\nIV. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Borri
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![\"clip_image002\"](\"https:\/\/damau.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/clip_image002-4.jpg\" "\\"clip_image002\\"")
<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n\nTrong b\u1ed1n nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t: Francesco Buzomi<\/i> (\u00dd), Francesco de Pina <\/i>(B\u1ed3), Pedro<\/i> <\/b>Marques<\/i> (B\u1ed3 lai Nh\u1eadt) <\/b>v\u00e0 Cristoforo Borri<\/i> (\u00dd), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Borri ghi l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong s\u00e1ch K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, <\/i>nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3,<\/i> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1edbm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Nh\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 \u00ab\u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i\u00bb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, n\u00ean n\u0103m 1612, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ebf quan to\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u; n\u0103m 1614, T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tokugawa Ieyasu, h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 n\u00e0o l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft th\u00ec b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 1615, Macao ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00faa S\u00e3i trong Nam, r\u1ed3i ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4, sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea5m, tuy kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o <\/i>n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tin r\u1eb1ng: v\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00faa, vua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00abd\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e0n \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p d\u00e3 man\u00bb \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u00abcan thi\u1ec7p\u00bb, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia c\u1ee7a ta, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Phan Khoang l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u00e1 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o trong Vi\u1ec7t Nam Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c s\u1eed (1884-1945)<\/i> (1961), ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n theo s\u1ef1 xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia thu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ea1.<\/p>\n
Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, qua n\u1ed9i dung truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129<\/i><\/b>, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, Nguy\u1ec5n, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, sau l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5m, qua ch\u00ednh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i> l\u00e0 Cristoforo Borri, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i>.<\/p>\n
S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/b><\/p>\n
S\u00e1ch K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong <\/i>c\u1ee7a Cristoforo Borri <\/i>chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n I <\/strong>– \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i><\/p>\n v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n II <\/strong>– \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i><\/p>\n Ba k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00be cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y: G\u1ed3m Ph\u1ea7n I, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Trong v\u00e0 n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1ea7n II, vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb 1615 \u0111\u1ebfn 1622.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, thu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ea7n II (t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX), Borri thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00abm\u1ecdi r\u1ee3\u00bb n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o qua b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n 1- C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Orsola v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 sau khi r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (Ph\u1ea7n II, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V, trang 362-372)<\/p>\n 2- Borri d\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chi\u00eam tinh<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, th\u1ebf t\u1eed K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 (Ph\u1ea7n II, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI, trang 372-381).<\/p>\n 2- Borri m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu ti\u1ebfn<\/i> trong phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 “t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i<\/i>” c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Onsaij<\/i> (Ph\u1ea7n II, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, trang 382-385).<\/p>\n 3- Borri v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n dung t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Kh\u00f4ng (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1ebft)<\/i> (La secte de Rien) (Ph\u1ea7n II, <\/i>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII, trang 385-392).<\/p>\n 4- Sau c\u00f9ng, Borri t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ma qu\u1ef7, y\u00eau qu\u00e1i (horribles d\u00e9mons), maqui, maco (ma qu\u1ec9 ma c\u00f2) <\/i>(Ph\u1ea7n II, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX, trang 392- 395):<\/p>\n \u201cNh\u1eefng con qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ef1c<\/i> (incubes)<\/i> qu\u1ef7 c\u00e1i<\/i> (succubes) <\/i>m\u1eb7c s\u1ee9c <\/i>giam d\u00e2m. \u1ede t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp cao h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 giam d\u00e2m v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ef1c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/i>.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n V\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n \u201c\u1ede th\u1eddi t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai con trai theo \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ganh t\u1ef5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00e0 giam d\u00e2m v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7, b\u00e0 v\u1eeba ch\u1ebft sau khi sinh hai qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft tin r\u1eb1ng con qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng, n\u00ean thay v\u00ec ch\u00f4n b\u00e0 trong hang r\u1ed3i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, h\u1ecd r\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c ra s\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng, n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cCho b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng (Seigneur du fleuve) <\/em>[Thu\u1ef7 Th\u1ea7n] v\u00ec l\u00fac s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 gian d\u00e2m v\u1edbi h\u1eafn\u201d<\/i>[1]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1m ti\u1ec7n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u00f4 u\u1ebf n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1edf b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng Agnus Dei <\/em>[2]<\/a>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay