{"id":100568,"date":"2024-07-26T07:15:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T07:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/damau.org\/?p=100568"},"modified":"2024-08-12T01:52:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T01:52:19","slug":"trch-lich-su-truyen-gio-v-chu-quoc-ngu-de-rhodes-den-dai-viet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/100568\/trch-lich-su-truyen-gio-v-chu-quoc-ngu-de-rhodes-den-dai-viet","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef- Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 : Alexandre de Rhodes – Ph\u1ea7n II. De Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t"},"content":{"rendered":"

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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/em><\/h2>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5<\/span><\/h2>\n

Alexandre de Rhodes<\/span><\/h2>\n

II. De Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n

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Trong l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0<\/i> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o (Voyages et Missions) <\/i>Alexandre de Rhodes x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai vi\u1ec7c: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng in s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

1- V\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

“T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u0103m n\u0103m du h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin vinh hi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd<\/b><\/i>.<\/b>\u00bb[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u0103m n\u0103m du h\u00e0nh<\/i>, Alexandre de Rhodes ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i,<\/i> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/i><\/b> <\/i>D\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 <\/i>\u0111\u01b0a t\u00ean Trung qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u1edf Trung qu\u1ed1c. Trong l\u1eddi k\u1ebft to\u00e1n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u0103m n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb khinh mi\u1ec7t: nh\u1eefng <\/b>m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

2- V\u1ec1 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch vi\u1ec7c in s\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: <\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abT\u1eeb khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u00f4i cho in \u1edf Rome, nh\u1edd \u01a1n c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u00f4ng trong H\u1ed9i Truy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng cochinchinois <\/i>[t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1ea5n-hoa, ch\u1ec9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam], la tinh v\u00e0 b\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o nha, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd <\/i>[Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y] ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng b\u00ed k\u00edp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho b\u1ecdn ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o; nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4<\/b> b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng cho t\u1edbi nay ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7<\/b><\/i>\u00bb[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: s\u00e1ch in cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n<\/b> gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o,<\/b> b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng cho t\u1edbi nay ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

V\u1eady <\/i><\/b>c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n ra, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> <\/b>nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh ba m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u0103m n\u0103m, \u0111\u01b0a Alexandre de Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9p:<\/p>\n

– Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd. <\/i><\/p>\n

– S\u00e1ch \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i>, m\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, bi\u1ebft qua v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng cho t\u1edbi nay ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7 l\u00e0 <\/i>ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Alexandre de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 ra v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb 1624 \u0111\u1ebfn 1645. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y chia l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, c\u00e1ch nhau 10 n\u0103m:<\/i><\/p>\n

– Giai \u0111\u1ecdan m\u1ed9t<\/i>, g\u1ed3m hai l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong (1624-1626) v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i (1627- 1630) <\/i><\/p>\n

– Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai<\/i>, sau m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n \u1edf Macao (1630-1640), \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1640. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 1640-1645, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1639.<\/p>\n

Theo cu\u1ed1n Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/u><\/i> Th\u00e1ng 12-1624, de Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n (\u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng) trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Gabriel de Mattos \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Pedro Marques v\u00e0 4 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 7-1626, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Pedro Marques[3]<\/a>.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai:<\/u><\/i> Ng\u00e0y 12-3-1627, \u00f4ng \u0111i trong ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Pedro Marques, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng, Thanh H\u00f3a ng\u00e0y 19-3-1627. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 cho d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1630, b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t[4]<\/a>.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba:<\/u><\/i> <\/i>Th\u00e1ng 2-1640, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb Macao \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, m\u1eb7c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Lan. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Macao ng\u00e0y 20- 9-1640[5]<\/a>.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/u><\/i>:<\/i> \u00d4ng kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Macao ng\u00e0y 17-12-1640, \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00eam No\u00ebl (24-12-1640). \u0110i su\u1ed1t d\u1ecdc mi\u1ec1n Trung truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1edbi Ranran (Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean) th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t (2-7-1641)[6]<\/a>.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m:<\/u><\/i> Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1-1642, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb Macao \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u1edf l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m: \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 10 th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ebb <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khi \u00f4ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t; \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t binh \u0111\u1ed9i:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abCh\u00fang t\u00f4i chia l\u00e0m hai ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9i: M\u1ed9t \u0111i theo c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, do Ignac l\u00e0m ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edfng, d\u1eabn Andr\u00e9 \u0111i theo. <\/i>M\u1ed9t, \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, t\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Ch\u0103m <\/i>[Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean]\u00bb (Nous les distribu\u00e2mes en deux escadrons; le premier devait suivre les provinces du septentrion jusqu’au Tonkin; Ignace devait \u00eatre le capitaine, et mener Andr\u00e9 avec soi; l’autre devait aller par toutes celles du midi jusqu’aux confins de Champa<\/i>\u00bb[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sau khi l\u1eadp xong \u00abbinh \u0111\u1ed9i\u00bb c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u1ebb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao th\u00e1ng 9-1643[8]<\/a>, \u1edf l\u1ea1i 5 th\u00e1ng. <\/u><\/i><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u: <\/u><\/i>\u00d4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1-1644.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 26-7-1644, th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Andr\u00e9 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u[9]<\/a>. De Rhodes \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e1c Andr\u00e9 l\u00ean t\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 ch\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao[10]<\/a>, c\u00f2n \u00f4ng quay l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u Andr\u00e9, \u1edf th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Ba ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 Hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng (Pentec\u00f4te)[11]<\/a> [kho\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1645], de Rhodes c\u00f9ng t\u00e1m th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng tr\u1ebb xu\u1ed1ng thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i tr\u00ean con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, l\u00ean phi\u00e1 B\u1eafc gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o [s\u00f4ng Gianh], b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nghi ng\u1edd t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o, b\u00e8n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u[12]<\/a>. Ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u de Rhodes, nh\u1edd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc c\u0169 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa can, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n x\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.[13]<\/a> .<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 3-7-1645, de Rhodes r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, mang theo th\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p Andr\u00e9, v\u1ec1 La M\u00e3.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ba n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 La-M\u00e3<\/u>:<\/p>\n

