <\/strong>xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi d\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4<\/strong>, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady “\u0110\u1ea7u c\u00f4 sau m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c B\u00e9rythe \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf ban th\u1edd nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh b\u00ean Xi\u00eam<\/strong><\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t<\/em> trong \u0111o\u1ea1n Lucie b\u1ecb voi d\u1ea7y (ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Chevreuil b\u1ecba ra chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y), \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Chevreuil c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: thay v\u00ec Lucie b\u1ecb voi d\u00e0y, \u00f4ng s\u1eeda th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00abc\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u\u00bb cho Chevreuil \u0111em v\u1ec1 Xi\u00eam!<\/p>\n

V\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i s\u1eed gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00f4 can<\/em> trong vi\u1ec7c vu kh\u1ed1ng<\/em> t\u1ed9i \u00e1c cho ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

  <\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Etienne V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh (1934-2013)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Etienne V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh sang Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1951, l\u00fac 17 tu\u1ed5i, h\u1ecdc \u1edf Strasbourg. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Strasbourg, sau chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Quimper, r\u1ed3i Brest. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m 6 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 (V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, D\u00e2n lu\u1eadt, Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc).  <\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1992, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Etienne V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 La place du catholicisme dans les relations entre la France et le Vi\u1ec7t Nam de 1870 \u00e0 1886, (V\u1ecb tr\u00ed Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o trong quan h\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb 1870 t\u1edbi 1886<\/em>), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, sau in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m ba tome<\/em>[50]<\/a> in d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n Publications Universitaires Europ\u00e9ennes<\/em> (\u1ea4n b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u<\/em>), do gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Louis Le Guillou vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1a. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh: Khoa H\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u<\/em>, Paris,<\/em> New York, <\/em>v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u1ea5p \u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u00abm\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t\u00bb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ch quan ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m hai cu\u1ed1n, chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n Tome, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 1566 trang:<\/p>\n

Tome I: V\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (t\u1eeb trang 1 \u0111\u1ebfn trang 754). Tome II: Ch\u00fa th\u00edch (trang 763-1034), Tome III: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, Ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb (trang 1039-1453) v\u00e0 Tome IV- Index (1456- 1566).<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa trong 16 n\u0103m (1870-1886) c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 Jean Dupuis (\u0110\u1ed3 Ph\u1ed5 Nghi\u00e3) t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng \u0111i V\u00e2n Nam; xuy\u00ean hai l\u1ea7n H\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 [v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (1873) v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Di\u1ec7u (1882)], ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1eeba sai, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Puginier, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u00ab\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u00bb gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c: gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 con chi\u00ean b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o\u00bb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho (lettr\u00e9s).<\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n de Lanessan ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: \u00abThay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vua, v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb B\u1eafc v\u00e0 Trung K\u1ef3, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho\u00bb<\/em>[51]<\/a>   <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng xen v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t: S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o cho v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 g\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n. Xin \u0111\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u00ab\u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa\u00bb<\/em> trong th\u00e1ng 5-1874, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o g\u1ea7n S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00abs\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u00bb<\/em> nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u00bb<\/em>, theo 3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n

\u00abTr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, theo Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Puginier, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft: 3 linh m\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, 20 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng hay h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 150 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n; theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris: nhi\u1ec1u tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00e0 theo cha Louvet: nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, 14 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o khu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o v\u1ee5 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n.<\/em><\/p>\n

Theo Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Puginier, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o; theo H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba sai, h\u01a1n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 theo cha Louvet, ba tr\u0103m m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nho c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y; kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o do b\u1ecdn phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n g\u00e2y ra, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 25.000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n (theo Puginer), 60.000 (theo Louvet), b\u1ecb n\u00e9m ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00ean n\u00fai, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t…\u00bb<\/em>[52]<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

