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Giuliano Baldinotti (?-1630), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, sinh t\u1ea1i Pistoia (g\u1ea7n Florence), l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani, <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, t\u1eeb Macao ng\u00e0y 2-2-1626 v\u00e0 t\u1edbi Tunquim (\u0110\u00f4ng Kinh t\u1ee9c Th\u0103ng Long) ng\u00e0y 7-3-1626. Ng\u00e0y 18-8-1626, \u00f4ng r\u1eddi Th\u0103ng Long, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Macao ng\u00e0y 16-9-1626.<\/p>\n
Baldinotti \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long h\u01a1n n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 vua L\u00ea.<\/i> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 roi<\/i>, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00faa<\/i> Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng (1623-1657) con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng (1570-1620).<\/p>\n
V\u1eady ho\u1eb7c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec vua L\u00ea kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec c\u1ea3, tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh r\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00e0m “ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n. [1]<\/a><\/p>\n Giuliano Baldinotti \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau khi Cristoforo Borri r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n Qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y, \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, Baldinotti \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh g\u1eedi B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf Roma, kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n trang s\u00e1ch in, r\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t, theo l\u1eddi \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng sai vi\u00ean ho\u1ea1n quan th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y cho \u00f4ng ta v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n <\/i>v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 [th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda] n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0103n n\u00f3i, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u1eady v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, <\/i>sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a<\/i>, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c \u00abgi\u00e1o ho\u00e1\u00bb v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u00bb gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n (do c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o), s\u1ebd l\u00e0 hai \u00abnguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n\u00bb ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh m\u1ee5c Huc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Pellerin \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean vua Napol\u00e9on III, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng n\u0103m 1858, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i> t\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Giuliano Baldinotti, l\u00e0 th\u01b0 \u00f4ng g\u1eedi cho Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 12-11-1626, t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00f4ng “v\u1eeba kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1” v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1eed t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Trong th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, Baldinotti c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 n\u0103m 1630, \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Macao.<\/i><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/i> c\u1ee7a Baldinotti <\/b>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd l\u1eabn ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (do b\u00e1c s\u0129 Mario Carti <\/i>d\u1ecbch) \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, trong Bulletin de l’Ecole Fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient<\/i> (T\u1eadp san Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5), quy\u1ec3n III, n\u0103m 1903, trang 71-78, trong m\u1ee5c Notes et M\u00e9langes <\/i>(Ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p b\u00fat)<\/i>.<\/p>\n Khi Baldinotti \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1626, Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 n\u0103m. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, Baldinotti l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c Macao g\u1eedi Baldinotti \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani, <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, l\u00e0 theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd: Th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Piani <\/i>l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt (t\u1ee9c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt) cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, r\u1ed3i Piani <\/i>d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng B\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c La tinh cho Baldinotti hi\u1ec3u. Theo Baldinotti, th\u1ea7y Giulio Piani <\/i>c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i,<\/i> v\u1eady Piani c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t <\/i>n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u0169ng xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i: Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 La Tinh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1614, M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t ng\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef Nh\u1eadt<\/i>. Cho n\u00ean khi Macao g\u1eedi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1eedi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt \u0111i k\u00e8m. <\/i>V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c<\/i> truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef. <\/i>Ri\u00eang linh m\u1ee5c Pedro Marques, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf H\u1ed9i An, c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Baldinotti, nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Mario Carti, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in trong T\u1eadp san Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c c\u1ed5, T\u1eadp III- 1903 (trang 71-78) ch\u1eef in li\u1ec1n s\u00edt nhau, r\u1ea5t \u00edt xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e0i n\u00e0y qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Mario Carti (trang 75-78), xin ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea5m xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 chia ra t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec3u t\u1ef1a v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch in nghi\u00eang. L\u1eddi b\u00e0n in th\u1eb3ng.<\/u><\/p>\n <\/u><\/p>\n <\/b>Ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p b\u00fat<\/b><\/p>\n (Notes et M\u00e9langes)<\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cha Baldinotti<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n (La relation sur le Tonkin du P. Baldinotti)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a T\u1eadp san Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e1c C\u1ed5:<\/i><\/p>\n “Ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Cha Giuliano Baldinotti, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, sinh t\u1ea1i Pistoia, g\u1ea7n Florence, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng Nocentini, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Pistoia, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch trong c\u00f3 in b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a cha Baldinotti g\u1eedi cho Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf Rome, sau khi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Macao v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1630. B\u1ea3n k\u00fd s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. \u00d4ng Capponi trong Bibliografia pistoiese coi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a in \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 Cha Zacaria c\u0169ng v\u1eady (…) Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a cha Baldinotti g\u1eedi cho b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf Rome \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 12-11-1626, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Bartolomeo Zanetti in t\u1ea1i Rome n\u0103m 1629 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Lettere dell’ Ethiopia dell’ Anno 1626 fino al Marzo del 1627, e della Cina dell’ Anno 1625 fino al Febraio del 1626. \u00d4ng Nocentini \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u1edf th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia Florence, \u00f4ng cho ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, qua b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 Mario Carti, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh<\/i>“.