B\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ng\u00e0y 23-7-1645 de Rhodes v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Macao.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 20-12-1645, \u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7u \u1edf Macao \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, t\u1edbi Malaque (Malacca, M\u00e3 lai), ng\u00e0y 14-1-1646. De Rhodes \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y 40 ng\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u \u0111i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, b\u00e8n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng Jave-Majeure<\/i> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o Java (Batavia t\u1ee9c Djakarta) n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ty bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng, hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ho\u00e0 Lan gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Malacca ng\u00e0y 22-2-1646, tr\u00ean t\u1ea7u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 Lan, ba ng\u00e0y sau (25-2-1646), t\u1ea7u b\u1ecb m\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m. De Rhodes k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: \u00f4ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ea7u Andr\u00e9 ra kh\u1ea5n: \u00abAndr\u00e9, n\u1ebfu ta b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i \u1edf bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ea7u con v\u1ec1 Rome \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00bb<\/i>. L\u1eddi kh\u1ea5n v\u1eeba d\u1ee9t, con t\u1ea7u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y 5-3-1646 t\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn Jacquetra (Djakarta, t\u1ee9c Batavia)<\/i>[15]<\/a>, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Lan. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan \u0111a s\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan b\u1eaft b\u1ecf t\u00f9.<\/u><\/p>\n

De Rhodes k\u1ec3: \u00d4ng \u1edf Djakarta \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd t\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2, \u0111\u00e3 5 th\u00e1ng, gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho H\u00f2a Lan, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. B\u1ed7ng ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt 29-7-1646, \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m l\u1ec5, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t quan t\u00f2a d\u1eabn l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m nh\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfi cung v\u1ec1 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n

1-T\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o trong khi bi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

2-T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i h\u1ecd (de Rhodes d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef secte <\/i>c\u00f3 \u00fd khinh b\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh, tuy kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00ean) m\u00e0 m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111em n\u1ed9p cho de Rhodes.<\/p>\n

3- D\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 quan Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Malacca theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia-T\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi de Rhodes.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu hai gi\u1edd h\u1ecfi cung. L\u1ea7n sau, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3y \u00f4ng to\u00e0. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd r\u00fat ra t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y ghi 17 t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 ba t\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, ch\u1ed7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u00f9 m\u1edd, sau c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd gi\u0169 l\u1ea1i b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n

1- \u0110\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

2- \u0110u\u1ed5i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Lan, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. 3- T\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

4- B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, h\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 22-9-1646, c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a mu\u1ed1n de Rhodes ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 t\u1eed t\u00f9, nh\u00ecn \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 25-9-1646, de Rhodes b\u1ecb d\u1eabn ra ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a m\u1eb7c l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang l\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 [\u00e1o th\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed9i t\u00f3c gi\u1ea3, ki\u1ec3u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u] \u0111\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n \u00e1n d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd, b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ho\u00e0 Lan. De Rhodes tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec c\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng t\u00f2a gi\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u00e1n l\u1ec7nh, g\u1ed3m ba h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t:<\/p>\n

1- B\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

2- Ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1t 400 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e9cu<\/i> [ti\u1ec1n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u] b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

3- Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh [Ch\u00faa, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh] b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u1eaft c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c k\u00eau than, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ki-t\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m (commis par des chr\u00e9tiens<\/i>, \u00fd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh c\u0169ng th\u1edd ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su).<\/p>\n