qu\u1ef7<\/em> [3]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Trong ba k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Borri vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i xoay chi\u1ec1u, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngoa ngo\u1eaft trong ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n – T\u1ea1i v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d:<\/p>\n Borri c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t: theo t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7, <\/i>th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00abgi\u00e1o h\u00f3a\u00bb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n L\u00fd do th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh:<\/p>\n Theo M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi<\/i> ((le D\u00e9calogue), truy\u1ec1n cho Moise (M\u00f4i-se) trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh[4]<\/a> , sau khi nghe l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, Moise xu\u1ed1ng n\u00fai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n 1- \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n 2- Ta l\u00e0 Yahv\u00e9 (Gi\u00ea-H\u00f4-Va), \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ng\u01b0\u01a1i [Moise] ra kh\u1ecfi x\u1ee9 Ai C\u1eadp, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 giam n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n 3- Ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n 4- Ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb7n ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o, tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n 5- Ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ef3 l\u1ea1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 ch\u00fang. Ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t: K\u1ebb n\u00e0o gh\u00e9t ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ba, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 6- Ta s\u1ebd ban \u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn ta[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u (3, 4, 5, 6) tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1ea1y Moise kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi<\/i>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u00e3 ghi trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh nghi\u00e3 cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, Borri ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>: kh\u00f4ng th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7<\/i>, <\/i>cho n\u00ean <\/i>c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a <\/i>d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/i><\/p>\n K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong<\/i> l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 <\/i>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c La M\u00e3 in ra v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1631, qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c” cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u00abs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u00bb n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, <\/i>m\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng tung ho\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn sau Borri, nh\u01b0 de Rhodes, Chevreuil … c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00eam \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1edb l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u1ecd t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u00f4 c\u1edb<\/i> \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, hai ng\u00f2i b\u00fat \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, trong s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed An-Nam<\/i> (Cours d’Histoire Annamite)<\/i> (1875) vi\u1ebft cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Minh M\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa, <\/i>d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho linh m\u1ee5c Louis-Eug\u00e8ne Louvet, ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh Minh M\u1ea1ng N\u00e9ron<\/i>, trong b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nam K\u1ef3 (La Cochinchine Religieuse <\/i>(1885), t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t\u201d \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u vua Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u201cc\u0103n c\u1ee9\u201d v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u00abt\u1ed9i \u00e1c\u00bb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u00abcan thi\u1ec7p\u00bb v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t theo t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7<\/i>, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u00abkhai ho\u00e1\u00bb, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai Ph\u00e1p<\/i> ti\u1ebfp tay trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c t\u00edn, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1963, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra trong cu\u1ed1n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, <\/i>c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u00abNg\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c<\/b>, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u da kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea9y ra th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khinh b\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 da tr\u1eafng<\/b> v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 khinh b\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. C\u00e1i hay cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u00e9m \u0111ang khinh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u. Cho n\u00ean <\/i>h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e0u da kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 b\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u (hommes de couleurs) trong ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u l\u00e0 k\u00e9m, \u0111\u00e1ng khinh, th\u00ec m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111en, v\u00e0ng, nh\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ecf, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u.<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong \u00f3c, n\u00ean khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u da\u00bb.<\/i>[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Ch\u00ednh quan ni\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t<\/i>, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i> h\u1ecd theo t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00f4n th\u1edd ma qu\u1ef7, <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u00abgi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n\u00bb h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m.<\/p>\n L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, Borri m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00abkhai ho\u00e1\u00bb n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c: chi\u00eam tinh <\/i>v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/i><\/p>\n Khoa chi\u00eam tinh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/b><\/p>\n Borri d\u00f9ng m\u00f4n chi\u00eam tinh <\/i>nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 \u201ckh\u00ed gi\u1edbi\u201dl\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t k\u1ef9, ngay \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 “ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn“<\/i> h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u.