V\u1eady, theo V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eefng \u00abth\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u00bb ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ba ngu\u1ed3n: H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Puginier v\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c Louvet, s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. [Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Gauthier c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5 cho vua \u00abT\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ea5u nh\u1eb9m kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua sai \u0111i \u00e1m s\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/strong>\u00bb[53]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>]<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn; d\u00f9<\/em> ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, theo cha Louvet, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y<\/strong>. D\u00f9<\/em> sao ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i<\/strong>. Ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”<\/em>[54]<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y, cho th\u1ea5y tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: \u00abnh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i\u00bb, <\/em>c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0: nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 “t\u00e0n s\u00e1t”<\/em> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi ba ngu\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai<\/em> \u0111\u01b0a ra (Louvet, Puginier v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i, <\/em>t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd: Con s\u1ed1 [ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t] c\u1ee7a Louvet m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u00ec con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y<\/em>. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 khinh ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf, v\u00ec V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai<\/em> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1<\/em> t\u00e0n s\u00e1t<\/em> n\u00e0y, th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ai ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c, soi t\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c \u00abgi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o\u00bb, nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y sang gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ea khai, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o con s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Louvet<\/em>; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y r\u00f4ng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay, r\u00eau rao vi\u1ec7c “t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4” <\/em>c\u1ee7a vua ch\u00faa nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd ho\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam <\/em>c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 “c\u00f4ng lao” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng b\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, vai tr\u00f2 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Puginier cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai<\/em> v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1857-1914)<\/em> (Les missionnaires et la politique coloniale fran\u00e7aise au Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1857-1914)[55]<\/a>, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, “c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1eeba sai d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m ch\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd trong tay, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00abgi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o\u00bb, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1eed kh\u00e1c, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c ngoan c\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Louvet v\u00e0 Puginier, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i vu kh\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n “t\u00e0n \u00e1c di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o” trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n vu c\u00e1o t\u1ea7y \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em> n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 
\n(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>              Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>, quy\u1ec3n I, Nxb Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1885, T\u1ef1a (Pr\u00e9face), trang II.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>           <\/em><\/strong>Theo Louvet, An Nam chia l\u00e0m 9 gi\u00e1o s\u1edf (vicariats apostoliques): T\u1eeb bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ba gi\u00e1o s\u1edf thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Dominicain T\u00e2y Ban Nha. T\u1eeb s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u00f3 s\u00e1u gi\u00e1o s\u1edf, thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris. N\u0103m 1879, gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f3  210. 326 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: B\u1eafc k\u1ef3: v\u00f9ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 155.000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Mi\u1ec1n duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i: 73.000 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. B\u1eafc Trung k\u1ef3: 27.058 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Nam Trung k\u1ef3: 36.317 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 1885, Nam k\u1ef3 (Bi\u00ean Ho\u00e0, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, M\u1ef9 Tho, V\u0129nh Long) c\u00f3 51.450 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, g\u1ed3m 4.875 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u00e0 46.575, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1. Ch\u00e2u \u0110\u1ed1c, H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean, M\u00ean, L\u00e0o, c\u00f3 12.837 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 10.000, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00e1p (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p). \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>, quy\u1ec3n I, Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1  <\/em>(Introduction) trang 4, 5.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>           Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam <\/em>, quy\u1ec3n I, Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1  <\/em>(Introduction), trang 5.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>           <\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, b\u1ecb Y Pha Nho chi\u1ebfm l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch Gia-T\u00f4 ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb 1565.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>              Theo Launay, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, 1658-1717,<\/em> trang 1. V\u00e0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, 1658-1823,<\/em> quy\u1ec3n I, trang 1.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>              Theo b\u00e0i K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d4. Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (Relation du premier voyage de M. Chevreuil en Cochinchine)<\/em>, in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, 1658-1823, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 14.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>              <\/em>Theo H\u1ed3i \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vachet (<\/em>M\u00e9moires de Vachet), <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, 1658-1823, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n I, trang 12-13.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>           Theo K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d4. Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, <\/em>in trong  L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n I, trang 13-14.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>              Theo Debuts de M. Chevreuil au Cambodge (Th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00d4. Chevreuil \u1edf C\u0103m-B\u1ed1t)<\/em> in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n I, trang 65-74. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Chevreuil, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft  \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u00f4ng g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris, in trong b\u1ed9 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, 1658-1823, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>            Theo Taboulet, La Geste fran\u00e7aise en Indochine, <\/em>Nxb Andrien-Maisonneuve, 1955, t\u1eadp I, trang 29.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>            Theo K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00d4. Chevreuil \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (Relation du premier voyage de M. Chevreuil en Cochinchine), <\/em>c\u1ee7a Chevreuil, in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3,<\/em> Launay, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n I, trang 13-27.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean… <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, 1658-1832, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 14.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean… <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 14.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang<\/em> 15.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean… <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 15.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean… <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 16.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>            Joao Da Crus<\/em>, theo Cadi\u00e8re, m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1682. Cadi\u00e8re ghi danh s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng do Jean de la Croix \u0111\u00fac trong kho\u1ea3ng 1659-1684, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf Hu\u1ebf n\u0103m 1924: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 L\u1ec7nh; hai \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Kh\u1ea3i \u0110\u1ecbnh; hai \u0111\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n C\u1ea7n Ch\u00e1nh; hai \u0111\u1ec9nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n C\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh; m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0103ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Kh\u00e1nh; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5ng ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5. (Cadi\u00e8re, Khu Th\u1ee3 \u0110\u00fac- I- Jean de la Croix v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean <\/em>(BAVH, 1924, trang 311 v\u00e0 314).<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean…<\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 17.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u2026<\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 17.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u2026<\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 18, 19.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 20.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 21-23.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean… <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 22.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>         Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed,<\/em> T\u1eadp II, H\u00ecnh Lu\u1eadt Ch\u00ed, Nxb Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i,1992, trang 296.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a>         <\/em>\u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>, in trong Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea7u, Nxb Tr\u1ebb, 2013, trang 32.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean… <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 23.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a>            Phan Huy Ch\u00fa, L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed,<\/em> T\u1eadp II, H\u00ecnh Lu\u1eadt Ch\u00ed, Nxb Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i,1992, trang 306.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em>… in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3<\/em>, Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 24.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 24-25.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 23.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a>            Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam <\/em>(La Cochinchine Religieuse), Ernest Le Roux, Paris, 1885, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 244.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a>            Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em> (La Cochinchine Religieuse), Ernest Le Roux, Paris, 1885, quy\u1ec3n I,  trang 270.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a>            K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/em>in trong L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3, <\/em>Launay, quy\u1ec3n I, trang 25-26.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a>            Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/em>trang 175- 177.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a>            Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/em>, trang 143.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a>         Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>, quy\u1ec3n I, Nxb Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1885, Introduction (Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1<\/em>) trang 3 v\u00e0 4.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a>            Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam<\/em>, quy\u1ec3n I, Nxb Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1885, trang 239-241.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a>            <\/em>Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n I, <\/em>Nxb Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1885, trang 239-241.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a>            Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam,<\/em> quy\u1ec3n I, trang 243.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a>         Louvet, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam,<\/em> quy\u1ec3n I, Pr\u00e9face (T\u1ef1a), trang II.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a>            Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c,<\/em> Imprimerie V\u0129nh Thanh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1928, quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, trang 219.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a>         \u0110\u00e0o \u0110\u0103ng V\u1ef9, Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1974, Nxb H.T. Kelton, in l\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i CA, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103m, trang 49.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a>         Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n S\u01a1n, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed to\u00e0n th\u01b0<\/em>, Thu L\u00e2m \u1ea5n qu\u00e1n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1960, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u1ee5p in l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103m, trang 629.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a>         <\/em>T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u S\u1eed \u0111i\u1ea1, Montr\u00e9al, Canada, 1979.<\/em><\/p>\n