R\u00fac c\u1ee5c h\u1ecd cho \u0111ao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9t x\u1eed t\u1eed, treo c\u1ed5, hai k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n n\u1ed9p ph\u1ea1t, de Rhodes ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf t\u00f9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 10-1646, nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 Corneille Vandecin, To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u00f2a Lan v\u00f9ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, de Rhodes m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng \u00f4ng \u1edf Djakarta (Batavia) t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng, ba th\u00e1ng trong t\u00f9.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u1edbi nhau, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1edd ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su v\u1edbi nhau [c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tin l\u00e0nh]. Tuy \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00f2a Lan h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 \u00f4ng (v\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch Tin l\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ed9i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t t\u1eed t\u00f9 b\u1ecb x\u1eef gi\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i d\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai v\u00e0 Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb H\u00f2a Lan chinh ph\u1ee5c ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII:<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1511, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 Y Pha Nho, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, chia nhau x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e3 Lai-Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, H\u00f2a Lan n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1602, H\u00f2a Lan b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfm \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 [th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV v\u00e0 XVI l\u00e0 \u00abc\u1ee7a\u00bb B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha] v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng ty H\u00f2a Lan-\u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n<\/i>, b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i \u00abbu\u00f4n b\u00e1n\u00bb nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u0103m d\u00f2, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. N\u0103m 1641, Ho\u00e0 Lan chi\u1ebfm Malacca (thu\u1ed9c M\u00e3 Lai). Sau \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Sumatra, Macassa (tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o C\u00e9l\u00e8bes t\u1ee9c Sulawesi) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Java (thu\u1ed9c Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n (1643-1644) chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n H\u00f2a Lan nh\u00f2m ng\u00f3 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1eed D\u0169ng l\u1ec5 h\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1eeda Eo (Thu\u1eadn An)[18]<\/a>. N\u0103m sau h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00faa Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n H\u00f2a Lan kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Djakarta \u0111i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/u><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 21-10-1646, de Rhodes l\u00ean t\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 r\u1eddi Djakarta \u0111i Macassar,<\/i> \u00f4ng xin gh\u00e9 <\/i>v\u00e0o Bantan <\/i>[Banten] g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y, c\u0169ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Java, <\/i>nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Anh, may ra c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u Anh \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Anh v\u00f9ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i r\u1ea5t t\u1eed t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho<\/i> l\u00ean chuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea7u s\u1eafp v\u1ec1 Anh, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111ang c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e0nh l\u00ean l\u1ea1i t\u1ea7u B\u1ed3, \u0111i Macassar ng\u00e0y 25-10-1646. Ng\u00e0y 21-12-1646 t\u1edbi Macassar <\/i>(Ujungpandang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o C\u00e9l\u00e8bes (Sulawesi)[19]<\/a>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 5 th\u00e1ng. Quanh qu\u1ea9n trong v\u00f9ng Java \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8-1647 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7u Anh \u0111i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, qua eo b\u1ec3 La Sonde (gi\u1eefa Sumatra v\u00e0 Java), \u0111i hai th\u00e1ng tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, ng\u00e0y 30-9-1647, de Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Surate<\/i> (Surat hay Gujerat, h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u1ea6n \u0111\u1ed9)[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 3-2-1648, de Rhodes l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7u Anh t\u1eeb Surate<\/i> \u0111i Perse (Iran, Ba T\u01b0), m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau t\u1edbi c\u1eeda b\u1ec3 Comoran (?) thu\u1ed9c Ba T\u01b0, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1648[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Ba T\u01b0 v\u1ec1 La M\u00e3<\/u><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 18-3-1648, de Rhodes quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i b\u1ed9<\/i> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec9, v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ba T\u01b0, qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Chiras, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau t\u1edbi Aspaan (t\u1ee9c Ispahan, c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Ba T\u01b0) ng\u00e0y 13-4-1648, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 \u00abm\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u00bb,<\/i> \u1edf <\/i>\u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 <\/i>nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o. De Rhodes ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf Aspaan ba th\u00e1ng, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh 150 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arm\u00e9niens \u0111i \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 theo h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y 28-6-1648, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadp b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arm\u00e9niens l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qua v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u00e9die (mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Iran), xuy\u00ean mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Arm\u00e9nie sang Anatolie (mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3) \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng Smyrne (Izmir) \u1edf Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y 17-3-1649. M\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t n\u0103m thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 18-3-1648, kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111i b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb Ba T\u01b0 sang Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. De Rhodes h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Smyrne. Sau l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, \u00f4ng l\u00ean t\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u00e0nh G\u00eanes (\u00dd), qua \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, v\u1ec1 G\u00eanes. G\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u0169 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Roma. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111i Milan, Bologne, Lorette (Loreto), v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi La M\u00e3 ng\u00e0y 27-6-1649[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes vi\u1ebft:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abNgay khi v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi <\/i>[Roma] t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecf \u00fd mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i; h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y t\u00f4i t\u1edbi g\u00f5 c\u1eeda c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111ang ng\u1eeda tay xin c\u00e1c v\u1ecb <\/i>[d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecd] \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng; t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u1edf l\u1ea1i ba n\u0103m, tham d\u1ef1 ba <\/i>Th\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i <\/i>(congr\u00e9gationes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales), gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (nos royaumes, <\/i>\u00fd n\u00f3i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i) c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n xin gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7y. […]<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u binh l\u00ednh \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng,<\/b> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i theo ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su<\/b> (J’ai cru que la France, \u00e9tant le plus pieux royaume du monde, me fournirait plusieurs soldats qui aillent \u00e0 la conqu\u00eate de tout l’Orient, pour l’assujettir \u00e0 J\u00e9sus-Christ)<\/b> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y <\/i>[\u1edf Ph\u00e1p]; ng\u00e0y 11-9-1652, t\u00f4i r\u1eddi Rome v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3, sau khi h\u00f4n ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00bb[23]<\/b><\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n Gia T\u00f4 h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00f5 l\u1ef1c <\/i>c\u1ee7a de Rhodes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong c\u00e2u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 c\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef soldats, <\/i>\u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 M\u1ef9, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, n\u00ean ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u1eddi v\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a de Rhodes.<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t phi\u00e1 d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef soldats <\/i>l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, <\/i>v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00ednh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau.<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t phi\u00e1 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/i> nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 ph\u00fac \u00e2m<\/i>, hay chi\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa<\/i> t\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o s\u0129.<\/i> D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 H\u1ed3ng Nhu\u1ec7 vi\u1ebft: \u00abN\u00f3i chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ph\u00fac \u00e2m t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i binh s\u0129 \u0111i chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng<\/i>\u00bb[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/p>\n

1- C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00fan m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ouvrier<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 <\/i>hay nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 soldat<\/i>. Tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p de Rhodes l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 10 thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> v\u00e0 \u00f4ng chia \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169<\/i> n\u00e0y l\u00e0m hai ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9i<\/i> (escadron), nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

2- Soldats<\/i> t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 binh l\u00ednh<\/i> hay binh s\u0129<\/i>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nghi\u00e3 b\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u00fd t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i xem c\u00e2u v\u0103n \u0111i li\u1ec1n sau \u0111\u00f3: \u00absoldats qui aillent \u00e0 la conqu\u00eate de tout l’Orient, pour l’assujettir<\/b> \u00e0 J\u00e9sus-Christ\u00bb (<\/i>chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111i chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i <\/b>theo ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su).<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m tr\u00ean ch\u1eef l’assujettir<\/i><\/b>, <\/i>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang<\/i><\/b> ph\u1ea3i theo<\/b><\/i> ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su. Ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef assujettir<\/i> <\/b>\u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00e3 ch\u1eef soldats <\/i>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ph\u00fac \u00e2m <\/i>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, <\/i>b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c<\/i> b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai theo \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef la conqu\u00eate de tout l’Orient- cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/i>, m\u1ed9t \u00fd nghi\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi \u1ea9n \u00fd \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