<\/p>\n Chi\u00eam tinh l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, \u1edf c\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1eabn T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n – V\u1ec1 chi\u00eam tinh: Trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0,<\/i> l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m Qu\u00fd H\u1ee3i [t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 178, tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean] \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/i> li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ghi nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, sao ch\u1ed5i<\/i>… trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u1edf Trung qu\u1ed1c [7]<\/a>, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc s\u1eed gia L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i s\u1eed T\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c<\/i> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam,<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/i> ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau: <\/i><\/p>\n “Qu\u00fd T\u1ef5, H\u01b0ng Th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (995) (T\u1ed1ng Thu\u1ea7n Ho\u00e1 n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0) m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, th\u00e1ng 2, ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 m\u00f9i, m\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t, nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c<\/b>” <\/em>[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea9y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh (980-1009), ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 m\u00f9i, th\u00e1ng 2, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 2, n\u0103m Qu\u00fd T\u1ef5 (995).<\/i><\/p>\n S\u00e1ch Thi\u1ec1n uy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp anh<\/i>[9]<\/a> cho bi\u1ebft: Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n (?-1134), khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1ef6 Lan th\u00e1i h\u1eadu, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn l\u1eddi s\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0m Thi\u00ean (Trung qu\u1ed1c) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:<\/i><\/p>\n “X\u1ee9 Giao Ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi x\u1ee9 Thi\u00ean Tr\u00fac, khi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn Giang \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u1edf Luy L\u00e2u <\/em>[10]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00f4i b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m v\u1ecb t\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m quy\u1ec3n kinh r\u1ed3i.<\/em>[11]<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n V\u1eady <\/i>\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Luy L\u00e2u [Thu\u1eadn Th\u00e0nh, B\u1eafc Ninh], th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Giao Ch\u00e2u, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi S\u0129 Nhi\u1ebfp (187-266), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Giang \u0110\u00f4ng [Trung Qu\u1ed1c].<\/p>\n \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi Charlemagne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh th\u0103ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> (Empereur Occidental) (800-814), m\u1edbi h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Giao Ch\u00e2u s\u1edbm h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kho\u1ea3ng 600 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n N\u00ean khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt (m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, b\u1ea9y, t\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7), \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i, <\/i>v\u00e0 <\/i>nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi b\u00e0 Orsola c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb n\u1eef \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1eb5m n\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt (xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, ph\u1ea7n III) tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a hai linh m\u1ee5c Borri v\u00e0 Buzomi, th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o<\/i> c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c<\/i>hi\u00eam tinh,<\/i> ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Cardano, della Porta. N\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nostradamus (1503-1566) ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Les Proph\u00e9ties<\/i> (L\u1eddi s\u1ea5m), t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 S\u1ea5m Tr\u1ea1ng Tr\u00ecnh<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam (1491-1585). Nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, v\u00ec n\u0103m 1600, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00e2u: “Ho\u00e0nh s\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1i, v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i dung th\u00e2n<\/i>“[12]<\/a>, Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng nghe theo, v\u1ec1 Nam, l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nostradamus, hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u1edd m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi\u00eam tinh.<\/p>\n M\u00f4n chi\u00eam tinh<\/i> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. M\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n Borri d\u00f9ng chi\u00eam tinh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00faa S\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1eed K\u1ef3<\/b><\/p>\n Trong Ph\u1ea7n II, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI, K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, <\/i>Borri gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng chi\u00eam tinh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o:<\/i><\/p>\n “\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c (\u00e9clipse) <\/em>[13]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t gi\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 khoa chi\u00eam tinh, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 chi\u00eam tinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 chi\u00eam tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng.<\/em><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa; c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u1ebf t\u1eed, c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o cho ch\u00faa tin t\u1ee9c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch <\/em>[14]<\/a> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta, n\u00ean h\u1ecd t\u00ednh sai, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 sai v\u00e0i gi\u1edd, h\u1ecda ho\u1eb1n m\u1edbi t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i sai n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i khi \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u00fang, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00faa th\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi \u0111o\u00e1n sai th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia.”