<\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, v\u1eeba m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/p>\n (Relation du Royaume de Tunquim, nouvellement d\u00e9couvert)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 1- L\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00abNh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Tunquim (<\/b>\u0110\u00f4ng Kinh) b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3u Ho\u00e0 Lan<\/em>[2]<\/a>, h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a ai l\u00e0m, B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean g\u1eedi t\u00f4i \u0111i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani. Th\u00e0y Giulio Piani, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00fac \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eddi Macao ng\u00e0y 2-2-1626, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Th\u00e1nh-M\u1eabu Hi\u1ebfn \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (Purification de Notre-Dame), \u0111i m\u1ea5t ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y, v\u00ec b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00ec g\u1eb7p b\u00e3o; khi t\u00f4i n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Fran\u00e7ois Xavier b\u00e3o m\u1edbi ng\u1eebng. Ng\u00e0y 7-3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m d\u1eb7m <\/em>[26km604][3]<\/a> t\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00faa g\u1eedi b\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n ra bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3n, h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1t d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng thuy\u1ec1n c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1eb5n. T\u1edbi n\u01a1i, t\u00f4i, th\u00e0y Guilio, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa ngay, ng\u00e0i ch\u00fac m\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hoan h\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n, ban cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n. Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin c\u00e1o lui, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng t\u00f4i v\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00e1o qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, ch\u00faa c\u00f2n ban cho nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2n hu\u1ec7, ng\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3i lao cho thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1t, ch\u00faa c\u00f2n cho th\u00eam \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt n\u1eefa.<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xem l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i: nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5u voi, \u0111ua ng\u1ef1a, \u0111ua thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i c\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u1ed9t con voi l\u1edbn, ra l\u1ec7nh cho l\u00ednh, c\u1ea7m ki\u1ebfm, th\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c trong tay, \u0111\u01b0a cho con voi “ch\u1ecdn” v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y v\u00f2i \u0111em d\u00e2ng ch\u00faa. Ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng “l\u1ea5y” kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a cho k\u1ef5 s\u1ef9. Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng m\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xem k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1ec5 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch <\/i>[k\u1ebb tu h\u00e0nh]. Ch\u00faa ban cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, theo tin \u0111\u1ed3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n B\u1ed3 mang l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Baldinotti l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long, n\u0103m 1626, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu. \u00c2n hu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i khi linh m\u1ee5c Pedro Marques v\u00e0 Alexandre de Rhodes t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m 1627, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n \u00e2n c\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n C\u00e2u “Th\u00e0y Giulio Piani, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00fac \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa” <\/i>ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Piani bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng Baldinotti khai \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c tuy\u00ean u\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i cho h\u1ecd. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh m\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi h\u1ee9a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd xin ph\u00e9p B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngay ph\u00f2 ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Tunquim<\/i> trong d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a k\u00fd s\u1ef1, l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef<\/i> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u00ean th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng Long l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng kinh<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Thanh H\u00f3a, t\u1ee9c T\u00e2y \u0111\u00f4<\/i>. Ch\u1eef Tunquim<\/i> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i n\u1eefa. M\u00e3i sau n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh Tonkin<\/i>, l\u00e0 do t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Tunquim<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd m\u00e0 ra. Alexandre de Rhodes c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft: Tunquim<\/i> hay Tunquin<\/i>, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf de Rhodes ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef theo l\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n 2- Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00abTrong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng <\/i>[khuy\u00ean] ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t cho d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n theo th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/i>[m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5] c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00faa truy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u1ea1n quan, l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c trong tri\u1ec1u, nh\u1edd t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng ta nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 tr\u1eddi <\/b><\/i>[chi\u00eam tinh] <\/i>[que je lui enseignasse les choses du ciel] v\u00ec bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng n\u00e0y cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u1ea1n quan, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh. \u00d4ng th\u1ea7y tu n\u00e0y, sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m t\u00f4i v\u00e0 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, trong ba gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u khi \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0103n n\u00f3i, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd,<\/b> <\/i>[nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef in \u0111\u1eadm trong b\u00e0i l\u00e0 do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i] \u00f4ng cho t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e0 c\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u1edbi nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c vua