Qua h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh gian nan, \u0111\u1ea7y nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 de Rhodes k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u1ea3i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t, hai n\u0103m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft \u1edf d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1663, khi c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i Th\u1eeba Sai Paris v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1644, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p m\u1edf C\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1p-\u1ea4n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng ty H\u00f2a Lan-\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c \u00abbu\u00f4n b\u00e1n\u00bb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c t\u1ea7u bu\u00f4n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty Ph\u00e1p-\u1ea4n, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb \u00c2u sang \u00c1 c\u0169ng ng\u1eafn \u0111i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 12-1624, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Alexandre de Rhodes \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u00e1p t\u00f9ng cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Gabriel de Mattos \u0111i kinh l\u00fd \u0110\u00e0ng Trong; ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Macao \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1eeda H\u00e0n. M\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y sau t\u1edbi Dinh Ch\u00e0m, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 Quang Nam.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>:<\/i><\/p>\n

“L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cha Emmanuel Fernandez v\u00e0 Buzomi, \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o qua th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 cha Fran\u00e7ois de Pina kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n, v\u00ec \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t”<\/i>[25]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd:<\/p>\n

“N\u0103m 1625, \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9y c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi tu s\u0129<\/b> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/i>“[26]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 15-12-1625, linh m\u1ee5c de Pina ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i \u1edf V\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. De Rhodes k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: Cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111i th\u0103m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 tr\u00ean t\u1ea7u v\u1eeba b\u1ecf neo \u1edf v\u1ecbnh \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. \u00abSau khi th\u0103m xong, cha l\u00ean m\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi con chi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e3o l\u1edbn n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, m\u1ea3ng l\u1eadt; Cha b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng \u00e1o th\u1ee5ng d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng b\u01a1i tho\u00e1t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/i>\u00bb[27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Theo de Rhodes, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 [1625] ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, n\u00ean ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, “b\u1ecdn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o” l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa.<\/i><\/p>\n

“Trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c <\/i>[c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129], t\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vinh danh h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed3n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t,<\/b> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o man r\u1ee3,<\/b> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a trong tim l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u00f4ng b\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 in d\u1ea5u trong m\u1ecdi tr\u00e1i tim con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”<\/i>[28]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf, ch\u00faa S\u00e3i v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y con chi\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u00abman di m\u1ecdi r\u1ee3\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: cha Buzomi, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1615, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u00f4n ho\u00e0, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn Tam gi\u00e1o <\/i>v\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean,<\/i> n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i dung nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi de Rhodes v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1ebb t\u1edbi (1625), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Tam gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1ecb ch\u00faa S\u00e3i c\u1ea5m. De Rhodes vi\u1ebft trong Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u <\/i>[l\u1eddi xui xi\u1ec3m] x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n, ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean <\/b>ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb v\u00ec an ninh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u01b0 do h\u01a1n trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>“[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 b\u00e8n k\u00eau v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf t\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc K\u1ef3, xin ch\u00faa cho \u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00eam 100 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 an t\u00e1ng cha de Pina [qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 15-12-1625]. Sau ch\u00faa c\u0169ng d\u1ecbu \u0111i v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o[30]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 7-1626, de Rhodes v\u00e0 Pedro Marques \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 Macao.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 18 th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai: <\/i>ra \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 3-1627, Macao g\u1eedi cha Pedro Marques, l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi de Rhodes \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hai gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Baldinotti (\u00dd) v\u00e0 Piani (Nh\u1eadt) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00e1ng 3-1626 (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4<\/i>).<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, de Rhodes coi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn”<\/i> (un combat).<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 “chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu<\/i>” (combattre toute l’idol\u00e2trie du Tonkin avec les armes de J\u00e9sus-Christ<\/i>)[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y <\/b>12-3-1627, de Rhodes [v\u00e0 Marques] kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Macao, sau t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Chouaban [C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng] thu\u1ed9c Sinoa [Thanh H\u00f3a] ng\u00e0y 19-3-1627.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes vi\u1ebft: \u00abT\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Saint-Joseph\u00bb[32]<\/b><\/a><\/i>. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 H\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng S. Joseph<\/i>, Th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n S. Joseph<\/i>, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