[45]<\/a>            <\/em>T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba, Montr\u00e9al, 1988.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a>            Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 Lan giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, XVII, XVIII), <\/em> Montr\u00e9al, 1988, T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba, trang 52.<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a>            Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 Lan giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, XVII, XVIII), <\/em> T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba, Montr\u00e9al, 1988, trang 85.<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a>         <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, qua c\u00e1c k\u00fd h\u1ecda T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, <\/em>T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba, Montr\u00e9al, 1988, trang 52- 55.<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a>            Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u1eafc Ng\u1eef, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 Lan giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, XVII, XVIII), <\/em> cu\u1ed1n 1, trang 55.<\/p>\n

[50]<\/a>            S\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, in d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale<\/em> (Trung T\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Khoa H\u1ecdc v\u00e0  \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Bretagne<\/em>) do C\u00f4ng ty Peter Lang in v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 Ch\u00e2u, \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh: Berne. Berlin. Francfort-s. Main. New York. Paris. Vienne.<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a>            Jean-Marie de Lanessan, L’Indochine Francaise, \u00e9tude \u00e9conomique politique et administrative sur la Cochinchine, le Cambodge, l’Annam et le Tonkin<\/em>, 1889, trang 711.<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a>            Etienne V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, La place du catholicisme dans les relations entre la France et le Vi\u1ec7t Nam de 1870 \u00e0 1886 (V\u1ecb tr\u00ed Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o trong quan h\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p-Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb 1870 t\u1edbi 1886<\/em>), Peter Lang, 1992, Tome I, trang 243.<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a>         V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, La place du catholicisme dans les relations entre la France et le Vi\u1ec7t Nam de 1870 \u00e0 1886,<\/em>   trang 1346.<\/p>\n

[54]<\/a>            Etienne V\u00f5 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ea1nh, La place du catholicisme dans les relations entre la France et le Vi\u1ec7t Nam de 1870 \u00e0 8186,<\/em> Peter Lang, 1992, Tome I, trang 243.<\/p>\n

[55]<\/a>            T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris n\u0103m 1969, in n\u0103m 1990, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale. N\u0103m 1999, Nguy\u1ec5n Thu\u1eadn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n Yale. V\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 
\nL\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef
\nCh\u01b0\u01a1ng 7:
\nLouis Chevreuil
\nv\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong
\n 
\n  
\n 
\nTrong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng La Cochinchine Religieuse (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100977","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu","category-tu-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100977","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100977"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100977\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100979,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100977\/revisions\/100979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100977"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}