g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn, t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho t\u00f4i \u0111i v\u1ec1 theo h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y cho h\u1ecd, d\u1eabn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ngay khi v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Macao, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf h\u1eb3n Tunquim \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2 ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh cho t\u00f4i, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, rong ru\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau ch\u00faa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u0111i th\u0103m ng\u00f4i Ch\u00f9a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec (m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i: c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p l\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt), ch\u00faa v\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 cung, m\u1eddi t\u00f4i d\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7c long tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n m\u1eddi t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y n\u0103m sau, ng\u00e0i ban cho t\u00f4i gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Th\u1ebf t\u1eed, con c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, c\u0169ng cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi, m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng, cho t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e0\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n <\/i><\/p>\n C\u00e2u: \u00abng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0103n n\u00f3i, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea7u t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd\u00bb, <\/i>nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 l\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ec7c: c\u00e1c s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u00abs\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con v\u1eadt\u00bb, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec, xin c\u00e1c cha c\u1ed1 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd. Cristoforo Borri tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, ph\u1ea7n 4) kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n Trong th\u1eddi gian Baldinotti \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c (\u00e9clipse) x\u1ea9y ra; nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c long tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.<\/p>\n Baldinotti cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f2 h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi chi\u00eam tinh<\/i> v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc<\/i> n\u00ean m\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y <\/i>v\u1ecb ho\u1ea1n quan qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. V\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u00abxin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a\u00bb <\/i>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t chi\u00eam tinh, <\/i>r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/i>.<\/p>\n Baldinotti ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef onsaij<\/i> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng, n\u00ean \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef th\u1ea7y tu<\/i>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0<\/i> (le bonze) ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec ng\u00f4i Ch\u00f9a ch\u00ednh <\/i>c\u1ee7a <\/i>ch\u00faa [nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n: son Pagode principal<\/i>, s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi], v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda.<\/i><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u1edbi c\u00e2u: “ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u0103n n\u00f3i, ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con v\u1eadt” <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda n\u00e0y khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n B\u1ea3n ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Baldinotti ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i> x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00abgi\u00e1o h\u00f3a\u00bb,<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh nghi\u00e3<\/i> cho cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a<\/i> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n Baldinotti c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft: V\u00ec \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 (v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean u\u00fd) n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u00f4, d\u00f9 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh mong mu\u1ed1n. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng h\u1ee9a khi v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Macao s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf h\u1eb3n Tunquim \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2 ch\u00faa<\/i>.<\/p>\n R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp: ch\u00faa sai v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec d\u1eabn \u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u0103m Ch\u00f9a ch\u00ednh<\/i> (Pagode principal) c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa; v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n s\u1ee5p l\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi.<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng quy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i: m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00abth\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecda trong tri\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Pagode <\/i>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>d\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Trong b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd, Baldinotti ghi Pagode, <\/i>Mario Carti d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Le Pagode,<\/i> nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 La pagode<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ch\u00f9a. V\u1eady Le pagode <\/i>\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a<\/i>, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n, <\/i>nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1n<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef le temple<\/i>, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng Mario Carti \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra <\/i>ch\u1eef le<\/i> Pagode<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 chung c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: \u0111\u1ec1n, ch\u00f9a,<\/i> Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt<\/i>, m\u00e0 Baldinotti kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean ch\u1eef Pagode<\/i>, v\u00e0 ghi ngh\u0129a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong ngo\u1eb7c k\u00e9p, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n 3- B\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi b\u1ecb qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00abB\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi b\u1ecb Qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam, b\u00e0 n\u00f3i: n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i <\/i>[Baldinotti] b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng: b\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam con qu\u1ef7 s\u1ebd s\u1ee3, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u b\u00e0 n\u1eefa, b\u00e0 s\u1ebd theo \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng: t\u00f4i tin th\u00e1nh Ch\u00faa, t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu b\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o, con qu\u1ef7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o thu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0 theo h\u1ea7u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb khi b\u00e0 \u0111eo chu\u1ed7i tr\u00e0ng h\u1ea1t quanh c\u1ed5, th\u00ec b\u00e0 h\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng con qu\u1ef7, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 n\u1ea7y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y l\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, qua m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maure <\/em>[4]<\/a>, t\u00ean n\u00e0y r\u00eau rao n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i vu c\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p cho ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa <\/em>[Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng] v\u00e0 v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng denier <\/em>[5]<\/a>. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, t\u00ean Maure t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 m\u00e0 y c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 y \u0111ang gi\u1eef trong tay, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/em> nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft t\u00e2u ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd l\u1eddi t\u00e2u v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n th\u00edch v\u1edbi ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Tuy v\u1eady, ch\u00faa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n an t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/i>.\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n B\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf t\u1eed, con c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, <\/i>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc \u0110\u00e0i. Ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng c\u00f3 hai ch\u00ednh phi: Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc \u0110\u00e0i, c\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Kho\u1ea3ng 1600, tr\u1edf \u0111i, khi Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00ean m\u1eb7t B\u1eafc, \u00f4ng g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc T\u00fa cho con trai Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. Ng\u1ecdc T\u00fa c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi.<\/p>\n V\u1eady b\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi b\u1ecb “qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb Ng\u1ecdc \u0110\u00e0i, m\u1eb9 Tr\u1ecbnh C\u0103n, con th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, s\u1ebd l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0 ch\u00ednh phi b\u1ecb “qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m”, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c “ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1”, qua l\u1eddi v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n k\u00fd s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Alexandre de Rhodes: h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n gi\u01a1 c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb “qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m”, l\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 s\u1ee3, tr\u1ed1n bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng “ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1” n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y<\/i>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn s\u00e2u xa trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 tin d\u1ecb \u0111oan ma qu\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111em ma qu\u1ef7 ra h\u00f9 d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u00e0 “ch\u00ednh phi” k\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4: h\u1ecd t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ra kh\u1ecfi Th\u0103ng Long.<\/p>\n 4- L\u1ec5 th\u1ec1<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00ab\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 th\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd d\u1eabn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u0103n th\u1edd ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng Pagode <\/i>[\u0110\u1ec1n] c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa, theo sau r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean b\u00e0n trong ph\u00f2ng l\u1ec5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang (vin) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng x\u1ebbng s\u1eaft, v\u00e0 m\u0169i ki\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh. Sau khi \u0111\u1ed1t mi\u1ebfng gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ghi l\u1eddi th\u1ec1, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng b\u00e0n v\u00e0 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf l\u00ean<\/i> v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u g\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u1eaft ti\u1ebft, gi\u1ea5y tan th\u00e0nh v\u1ee5n.<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 nghi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho Pagode <\/i>[Ph\u1eadt]. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng xung quanh b\u00e0n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Pagode <\/i>[Ph\u1eadt], tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh nho v\u00e0ng (les vignes dor\u00e9es) c\u1eafm tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd, th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 <\/i>[\u0111\u00e3 ghi trong gi\u1ea5y] v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang n\u00e0y. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i m\u1edbi b\u00e0y ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd x\u1ea9y ra, n\u00ean t\u00f4i ng\u1ea7m mang theo, t\u00f4i qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5m h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ed9i th\u1ec1.<\/i><\/p>\n Vi\u00ean ho\u1ea1n quan, r\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf trong tri\u1ec1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf ch\u00faa trong th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Pagode<\/i> [\u00f4ng Ph\u1eadt] n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ai th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Pagode <\/i>[Ph\u1eadt] th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng s\u1ee3 g\u00ec.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u1ecb ho\u1ea1n quan v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng, t\u00f4i n\u00e0i n\u1ec9 \u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ch\u00faa bi\u1ebft quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i (\u00f4ng sai th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i ngay) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ec7nh ch\u00faa m\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh.<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, hi\u1ec3u ngay m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec1 theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i Pagode <\/i>[t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt] v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i qu\u1ef3 xu\u1ed1ng, hai tay \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00ecnh, to gi\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1eb1ng: t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e1nh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3; m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd v\u1eadt t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft, b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda, b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i l\u1eddi th\u1ec1. C\u0169ng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0y Giulio, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn xem r\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u00ec bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 th\u1ec1 h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, duy c\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, n\u1eeda kia c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta. L\u1eddi th\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00faa h\u1ebft nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p qu\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ea3i lao, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00ean b\u1edd v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa, qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ee3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong.\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n M\u00e0n l\u1ec5 th\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt x\u1ea9y ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n – Th\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft g\u00e0<\/i>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft g\u00e0.