D\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u00f9a ra \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u1ec3 xem h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u1edbi. De Rhodes tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y “h\u00e0ng” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4<\/i><\/b>, t\u1ee9c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi<\/i>[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd l\u1ec7nh ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1eeda C\u1eeda B\u1ea1ng trong hai tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p ch\u00faa tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn: Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1i binh 120.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 400 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u00e0ng Trong[34]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes k\u1ec3: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 qu\u1ef3 l\u1ea1y v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt. \u00d4ng theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n Ch\u00faa, d\u00e2ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 l\u00ean d\u00e2y (l’horloge) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p ph\u1ea5n (poudrier), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00faa b\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd. Ch\u00faa ra l\u1ec7nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1edd \u1edf Thanh Ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Trong hai th\u00e1ng \u1edf Thanh Ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi[35]<\/a>. De Rhodes kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng: Cha Pedro Marques, tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng ch\u00faa l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a cha A.Palmeiro, Gi\u00e1m S\u00e1t D\u00f2ng T\u00ean hai t\u1ec9nh Nh\u1eadt, Hoa \u1edf Macao, ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ch\u00faa \u00e2n c\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Pedro Marques v\u00e0 de Rhodes, n\u0103m 1627.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a cha Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t T\u1ec9nh Palmeiro \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1631, s\u1ebd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi sau.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng thua tr\u1eadn tr\u1edf v\u1ec1; c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p theo ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 kinh, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng. De Rhodes d\u00e2ng ch\u00faa m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, b\u1ecdc v\u00e0ng, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1edb tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea5t,<\/i> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi<\/i>. Ch\u00faa ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nghe, sau \u0111\u00f3 de Rhodes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa v\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0103n c\u01a1m v\u1edbi ch\u00faa v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long, v\u00ec t\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 s\u1eafp s\u1eeda nh\u1ed5 neo v\u1ec1 Macao. May thay, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u. De Rhodes l\u00ean d\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ch\u1ea1y. Ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i[36]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng cho d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 \u1edf cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. De Rhodes vi\u1ebft: “Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4 em g\u00e1i ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 17 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u binh l\u00ednh. N\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 1200, n\u0103m sau, 2000, v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ee9 ba, 3500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi”<\/i>[37]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eddi de Rhodes, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o cho 200 “th\u00e0y tu m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i”, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00e1m n\u00e0y k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 “gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9”, b\u1ecf “\u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ef7<\/i>” \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y, de Rhodes vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o <\/i>c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00f5i kh\u00e1c; t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed nh\u1ea5t. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch: qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i chia l\u00e0m t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i theo, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i<\/b>“<\/i>[39]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u: “qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i chia l\u00e0m t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i theo, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i”. <\/i>C\u00e2u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1627-1630. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft: nh\u1edd \u01a1n tr\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9<\/i> \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao k\u1ebb \u00abm\u00ea mu\u1ed9i\u00bb, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3<\/b><\/i> \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdn qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n, ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi b\u1ec7nh<\/i><\/b>; cho u\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ng,<\/b> th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/b><\/i>“[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh<\/i> <\/b>m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u con chi\u00ean bi\u1ebft<\/i> ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh. <\/i><\/b>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u de Rhodes tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u00abgi\u00e1o ho\u00e1\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng:<\/i><\/p>\n

“M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng quan, ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 theo \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i g\u1eedi m\u1ea5y t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. T\u00f4i g\u1eedi \u0111i s\u00e1u th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 d\u1eb7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eebng mang theo nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9<\/i> [thu\u1ed1c] \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/i><\/p>\n

H\u1ecd ra \u0111i, ch\u1ec9 mang trong tay nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y; nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh, c\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh, n\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 \u0110\u1ed3ng Trinh <\/b>m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 cho h\u1ecd trong l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n, r\u1ed3i \u0111i th\u0103m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ecdc kinh v\u00e0 cho u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 8 ng\u00e0y sau, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi 272 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh,<\/b> tin \u0111\u1ed3n lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1m \u01a1n t\u00f4i, kh\u00f3c s\u01b0\u1edbt m\u01b0\u1edbt, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i”<\/i>[41]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao de Rhodes b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y<\/i>: v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3, h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft oan.<\/p>\n

\u1ede th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, theo Cristoforo Borri, v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c ta v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c t\u00e2y (do ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i), c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n ngang nhau, n\u1ebfu ch\u1eefa thu\u1ed1c t\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi, chuy\u1ec3n sang thu\u1ed1c ta, l\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 c\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00ean th\u00e1nh l\u00e0 Benoite, b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i, v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1eafng:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Benoit <\/i>[con trai b\u00e0 c\u1ee5] kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n m\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn chia bu\u1ed3n, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n b\u00ean x\u00e1c m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb s\u00e1u gi\u1edd r\u1ed3i. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng qu\u1ef3 xu\u1ed1ng, Benoit to gi\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecdc kinh Th\u00e1nh m\u1eabu, r\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t m\u1eb9 v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh; b\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1eaft ra ngay, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u1ecfi h\u1eb3n; b\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i d\u1eady, r\u1ed3i qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u1ee3i ca Ch\u00faa ban ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau, t\u00f4i <\/i>[de Rhodes] tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng hai m\u1eb9 con k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/i>[42]<\/b><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

Theo de Rhodes, n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i: “m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ban ph\u00fac cho \u00edt nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m tr\u0103m b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con chi\u00ean”<\/i>[43]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh l\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t coi \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u00abm\u1ecdi r\u1ee3\u00bb.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n

De Rhodes \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m r\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u00ecnh an, th\u00ec b\u00e3o t\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n <\/i>\u00e1m h\u1ea1i: Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 (v\u1ee3 l\u1ebd, n\u00e0ng h\u1ea7u) c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00faa [Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng] cho t\u1edbi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi t\u00f4i [de Rhodes] quay ra gh\u00e9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y<\/i>. M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00faa c\u00f2n l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1, sau nghe h\u1ecd r\u00eau rao: n\u1ebfu ch\u00faa theo \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf th\u00ea thi\u1ebfp, th\u1ea3i h\u01a1n tr\u0103m cung n\u1eef, l\u00e0m ch\u00faa t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, ra d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m theo c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111em sang, b\u1edfi “v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho qu\u1ed1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c<\/i>.”[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u1eeba t\u1ea1m l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 kh\u00e1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n,<\/b> h\u1ecd t\u00e2u v\u1edbi ch\u00faa r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i<\/b><\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 thu\u1ef7, <\/i><\/b>r\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 b\u00f9a ng\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (mon souffle portait un sortil\u00e8ge qui renversait la t\u00eate \u00e0 ceux \u00e0 qui je parlait) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>. Ch\u00faa b\u00e8n,<\/i> kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4i truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u1eddm c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00f4i v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap t\u00f4i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ch\u00faa c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 cho y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn th\u1eadt nhanh, s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c.<\/i><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00faa ra m\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng t\u00f4i th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1630: Ch\u00faa c\u1ea5m t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi,<\/b> cho l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Ma Cao ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ngay: d\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nghi th\u1ee9c, d\u00e1n \u1edf c\u1ed9t l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i<\/i>“[45]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: T\u00f4i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam l\u00e9n ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i… \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c hai th\u00e1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00faa cho 36 t\u00ean l\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4i l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdn l\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00ean thay v\u00ec d\u1eabn t\u00f4i v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ch\u00fang cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf, lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n \u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Bochin [B\u1ed1 Ch\u00ednh], ng\u00e0y tr\u1ed1n tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00eam l\u00e9n l\u00ean b\u1edd gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00eam b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n t\u1eed t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u00abv\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa: kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean t\u1ea7u B\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 Macao th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb phi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n<\/i>“[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba n\u0103m hai th\u00e1ng<\/i>: t\u1eeb 19-3-1627 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1630[47]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cha <\/b>Gi\u00e1m S\u00e1t hai T\u1ec9nh D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Trung Hoa <\/i><\/b>\u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n