<\/em>[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 k\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a Borri v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n chi\u00eam tinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi ch\u00faa S\u00e3i, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a chi\u00eam tinh trong vi\u1ec7c cai tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 d\u00f9ng chi\u00eam tinh \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Borri vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp:<\/i><\/p>\n “M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea9y ra, ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh v\u1ec1 gi\u1edd gi\u1ea5c v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00f3. T\u1edbi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u1edf m\u1ed7i t\u1ec9nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c \u00f4ng, quan tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7, t\u01b0\u1edbng so\u00e1i, k\u1ef5 s\u0129, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i trong v\u00f9ng<\/i>.[…]<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u v\u1edbi ph\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng, ra kh\u1ecfi dinh c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; ch\u00faa, m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o tang, \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u, theo sau l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, s\u1eafp b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1y hai ba l\u1ea1y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, kh\u1ea5n l\u1eddi ai \u0111i\u1ebfu cho nh\u1eefng lao kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. B\u1edfi h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eadt hay nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng R\u1ed3ng \u0103n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi <\/b>hay m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ta n\u00f3i: Tr\u0103ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, hay \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u00f3i: Da, an, nua, da, an, het, <\/b>ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda<\/b>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n h\u1ebft tr\u0103ng” <\/em>[16]<\/a>.<\/u><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Trong c\u00e2u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ta th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m R\u1ed3ng<\/b>. Nh\u01b0ng R\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Borri (t\u1ee9c R\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y) kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m R\u1ed3ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Borri gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng quy t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00c2u-\u00c1 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y:<\/i><\/p>\n “H\u1ecd c\u0169ng tin nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta, r\u1eb1ng: nguy\u00ean do thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, tr\u00ean hai \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i R\u1ed3ng. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef R\u1ed3ng.<\/b> H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng cung ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng t\u00ean v\u1edbi ta, nh\u01b0: <\/i>B\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng [B\u00e9lier<\/i>], Kim ng\u01b0u [Taureau<\/i>] <\/i>Song t\u1eed [Les G\u00e9maux<\/i>] v.v… Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b>, thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u00ean l\u00fac c\u00f3 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, b\u1ecb R\u1ed3ng<\/b> \u0103n, khi \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u hay \u0111u\u00f4i con R\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/b> <\/i>(Dragon astronomique)“<\/em>[<\/strong>17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n \u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u: “h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef R\u1ed3ng”, <\/i>t\u1ecf \u00abnh\u00e3 \u00fd\u00bb c\u1ee7a Borri, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau<\/i> v\u1ec1 R\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 R\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n R\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt <\/i>trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 r\u1eafn, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n, c\u00e1 s\u1ea5u, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t hay hang h\u1ea7m trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/i><\/p>\n R\u1ed3ng <\/i>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh v\u1eadt,<\/i> t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. <\/i>Th\u01b0\u1eddng <\/i>\u0111\u1ef1\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, khi\u1ebfn R\u1ed3ng<\/i> b\u1ecb \u201ctuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n ra<\/i> nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft d\u00ed<\/i> tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc, c\u1ed9t k\u00e8o cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, ngai v\u00e0ng, th\u1ea1p th\u1ed1, l\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, nh\u1edd Borri ta th\u1ea5y R\u1ed3ng<\/i> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, bi\u1ebft \u0103n, bi\u1ebft nu\u1ed1t, <\/i>nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i g\u00e1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. <\/i>\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Borri, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m R\u1ed3ng<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n 1- Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Borri tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: “nguy\u00ean do thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng”<\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n 2- C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt c\u1ea7m tinh trong t\u1eed vi c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt trong cung ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chald\u00e9e, T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n 3- C\u00e2u “H\u1ecd v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef<\/i> R\u1ed3ng<\/i>“, d\u00f9 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai, v\u00ec: V\u1ec1 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn R\u1ed3ng<\/i><\/b>. <\/i>L\u00e0m sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i R\u1ed3ng<\/i>, trong chi\u00eam tinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t?<\/i><\/p>\n To\u00e0n Th\u01b0<\/i> ghi r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c<\/i>, t\u1eeb L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft<\/i>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn R\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n 4- R\u1ed3ng <\/i>\u1edf \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u, <\/i>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n linh<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu \u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/i> do \u1ef6 Lan \u0111\u01b0a ra. Sau khi b\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi, R\u1ed3ng th\u01b0a d\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng (1176-1210) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n 5- Khi c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i: “G\u1ea5u<\/i> \u0103n tr\u0103ng”<\/b>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i: “R\u1ed3ng<\/i> \u0103n tr\u0103ng”<\/b>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i>.<\/p>\n 6- Ch\u1eef R\u1ed3ng<\/i> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Borri ch\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 nghe n\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c nghe l\u1ea7m, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n d\u1ecbch sai, n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u: “d\u00e2n ch\u00fang d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng,<\/i><\/b> thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, n\u00ean l\u00fac c\u00f3 thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, b\u1ecb r\u1ed3ng<\/b> \u0103n, khi \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u hay \u0111u\u00f4i con R\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/b> <\/i>(Dragon astronomique)”.