<\/p>\n – Th\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang. <\/i>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang<\/i> (vin) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 r\u01b0\u1ee3u g\u1ea1o (alcool de riz) m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u d\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang cho l\u1eddi th\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u ta, m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng,<\/i> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd nghi\u00e3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n – N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e2y nho, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nho nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd, d\u00f9 th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt hay th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e1 nho v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n – Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t: ch\u1eef pagode<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u00fd n\u00f3i <\/i>l\u1ec5 th\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong ch\u00f9a <\/i>[c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa]. Nh\u01b0ng Baldinotti kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ec1 trong ch\u00f9a<\/i> v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft g\u00e0 trong ch\u00f9a, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec1 c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sinh. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 \u00abph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u00e1o s\u0129\u00bb ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec1<\/i> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 l\u00e0m \u00abgi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p\u00bb cho ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra: chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n <\/i><\/p>\n 5- S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i cho B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00abTuy nhi\u00ean khi b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i<\/i> [Baldinotti] l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 giao cho, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y.<\/i><\/p>\n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u00ean Tunquim <\/i>(\u0110\u00f4ng Kinh) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00faa \u1edf. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Trung Hoa, mi\u1ec1n nam gi\u00e1p \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, t\u00e2y gi\u00e1p x\u1ee9 Lai <\/i>(L\u00e0o) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n Trung Hoa <\/i>(bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng). N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m <\/i>[147km8] vu\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea3y qua v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng; th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 g\u1ea1o, th\u1ecbt th\u00fa r\u1eebng v\u00e0 gia s\u00fac, chim ch\u00f3c, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hoa qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Hoa. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ebb l\u1eafm, b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac.<\/i><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 theo ma thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chald\u00e9e<\/i>; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c<\/i> tin t\u1eed vi; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa theo m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i X\u00edch th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean (Gymnosophiste)<\/em>[6]<\/strong><\/a> c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 trong x\u1ee9, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Zinum <\/em>[?] h\u1ecd d\u00e2ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00ec s\u1ee3. H\u1ecd k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y, b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, ung th\u1ed1i v\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u00fac v\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 sinh ra, c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i con ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng ta c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Pagode <\/i>[Ph\u1eadt] \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/i><\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung, h\u1ecd \u00edt \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u1edf nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a (m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi), ho\u1eb7c do b\u1edfi h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng minh, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e8 l\u0169 n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u01b0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u0169 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0nh ch\u1eef, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.<\/strong><\/em>[7]<\/a><\/p>\n Ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh nhau; luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ph\u00e1o binh, k\u1ef5 binh, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc da tr\u1eafng, cao r\u00e1o, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m. Y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u00e1o m\u1edf khuy \u0111\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e0i t\u1edbi n\u1eeda \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3c d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u0103n\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n <\/i><\/p>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y Baldinotti m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u00e9t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Borri hi\u1ec3u sai ho\u1ea1c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, qua tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1edbi Baldinotti l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n – Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o theo ma thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chald\u00e9e?<\/i><\/p>\n Chald\u00e9e<\/i> xa l\u1eafm, l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Babylone, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII, tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y L\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n – M\u00f4n ph\u00e1i X\u00edch th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean (Gymnosophiste) c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, tu kho\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/i>, tham thi\u1ec1n, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 ai nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tu kho\u1ea3 th\u00e2n<\/i> bao gi\u1edd?<\/p>\n – V\u00e0 c\u00f3 ai th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t th\u1edd th\u1ee7 c\u1ea5p<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Zinum <\/i>[?]<\/p>\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0m h\u1ed3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, d\u1eabn Baldinotti \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i tin theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o kinh kh\u1ee7ng, h\u1ecd \u00edt \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd “bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e8 l\u0169 <\/i>[s\u01b0 t\u0103ng] n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u01b0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u0169 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0nh ch\u1eef, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u1ea5t<\/b>, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c”.