Sau khi de Rhodes v\u00e0 Pedro Marques b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Macao, cha A. Palmeiro (1569-1635)[48]<\/a> Gi\u00e1m S\u00e1t hai T\u1ec9nh D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Trung Hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, <\/i>quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Marques, de Rhodes v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, cha Gi\u00e1m S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ec3 “\u0111i\u1ec1u tra” t\u1ea1i sao de Rhodes v\u00e0 Marques b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long?<\/p>\n

Ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (1627) khi g\u1eedi Pedro Marques (v\u00e0 de Rhodes) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, cha Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro \u0111\u00e3 trao cho cha Pedro Marques m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ecdc th\u01b0 ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi th\u01b0 v\u00e0 qu\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ec5. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m b\u1ea1c l\u00e1<\/i>, chi\u1ec1u ngang 55,20 cm, chi\u1ec1u cao 23,60 cm<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia B\u1ed3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 Macao, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ea3i Nam b\u1ecb b\u00e3o, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t l\u00ean b\u1edd, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cha Palmeiro ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n ra t\u1eadn H\u1ea3i Nam chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i, th\u01b0 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 17 h\u00e0ng ch\u1eef, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 166 ch\u1eef. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vatican, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng g\u1eedi cho \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh th\u00e2n n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Palmeiro, sau khi de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. L\u00e0m xong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, cha Palmeiro tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao, \u0111\u1ec3 d’Amaral v\u00e0 Cardim \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng de Rhodes kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea1m l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng (v\u00e0 cha Pedro Marques) c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, de Rhodes k\u1ec3:<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abT\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois, Andr\u00e9, Ignace v\u00e0 Antoine, c\u00f4ng khai tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap Th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5, th\u1ec1 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c Cha \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m <\/i>[\u2026] nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u1ecd. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u01a1n tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b> \u1edf ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/i>“[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

De Rhodes kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Pedro Marques l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 Tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Pedro Marques v\u00e0 de Rhodes: <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

“Gaspar d’Amaral kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Marques v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 <\/i><\/b>[de Rhodes] m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n,<\/i><\/b> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/b> v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh “D\u00f2ng tu” Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng”<\/i>[51]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam <\/i>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Gaspar d’Amaral <\/i>gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o theo l\u1ed1i \u00f4n ho\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ec5 nghi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, sau khi de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Gaspar d’Amaral<\/b><\/p>\n

D’Amaral l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra hai ch\u1eef \u0110\u00e0ng Tr\u00ean<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c \u1edf Cao B\u1eb1ng, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ea9y n\u0103m \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, d’Amaral, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng D\u00f2ng tu Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, <\/i>\u00f4ng c\u00f2n so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3 (La Diccion\u00e1rio anamita-portugu\u00eas) m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y de Rhodes s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La.<\/p>\n

Linh m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, trong L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/i> cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1972, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: <\/i><\/p>\n

\u00abTh\u1eadt ra, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0: vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do nhi\u1ec1u Linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y<\/i>.\u00bb[52]<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: D\u00f2ng tu Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, <\/i>n\u01a1i linh m\u1ee5c d’Amaral ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00abc\u00e1i n\u00f4i\u00bb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng minh Alexandre de Rhodes kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Gaspar d’Amaral \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Gaspar d’Amaral t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10-1629 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y Paulus Saito, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 5-1630, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea7u v\u1edbi hai L.m. Pedro Marques, \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y Paulus Saito \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u00c1o M\u00f4n.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 18-2-1631, Gaspar d’Amaral, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ba linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, t\u1ee9c Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro, Antoine de Fontes v\u00e0 Antonio F. Cardim, t\u1eeb \u00c1o M\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea7u bu\u00f4n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i <\/i>[\u2026] T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c Linh m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia B\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp ni\u1ec1m n\u1edf. Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ra l\u1ec7nh cho con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c Linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 trong Ph\u1ee7 Ch\u00faa.<\/i>[\u2026]<\/i><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng ba n\u0103m 1631 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c thi H\u1ed9i, Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng c\u0169ng m\u1eddi c\u00e1c Linh m\u1ee5c \u0111i theo \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c thi.<\/i>[…] Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean ki\u1ec7u s\u01a1n son thi\u1ebfp v\u00e0ng do 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00eanh (ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tay \u0111\u00f4 v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Ki\u00ean Lao, g\u1ea7n x\u00e3 B\u00f9i Chu ng\u00e0y nay) theo sau c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan v\u0103n v\u00f5 \u0111i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 10.000 l\u00ednh mang v\u00f5 kh\u00ed s\u00e1ng nho\u00e1ng.<\/i>[…]<\/i><\/p>\n