<\/p>\n 7- C\u00e2u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, Borri \u0111\u00e3 \u00abb\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t\u00bb <\/i>ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd nghi\u00e3 hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 R\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n 8- V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u coi R\u1ed3ng <\/i>nh\u01b0 con (qu\u00e1i) v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c, n\u00ean Borri m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u: “h\u1ecd n\u00f3i: Da, an, nua, da, an, het, (\u0111\u00e3 \u0103n n\u1eeda, \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n h\u1ebft) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: Con R\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n h\u1ebft c\u1ea3”<\/i>[18]<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n 9- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u201cngu si\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i G\u1ea5u<\/i> \u0103n tr\u0103ng, v\u00ec bi\u1ebft R\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/i><\/b>, n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng G\u1ea5u,<\/i> m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh si\u00eau th\u1ef1c<\/i> “G\u1ea5u \u0103n tr\u0103ng”. \u00dd nghi\u00e3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea5y, cao si\u00eau h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n 10- V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m R\u1ed3ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00f3n thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c, Borri vi\u1ebft: “h\u1ecd<\/i> \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd g\u00f5 c\u1ea3 n\u1ed3i, ni\u00eau xoong, ch\u1ea3o \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c nh\u00e0, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m cho R\u1ed3ng s\u1ee3, khi nghe th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0103n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 m\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t nu\u1ed1t ra<\/i>.”[19]<\/a><\/p>\n \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con R\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebft \u0103n, bi\u1ebft m\u1eeda, <\/i><\/b>trong quan ni\u1ec7m T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n 11- Borri c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n: “m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, b\u1ecb R\u1ed3ng \u0103n, khi \u0111i v\u00e0o<\/i> \u0111\u1ea7u hay \u0111u\u00f4i con R\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n<\/i>“. V\u1eady R\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ea7u Borri nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y,<\/i> n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef R\u1ed3ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n <\/i>– Dragon astronomique<\/i>, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7u <\/i>v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i R\u1ed3ng<\/i> \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho hai \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, R\u1ed3ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh v\u1eadt<\/i>, ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n ra <\/i>\u1edf \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u00e0 v\u1eadt linh thi\u00eang cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd, <\/i>r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi s\u1eed s\u00e1ch, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, <\/i>c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tin r\u1eb1ng R\u1ed3ng<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c<\/i>, cho n\u00ean Borri m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft: m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng b\u1ecb r\u1ed3ng \u0103n,<\/i> v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a r\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea1c, m\u1eeda.<\/i><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m R\u1ed3ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u R\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1ch s\u1eed, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta c\u1ea7n xem hai b\u1ed9 s\u1eed x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd <\/i>v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>[20]<\/a> <\/i>\u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 R\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao: Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n, khi so\u1ea1n L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t <\/i>(1949) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c. <\/i>Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng (1960) cho r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd<\/i> c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia nh\u00e0 L\u00ea s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i theo tinh th\u1ea7n Nho gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0<\/i>. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u00f3m Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean lo\u1ea1i \u0111i, khi vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd<\/i> c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0<\/i>.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>ghi trong Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> m\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n Khi \u0111\u1ebfm R\u1ed3ng<\/i> trong Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i>, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh<\/i> (980-1005): <\/b>R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/i>, trong 25 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: H\u1ed3i c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, vua m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i cha m\u1eb9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd L\u00ea \u0111em v\u1ec1 nu\u00f4i, n\u1eb1m ng\u1ee7, c\u00f3 “con r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng che ph\u1ee7 \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/i>“[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 <\/i>(1010-1028): R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n<\/i> trong 18 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec: th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m Canh Tu\u1ea5t (1010): “X\u01b0a vua th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh Hoa L\u01b0 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, b\u00e8n d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 ra th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i La. L\u00fac d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed7 thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf thuy\u1ec1n ng\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u0103ng Long<\/i>“[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng<\/i> (1028-1054): R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra 2 l\u1ea7n <\/i>trong 26 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec:<\/i> n\u0103m K\u1ef7 T\u1ecb (1029) “R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n C\u00e0n Nguy\u00ean”<\/i>. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec7n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n n\u1ec1n, vua cho d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, x\u00e2y th\u00eam, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eafp th\u00e0nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Long Th\u00e0nh<\/i>\u201d[23]<\/a>. N\u0103m Gi\u00e1p th\u00e2n (1044), th\u00e1ng 2, vua th\u00e2n chinh \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn. “Th\u00e1ng 8, vua mang qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ebfn ph\u1ee7 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n \u1edf thuy\u1ec1n vua<\/i>“[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng <\/i>(1054-1072): R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra 24 l\u1ea7n,<\/i> trong 19 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng<\/i> (1072-1127): R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra 20 l\u1ea7n<\/i>, trong 56 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng <\/i>(1128-1138): R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra 2 l\u1ea7n, <\/i>trong 10 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Anh T\u00f4ng <\/i>(1138-1175), R\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra 2 l\u1ea7n<\/i>, trong 37 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0110\u1eddi L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng<\/i> (1176-1210), L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng<\/i> (1211-1224) \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng<\/i> (1224-1225) R\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n.<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao?<\/p>\n Xin t\u1ea1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh, L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 v\u00e0 L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3ng <\/i>hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n.<\/i><\/p>\n R\u1ed3ng<\/i> \u0111\u1ea1t cao \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (1054-1072): l\u00e0m vua 19 n\u0103m, 24 l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; c\u00f3 n\u0103m hai, ba l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1068, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh (1069). L\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 3 th\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/i>ghi r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng <\/i>(xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 25) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n: vua \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng, k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1, gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nghe tin \u1ef6 Lan tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, vua ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u00e8n quay l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng nh\u01b0 trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd<\/i> To\u00e0n th\u01b0<\/i>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd<\/i> c\u1ee7a L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u theo m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u1ef6 Lan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n), v\u00ec t\u1eeb Th\u0103ng Long xu\u1ed1ng kinh th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ec7 [\u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n, Vijaya] \u1edf Quy Nh\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u1ec1 hai l\u01b0\u1ee3t, v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1nh nhau m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba th\u00e1ng<\/i>. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> ghi r\u00f5 l\u1ecbch h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. V\u1eady chi ti\u1ebft “Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh thua, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh k\u00e9m \u1ef6 Lan, b\u00e8n quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh n\u1eefa<\/i>” l\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ra? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh \u1ef6 Lan tung ra, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 r\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n<\/i> \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u00e0, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm “thi\u00ean m\u1ec7nh”.<\/p>\n \u1ef6 Lan nguy\u00ean phi<\/b><\/p>\n Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef9, ta th\u1ea5y, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb khi \u1ef6 Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean phi.<\/i><\/p>\n N\u0103m 1064, L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng 40 tu\u1ed5i, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 con trai, ph\u1ea3i \u0111i c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1. Khi xa gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a D\u00e2u, thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0ng Si\u00eau Lo\u1ea1i (B\u1eafc Ninh), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1a c\u00e2y lan kh\u00f4ng ra xem; th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1, vua tri\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m cung phi, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1ef6 Lan (d\u1ef1a g\u1ed1c lan)[26]<\/a>. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1064, vua x\u00e2y th\u00eam h\u00e0nh cung \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng<\/i> hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 1065, m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p, r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng<\/i> hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n Di\u1ec7u Linh, g\u00e1c Du Thi\u1ec1m n\u01a1i nguy\u00ean phi \u1ef6 Lan \u1edf<\/i>. N\u0103m 1066, \u1ef6 Lan sinh th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u00e0n \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m qu\u00fd phi, r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng<\/i> hi\u1ec7n trong cung th\u00e1i t\u1eed.<\/i><\/p>\n T\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u1ef6 Lan, r\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec7n ra li\u00ean mi\u00ean; m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean phi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hai v\u1ee5 r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng<\/i> hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf g\u00e1c Du Thi\u1ec1m n\u01a1i nguy\u00ean phi \u1edf n\u0103m 1065 v\u00e0 trong cung th\u00e1i t\u1eed, n\u0103m 1066, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh<\/i> c\u1ee7a hai m\u1eb9 con, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng giao cho b\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh<\/i> khi vua \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, n\u0103m 1069.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 L\u00fd tin d\u1ecb \u0111oan, nh\u01b0ng trong Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh<\/i>, L\u00fd T\u1ebf Xuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5:“\u00d4ng <\/i>[L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t] r\u1ea5t gh\u00e9t d\u1ecb \u0111oan, cho n\u00ean trong sinh th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chu\u1ed9ng ma qu\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1t, l\u00e0m m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u00f4ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd nh\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1edd ph\u00fac th\u1ea7n c\u1ea3<\/i>” [27]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf, chuy\u1ec7n R\u1ed3ng <\/i>hi\u1ec7n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi “th\u1eddi” L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, do m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh cao h\u01a1n, l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u1ef6 Lan nguy\u00ean phi?