<\/i><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i r\u00f9ng r\u1ee3n, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Borri v\u00e0 Baldinotti, l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, r\u1ed3i t\u1edbi Alexandre de Rhodes v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong k\u00fd s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 “m\u1ecdi r\u1ee3, th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m” trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u Roma g\u1eedi ngay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn “gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a” d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n 6- S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00abL\u00ednh \u0111eo g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 m\u00e3 t\u1ea5u \u1edf th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3m, u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, trung th\u00e0nh, vui v\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. D\u00e2n \u0111en hay \u0103n c\u1eafp, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, k\u1ebb c\u1eafp, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. Ch\u00faa \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 ch\u00edn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, ba vua ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf cho \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 vua L\u00e0o, ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 vua Bau <\/i>[h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c \u1edf Cao B\u1eb1ng]. C\u00f2n \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c vua T\u00e0u, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi ba t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ba t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1c sang c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn.<\/i><\/p>\n \u00d4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 hai tri\u1ec7u l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c <\/em>[8]<\/a>, v\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111i chinh chi\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec<\/em> c\u00f3 t\u1edbi s\u00e1u tr\u0103m quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec hai ng\u00e0n qu\u00e2n, do h\u1ecd chi ph\u00ed, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c xung v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, t\u1edbi h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1edf h\u1eefu hai hay ba th\u00e1i \u1ea5p l\u1edbn ch\u00faa cho khai th\u00e1c. Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n (gal\u00e8res) \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u tay ch\u00e8o m\u1ed7i b\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea7u m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u1ed7i khi \u0111i tu\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng, mang theo, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1o binh kh\u00e1c, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c 14 livres. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem n\u0103m tr\u0103m chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 k\u1ef5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf <\/i>[Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng], \u00f4ng n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u00fat <\/i>[Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n] \u00e1m s\u00e1t, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i; v\u00e0 <\/i>[Xu\u00e2n] \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ea3 <\/i>[Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng] gi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u00faa \u0111ang tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 k\u1ebf nghi\u1ec7p ngai v\u00e0ng.<\/i><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eafn cung, phi ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1i voi. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1eb9p. \u00d4ng th\u00edch m\u00faa chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n (danser les gal\u00e8res), l\u00e0m ch\u00fang b\u01a1i l\u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, quay xu\u00f4i theo nh\u1ecbp g\u00f5\u00bb.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n <\/i><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng vi\u1ebft sai v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Baldinotti cho bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i: v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn<\/i> chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u00faa chi\u00eau m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i binh, nh\u1edd s\u00e1u tr\u0103m quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb 1000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2000 chi\u1ebfn binh, do h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0i th\u1ecd, ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p g\u00ec. Ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Bua (h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c \u1edf Cao B\u1eb1ng). Theo l\u1eddi Baldinotti th\u00ec \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u00e0 de Rhodes c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng thua.<\/p>\n 7- V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n \u00abTh\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u, khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3, tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng l\u1eafm. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh lu\u1ef9 bao b\u1ecdc. Tr\u1eeb ph\u1ee7 ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3p ng\u00f3i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng <\/i>[\u0111\u00e1?] l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ebdo g\u1ecdt k\u1ef9; nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 lau s\u1eady b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9, to nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tre, tr\u00ean ph\u1ee7 m\u00e1i gianh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5.<\/i><\/p>\n Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7m n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n, ti\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y khi ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y thi\u00eau tr\u1ee5i n\u0103m, s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn n\u00f3c nh\u00e0, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n, n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sau l\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y chu vi n\u0103m, s\u00e1u d\u1eb7m, m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00ec \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00f4 k\u1ec3. C\u00f3 con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn <\/i>[s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng] thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m d\u1eb7m ra t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5c <\/i>l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0<\/i>ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1edd<\/i>i \u0111\u1ec1u u\u1ed1ng, v\u00ec trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edb<\/i>c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ebfng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a. Con s\u00f4ng n\u00e0y d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc hai l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, l\u00e0m l\u1ee5t n\u1eeda th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u00fat ngay.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. B\u1edfi gi\u00f3 nam \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng th\u1ed5i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 18-8 <\/i>[1626], \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Sau b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, ti\u1ec5n t\u00f4i, th\u00e0y Giulio, thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3, ch\u00faa c\u00f2n t\u1eb7ng nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e0 v\u00e0 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xem kho t\u00e0ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1edd \u01a1n tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn Macao v\u00f4 s\u1ef1, ng\u00e0y 16-9.