Sau 7 n\u0103m \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1638, Amaral \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 \u00c1o M\u00f4n gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n “Madre de Deus” (M\u1eb9 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi) c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. Ba n\u0103m sau, Amaral \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1m T\u1ec9nh D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, Vi\u1ec7t Nam, L\u00e0o, Cam B\u1ed1t, Xi\u00eam, \u0111\u1ea5t \u00c1o M\u00f4n v\u00e0 hai t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y). N\u0103m 1645, Gaspar d’Amaral l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u00c1o M\u00f4n \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam l\u00e0m \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 23-12-1645<\/i>“[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn de Rhodes b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u1edf Macao <\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Alexandre de Rhodes nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, sau khi \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 <\/i>[de Rhodes] b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1y Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n “Madre de Deus” \u1edf \u00c1o M\u00f4n trong 10 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi (1630-1640). \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 coi nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb “c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n” trong 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay \u00edt ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1eadt ra n\u1ebfu B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean mu\u1ed1n, th\u00ec \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3-1631, b\u1ed1n linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean l\u00e0 Gaspar d’Amaral, Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro, Antonio de Fontes v\u00e0 Antonio F. Cardim t\u1eeb \u00c1o M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p hai linh m\u1ee5c Gaspar d’Amaral v\u00e0 Antonio F. Cardim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long; t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1632, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00eam ba linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i: Raymond de Govea (T\u00e2y Ban Nha) v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd l\u00e0 Bernadin Reggio, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Mayorica. <\/i>[…]<\/i><\/p>\n

S\u1edf d\u0129 \u0110\u1eafc L\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1630-1640 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129 \u1edf \u00c1o M\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam,<\/b> v\u00ed d\u1ee5: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef Ky T\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea5t, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eadp “D\u00f2ng tu” Th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng, vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch nghi t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5, v.v…”<\/i>[54]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

Linh m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng n\u00eau l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao de Rhodes b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n \u1edf \u00c1o M\u00f4n trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u: \u00abv\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129 \u1edf \u00c1o M\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00bb.<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a de Rhodes: ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Tam gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed1n k\u00fd s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn khi cha Gi\u00e1m t\u1ec9nh Palmeiro <\/i>\u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i cho \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam <\/i>m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, <\/i>ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u00f4n ho\u00e0, tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, <\/i>tr\u00e1nh b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, v.v… m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 B\u1ed3 v\u1eabn \u00e2m th\u1ea7m<\/i> th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Gaspar d’Amaral khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, h\u1eb3n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 <\/i>Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u00ean m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea9y n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Cha Buzomi, \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng “nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef…”<\/i>[55]<\/b><\/i><\/a>. <\/i>Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u00f4n h\u00f2a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cha Buzomi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong su\u1ed1t 24 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Sau khi de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh de Rhodes c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

“Th\u00e1ng 3-1628<\/i>[56]<\/b><\/i><\/a> <\/i>cha Gaspar D’Amaral (…) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f9ng hai Cha kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, g\u1ea5p tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng <\/b>ban \u0111\u1ea7u (…) Theo nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Cha R.P J\u00e9r\u00f4me Majorca g\u1eedi cho t\u00f4i<\/i> [de Rhodes] th\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd <\/i>[kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00fac n\u00e0o] \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, hai tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f4ng,<\/b> v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i th\u00eam \u00edt nh\u1ea5t cho m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o<\/b>, v\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 <\/i>[?], \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Majorca \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi,<\/b> \u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n <\/b>v\u00e0 b\u1ea9y ch\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd.<\/b> Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n 50 nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u<\/i>“[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

J\u00e9r\u00f4me Majorca t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Giroiamo Majorica, <\/b>l\u00e0 \u00abNg\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n N\u00f4m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 48 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u1ea7n<\/i>\u00bb[58]<\/a>, thu\u1ed9c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong n\u0103m 1623, h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. N\u0103m 1631, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1656[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Cha Giroiamo Majorica v\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c L\u1eef Y \u0110oan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 hai khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn trong gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, qua ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n<\/i>.<\/i><\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 truy\u1ec7n N\u00f4m c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o <\/i>\u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 do \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Giroiamo Majorica vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp, g\u1ed3m 4200 trang v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 S\u1ea5m Truy\u1ec1n Ca<\/i> (1670) do linh m\u1ee5c L\u1eef Y \u0110oan di\u1ec5n ca Kinh th\u00e1nh <\/i>sang th\u01a1 N\u00f4m theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111i tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng qua ch\u1eef N\u00f4m: ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, trong su\u1ed1t ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ee9 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y<\/i> c\u1ee7a de Rhodes l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1eed cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hay kh\u00f4ng<\/i>?<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u1edf Trung Hoa<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong 10 n\u0103m \u1edf Trung Hoa, de Rhodes gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quanh v\u00f9ng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, \u00f4ng k\u1ec3:<\/i><\/p>\n

“Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1edd \u00e2n tr\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u1eeba \u0111i qua.<\/i><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i t\u00f4i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o qua th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Th\u00eam l\u00fd do n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nghe thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng khi mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng khi ta \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa.<\/i><\/p>\n