<\/i><\/p>\n Th\u00e1nh Ch\u00faa vui l\u00f2ng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u (theo l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111i qua v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kaidun <\/i>[?], \u1edf T\u00e0u, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng). L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Lai <\/i>[L\u00e0o], m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lai, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u1edf c\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi cha A. de Rhodes \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mong m\u1ecfi \u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ec, cho \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, l\u1eabn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Lai, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt v\u00f4 v\u00e0n linh h\u1ed3n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb Qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb \u00e1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m.<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n Vi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Macao ng\u00e0y 12-11-1626.<\/i><\/p>\n Tr\u00ecnh cha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9a con kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a cha.<\/i><\/p>\n G. Baldinotti\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u0103ng Long, Baldinotti th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129, v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh th\u0103m d\u00f2 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Roma<\/i>, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n, Alexandre de Rhodes c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i. Baldinotti m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ch\u00faa khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long sang Trung Hoa v\u00e0 L\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt v\u00f4 v\u00e0n linh h\u1ed3n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb Qu\u1ef7 \u00e1m, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb \u00e1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt l\u00e0m m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Borri, Baldinotti x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u00abd\u1ea1y d\u1ed7\u00bb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00abd\u1ea1y d\u1ed7\u00bb m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 \u00abn\u00f3\u00bb h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ngu mu\u1ed9i, t\u0103m t\u1ed1i, th\u1edd c\u00fang ma qu\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eady d\u1ed7.<\/p>\n V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i chung m\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u00abkhai ho\u00e1\u00bb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n Alexandre de Rhodes vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Baldinotti<\/b><\/p>\n Alexandre de Rhodes trong Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o <\/em>[9]<\/a>, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Baldinotti <\/i>nh\u01b0 sau:<\/i><\/p>\n \u00abT\u00f4i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e0n con c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, khi cha Julien Baldinotti, tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Macao g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai trong ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c cha b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, n\u01a1i cha Baldinotti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 3-1626.<\/i><\/p>\n \u00d4ng cha t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng, l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7y h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00ec b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghe v\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p ch\u00faa, d\u00e2ng qu\u00e0 c\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp (…) \u00d4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n.<\/i><\/p>\n \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n con chi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00f4i cao c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng cha hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn lao, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c cha \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, van xin h\u1ecd r\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9o kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n <\/i>[b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean] g\u1eedi ngay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c<\/b> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i <\/i>(quelqu’un qui suit se faire entendre dans le Tonkin<\/i>).<\/i><\/p>\n V\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 trao s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y cho t\u00f4i,<\/b> b\u1edfi v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u00edt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4i. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng <\/i>[Vi\u1ec7t] n\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a J\u00e9sus-Christ.<\/b> T\u00f4i tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e3nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111i th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0ng Trong ra \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c <\/i>[s\u1eafp] \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbch sang, ch\u00faa \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c. N\u00ean t\u00f4i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1626.”<\/i>[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n L\u1eddi Alexandre de Rhodes tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n l\u1eddi Baldinotti vi\u1ebft trong B\u00e0i ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh g\u1eedi cho Gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3, <\/i>m\u00e0 ta v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc, <\/i>\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf hai \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n 1- <\/i>Baldinotti kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u00e0y gi\u1ea3ng Giulio Piani, <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m.<\/p>\n 2- Baldinotti vi\u1ebft: “Ngay khi v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi Macao, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n xin tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf h\u1eb3n Tunquim \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2 ch\u00faa” <\/i>th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i “nh\u01b0\u1eddng” nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n De Rhodes vi\u1ebft tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n:<\/p>\n – “V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn lao, n\u00ean<\/i> [Baldinotti] \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c cha \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, van xin h\u1ecd r\u1ee7 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9o kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/b> \u00d4ng v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Macao c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n <\/i>[b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean] g\u1eedi ngay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i” <\/em>[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n – “Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 trao s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y cho t\u00f4i <\/i>[de Rhodes] b\u1edfi v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u00edt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4i. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng <\/i>[Vi\u1ec7t] n\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a J\u00e9sus-Christ”.<\/em>[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Xem l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Baldinotti v\u00e0 de Rhodes, ta th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p nhau \u1edf Macao:<\/p>\n – Baldinotti v\u00e0 Giulio Piani <\/i>r\u1eddi Th\u0103ng Long ng\u00e0y 18-8-1626, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn Macao ng\u00e0y 16-9-1626 v\u00e0 Baldinotti vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh g\u1eedi B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3 ng\u00e0y 12-11-1626.<\/p>\n – De Rhodes <\/i>r\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong th\u00e1ng 7-1626 [13]<\/a> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cha Pedro Marques, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn Macao ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n trong v\u00f2ng th\u00e1ng 8-1626.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 12-3-1627, cha Pedro Marques v\u00e0 de Rhodes r\u1eddi Macao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i [14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Cha Marques l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 mang qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cha B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Macao t\u1eb7ng ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng de Rhodes h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean Pedro Marques, trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, v\u00e0 coi chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf<\/i> trao cho \u00f4ng; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng <\/i>[Vi\u1ec7t] n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a J\u00e9sus-Christ<\/i>.<\/p>\n C\u00f2n c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n: Baldinotti kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0ng Trong kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n xin c\u00e1c cha \u0110\u00e0ng Trong g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i thay th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o; v\u00e0 de Rhodes bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i thay, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra, sau khi Baldinotti qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1630, tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n Baldinotti, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1ecb de Rhodes h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00abk\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i\u00bb vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t n\u00ean vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 kh\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3n xin \u0110\u00e0ng Trong g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ec9\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ra B\u1eafc.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Baldinotti n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong k\u00fd s\u1ef1, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u00abc\u01b0\u1edbp c\u00f4ng\u00bb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00dd v\u00e0 B\u1ed3, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n V\u00e2y s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p \u00abch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i\u00bb trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng nh\u0169ng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n gian d\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a nhau.<\/p>\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gian d\u1ed1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi th\u1eeba sai tung ho\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed9i cho vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u00abt\u00e0n s\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n\u00bb <\/i>nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n (C\u00f2n n\u1eefa<\/em>)<\/p>\n Th\u1ee5y Khu\u00ea <\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n <\/b><\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Tr\u1ea7n Trong Kim t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau: N\u0103m 1599, sau khi th\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5t Cao B\u1eb1ng cho h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 y\u00ean, Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng b\u00e8n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4-nguy\u00ean-s\u00fay, T\u1ed5ng-qu\u1ed1c-ch\u00ednh, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 B\u00ecnh An V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea5p b\u1ed5ng cho vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu thu\u1ebf 1000 x\u00e3, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p cho 5000 l\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n t\u00fac v\u1ec7. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t quan, thu thu\u1ebf, b\u1eaft l\u00ednh, tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh. Ch\u1ec9 khi thi\u1ebft tri\u1ec1u hay ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9 m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn vua.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee9t nh\u00e0 L\u00ea m\u00e0 l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 g\u00ec. Tuy v\u1eady Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao? T\u1ea1i ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u1ee3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 Minh sinh s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd M\u1ea1c v\u1eabn \u1edf Cao B\u1eb1ng. M\u1eb7t nam c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n. “Chi b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vua m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n vua. V\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p n\u01a1i n\u00e0o, v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y l\u1ecbnh thi\u00ean t\u1eed m\u00e0 sai khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1eaft b\u1ebb g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>.(Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim, Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c,<\/i> Quy\u1ec3n h\u1ea1, in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, V\u0129nh Th\u00e0nh, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1928, trang 27-28).”<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch ch\u1eef galiote<\/i> l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3u H\u00f2a Lan, hai \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i tr\u00f2n.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Baldinotti ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, <\/i>h\u1eb3n \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng d\u1eb7m La M\u00e3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 1km478. V\u1eady 18 d\u1eb7m l\u00e0 26 km 604.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Maure <\/i>l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Mauritanie, B\u1eafc Phi.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> Denier:<\/i> Ti\u1ec1n th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> M\u00f4n ph\u00e1i X\u00edch th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean, g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, tu kho\u1ea3 th\u00e2n, tham thi\u1ec1n, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.<\/i><\/p>\n [7]<\/a> C\u00e2u: H\u1ecd \u00edt \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u1edf ch\u00f9a, ho\u1eb7c do b\u1edfi h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng minh, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e8 l\u0169 n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u01b0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u0169 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0nh ch\u1eef, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c” <\/i>Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: “Ils sont tous peu adonn\u00e9s au culte des pagodes,<\/i> soit parce qu’\u00e9tant intelligents, ils connaissent la fausset\u00e9 de toute cette engeance, soit faute de bonzes convenables, car ceux-ci ne faisant pas profession de lettres et \u00e9tant des plus sordides, ne sont pas aptes \u00e0 persuader” <\/i>(Notes et M\u00e9langes<\/i> (Ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p b\u00fat), Bulletin de l’Ecole Fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient, tome III, 1903, trang 77).<\/i><\/p>\n [8]<\/a> Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ti\u1ec1n g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n quan<\/i>.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Voyages et missions du p\u00e8re Alexandre de Rhodes<\/i> (Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>), Nxb Julien, Lanier et Cie, Paris, 1854.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i>, trang 95-97.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> trang 96.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> trang 97.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> Du h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o,<\/i> trang 97.<\/p>\n\n
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