Tuy v\u1eady, Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng ban \u01a1n cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, t\u1eadn tay t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i cho \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i di chuy\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf b\u00ean T\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u01a1n Tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng”<\/i>[60]<\/b><\/i><\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u an \u1ee7i \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m nom gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1o: \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1eady, cai qu\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm tr\u1ecdn ng\u00e0y, cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o hay b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00eam. Trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u00f4ng sung s\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n 150 tu\u1ed5i <\/i>[?)][61]<\/a>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh Fran\u00e7ois Xavier r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 10 n\u0103m \u1edf Trung Hoa v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea<\/p>\n

thuykhue.free.fr<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 3-4. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abCe que j’ai \u00e0 dire de trente-cinq ans de voyages, est la conduite de la gr\u00e2ce en la conversion des \u00e2mes; ce sont les triomphes de la foi victorieuse de l’erreur, et l’\u00e9tablissement de l’ Eglise en plusieurs nouvelles terres o\u00f9 les d\u00e9mons \u00e9taient ador\u00e9s.<\/b><\/i>\u00bb<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, <\/i>trang 89. nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: \u00abDepuis que je suis de retour en Europe, j’ai fait imprimer \u00e0 Rome, par la faveur de Messieurs de la Congr\u00e9gation de la propagation de la foi, un dictionnaire cochinchinois, latin et portugais, une grammaire, et un cath\u00e9chisme qui contient la m\u00e9thode que nous tenons pour proposer nos myst\u00e8res aux paiens; cela pourra \u00eatre utile \u00e0 ceux qui auront le d\u00e9sir de nous venir aider \u00e0 pr\u00eacher J\u00e9sus-Christ en ces langues, dont on ne s’est servi jusqu’\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent que pour honorer les d\u00e9mons.<\/b>\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 86-97.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 109- 136.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> <\/i>trang 145-150.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 152-175.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 193.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 194.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> De Rhodes kh\u00f4ng ghi r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y trong s\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y, theo b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft 16 trang c\u1ee7a de Rhodes v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Andr\u00e9, b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Madrid (L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659,<\/i> trang 47).<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 245.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> L\u1ec5 Hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng<\/i> (Pentec\u00f4te) <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>c\u1eed h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 50 sau l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c sinh<\/i> (P\u00e2ques). L\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c sinh<\/i> l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, sau ng\u00e0y xu\u00e2n ph\u00e2n (21-3).<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 303.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 309-310.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 326-327.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 338-339-340-349-350.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 350, 354, 355, 361, 362.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 367-368-369-371-372.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1i Nam Th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c Ti\u1ec1n bi\u00ean<\/i>, t\u1eadp III, trang 55-56. Phan Khoang ghi n\u0103m 1643, v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u1ea9y ra trong n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m1643 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1644.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 373- 377.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> trang 386-387-391-393-398.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 401- 403.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 405- 406- 415- 432- 434.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 435-436.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng Nhu\u1ec7, ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 2, trang 335.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 87-88.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 90. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y m\u00e0 de Rhodes n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 cha Pedro Marques, tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n. Cha Pedro Marques, t\u1eeb 1620 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i An, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa Macao v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u00f4ng sinh t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, cha B\u1ed3, m\u1eb9 Nh\u1eadt, h\u01a1n de Rhodes 16 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i Nam n\u0103m 1670.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 92.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 92.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 93.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 93.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 97.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, <\/i>trang 127-128.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, <\/i>trang 129.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, <\/i>trang130-134.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 110- 111.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 111-112-113.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 114-115.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 115.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “La m\u00e9thode que je tenais \u00e9tait de leur proposer l’immortalit\u00e9 de l’\u00e2me, et l’autre vie; de l\u00e0 je passais \u00e0 prouver la divinit\u00e9, puis la Providence, ainsi de degr\u00e9 en degr\u00e9 nous venions aux myst\u00e8res les plus difficiles. L’exp\u00e9rience nous a fait voir que cette mani\u00e8re d’instruire les pa\u00efens est fort utile: je l’ai expliqu\u00e9e au long dans mon cat\u00e9chisme, que je divise en huit journ\u00e9es, <\/b>o\u00f9 je t\u00e2che de proposer toutes les v\u00e9rit\u00e9s principales sur lesquelles il faut instruire les idol\u00e2tres<\/i>“, Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> <\/i>trang 115-116.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p: “Ces bon chr\u00e9tiens, avec la sainte croix et l’eau b\u00e9nite, chassaient ordinairement les diables, gu\u00e9rissaient toutes sortes de maladies; donnant \u00e0 boire quatre ou cinq gouttes de cette eau sacr\u00e9e, ils ont gu\u00e9ri quelques aveugles et m\u00eames ressuscit\u00e9 deux morts<\/i>“. Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> <\/i>trang 116.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 116-117.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang118-119.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 122.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 126-127.<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 128-129.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 132.<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 136.<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a> N\u0103m 1617, cha Palmeiro \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m S\u00e1t hai T\u1ec9nh D\u00f2ng T\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Trung Hoa, t\u1eeb 1626 \u0111\u1ebfn 1635, l\u00e0 n\u0103m \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. (\u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 3, trang 51).<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Andr\u00e9 Palmeiro, <\/i>ch\u00fa th\u00edch 3, <\/i>trang 51-52.<\/p>\n

[50]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 123-124.<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang, 53.<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang 130.<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659,<\/i> trang 51-52-53.<\/p>\n

[54]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659,<\/i> trang 41-42.<\/p>\n

[55]<\/a> \u0110\u1ed7 Quang Ch\u00ednh, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef 1620-1659, <\/i>trang 38.<\/p>\n

[56]<\/a> Th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 10-1629.<\/p>\n

[57]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 137.<\/p>\n

[58]<\/a> Tr\u00edch b\u00e0i Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1o kh\u1ea3i m\u00f4ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a V\u00f5 Long T\u00ea, in trong V\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/i> (Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XVII-XIX), Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p TP HCM, 1993, trang 26.<\/p>\n

[59]<\/a> Theo V\u00f5 Long T\u00ea, b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

[60]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 137-138.<\/p>\n

[61]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, <\/i>trang 139.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong l\u1eddi k\u1ebft to\u00e1n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u0103m n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb khinh mi\u1ec7t: nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1108,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,181],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bien-khao","category-nghien-cuu","category-tu-lieu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1108"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100568"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100568\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100739,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100568\/revisions\/100739"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100568"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100568"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/damau.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}