<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 1-2-1072, L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng (1072-1127), l\u00ean ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc quan t\u00e0i, m\u1edbi 6 tu\u1ed5i. \u1ef6 Lan s\u1ee3 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu h\u1ecd D\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng s\u1ebd n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, b\u00e8n \u0111em D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu v\u00e0 76 th\u1ecb n\u1eef v\u00e0o cung Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, ch\u00f4n theo l\u0103ng Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng [28]<\/a>. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh kh\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd sau n\u00e0y, n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb h\u1eadu h\u1ecda cho con, \u1ef6 Lan t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cg\u1ed9t r\u1eeda\u201d t\u1ed9i \u00e1c [29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i s\u01b0 L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 tay \u1ef6 Lan. B\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y r\u1ed3ng<\/i> hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u<\/i><\/b>. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi b\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y 25-7-\u0110inh D\u1eadu (24-8-1117)[30]<\/a> \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p, n\u0103m \u0110inh M\u00f9i (1127) khi L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, r\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Trong 10 n\u0103m L\u00fd Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, r\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n ra hai l\u1ea7n. L\u00fd Anh T\u00f4ng (1138-1175) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i m\u1edbi ba tu\u1ed5i, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u00f4 Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh (1102-1179), \u1edf ng\u00f4i 37 n\u0103m, r\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n ra 2 l\u1ea7n<\/i><\/b>. L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng (1176-1210), k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y ba tu\u1ed5i, T\u00f4 Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba n\u0103m; sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u00e0 L\u00fd suy d\u1ea7n, t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i v\u00e0 r\u1ed3ng<\/i> v\u00e0ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn h\u1eb3n<\/i><\/b>.<\/i><\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u00e0 L\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng<\/i>, r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t<\/i>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t: \u0111\u00e1nh T\u1ed1ng, b\u00ecnh Chi\u00eam, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t, L\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u1edd th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u1ef6 Lan nguy\u00ean phi. \u1ef6 Lan l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, con b\u00e0, trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n,<\/i> tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0; l\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd vi\u1ebft: “\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c, vua v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u01a1i th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 tham v\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c k\u1ebf d\u00e2n sinh<\/i>“[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, c\u00e1c cao t\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u im l\u1eb7ng, ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng. B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p gi\u1eefa Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ef6 Lan, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u1ef6 Lan c\u0169ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/i> \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII.<\/p>\n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: “\u0110o\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i trang, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng ai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t pho s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thu g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i trong l\u00f2ng thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng Bi\u1ec7n<\/i>“[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c \u1ef6 Lan d\u00f9ng R\u1ed3ng<\/i> <\/b>nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt thi\u00eang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh <\/i>c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c cho tri\u1ec1u Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 con b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/i> h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tin nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u1ef6 Lan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf mang Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng<\/i> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII; r\u1ed3i Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m Y\u00ean t\u1eed, <\/i>th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII.<\/p>\n Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng<\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra: T\u1ea1i sao R\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb \u201ctuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n? N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, t\u1ea1i sao nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng R\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 \u1ef6 Lan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai l\u00fd do:<\/p>\n 1- Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o “th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”, m\u1edf mang v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/i>D\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1edbt tin d\u1ecb \u0111oan \u0111i.<\/p>\n 2- Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ba l\u1ea7n \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, <\/i>t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o uy t\u00edn v\u1edbi to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn R\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 L\u00fd t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i \u0111\u00e3 45 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi T\u00f4 Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh qua \u0111\u1eddi (1179), Cao T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai qu\u1ea3n. Cao T\u00f4ng (1176-1210), l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0103n ch\u01a1i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9, tin th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n, ma qu\u1ef7, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u1ea7m than ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/i> n\u00f3i r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/i><\/p>\n “Vua <\/i>[Cao T\u00f4ng] t\u00ednh s\u1ee3 s\u1ea5m, m\u1ed7i khi s\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. C\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n D\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1ng s\u1ea5m. G\u1eb7p khi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m, vua sai D\u01b0 gi\u00e1ng s\u1ea5m. D\u01b0 ng\u1eedng m\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fa. Ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Vua c\u0103n v\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u1ea7n r\u0103n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, n\u00e0o ng\u1edd n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3<\/i>.”[33]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Cao T\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft. Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng (1211-1224) l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng, ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u00ean, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 trao cho Tr\u1ea7n T\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1nh l\u00e0 anh Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba (cha Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh). L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i cho con g\u00e1i nh\u1ecf, 7 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0 Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vua (1224). L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u00fa h\u1ecd Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh, \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0110i\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy s\u1ee9 trong tri\u1ec1u, b\u00e8n cho ch\u00e1u v\u00e0o cung h\u1ea7u Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng, vua th\u00edch l\u1eafm[34]<\/a>. Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cu\u1ed9c “h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n” gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ee9a nh\u1ecf: Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh, l\u00ean t\u00e1m v\u1edbi Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng, l\u00ean b\u1ea3y. Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho ch\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, cha l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1eeba nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng 18 tu\u1ed5i, th\u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 con, Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1eaft Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng b\u1ecf Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng, l\u1ea5y Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean, l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5u (anh Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 mang ba th\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ra \u0111\u1eddi<\/i> v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: ba l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5.<\/i><\/p>\n Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng (1225-1258), ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt qua lu\u1eadn l\u00fd minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. N\u0103m 1247, m\u1edf k\u1ef3 thi Tam gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m 1253, l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sai L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u so\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd, <\/i>n\u0103m 1272, L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u so\u1ea1n xong <\/i>b\u1ed9 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. <\/i>N\u0103m 1258, 41 tu\u1ed5i, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con, xu\u1ea5t gia \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt, khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m Y\u00ean T\u1eed<\/i>, h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 hai, sau Thi\u1ec1n t\u00f4ng V\u00f4 Ng\u00f4n Th\u00f4ng<\/i>, \u0111\u1eddi L\u00fd.<\/p>\n D\u00f2ng Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 L\u00e3o h\u1ecdc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tam gi\u00e1o, n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t “hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 tin, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn R\u1ed3ng v\u00e0ng<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ba l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Tam gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m h\u1ecd th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n Ba l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/b><\/p>\n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Temujin<\/i> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1200; n\u0103m 1206, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n Tchingis Khagan,<\/i> t\u1ee9c Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n <\/i>(Gengis Khan), nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1[35]<\/a>. N\u0103m 1209, chi\u1ebfm Trung \u00c1. Th\u00e1ng 8-1227, Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n ch\u1ebft. \u00d4-G\u00f4-\u0110\u00e2y, con th\u1ee9 ba l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. 1234, chi\u1ebfm mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Trung Hoa, Afghanistan v\u00e0 Iran; 1240, t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 Kiev. 1241, \u00d4-G\u00f4-\u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00f4i h\u00e3n b\u1ecb tranh ch\u1ea5p trong 10 n\u0103m. 1251, M\u00f4ng-ke (Mongka), con th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u00f4-Lui (con \u00fat Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e3n. M\u00f4ng-ke ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. 1279, d\u1eb9p xong nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i<\/i>. H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t (Kubilai), em M\u00f4ng-ke, m\u1edf k\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean. <\/i>N\u0103m 1294, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t ch\u1ebft. Sau hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u201cl\u00e0m ch\u1ee7\u201d th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean suy, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00eam 74 n\u0103m n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng chinh ph\u1ee5c ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng. Hai anh em M\u00f4ng-Ke v\u00e0 Kubilai \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7u, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng Nam T\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1; b\u00e8n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh V\u00e2n Nam, chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, d\u00f9ng th\u1ebf g\u1ecdng k\u00ecm \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean Nam T\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1253, Mong Ke sai H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Thai (Uriyangqatai) \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00fd (V\u00e2n Nam). N\u0103m 1254, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1eafc. N\u0103m 1256, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00fd m\u1ea5t, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00f9ng V\u00e2n Nam v\u00e0o tay M\u00f4ng c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1257, M\u00f4ng-ke h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Thai ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, do Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u00e0 vua m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1nh M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, trong cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 8 \u0110inh T\u1ef5 (1257)[36]<\/a>, Ng\u1ed9t L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ee3p Thai sai s\u1ee9 sang chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, Ng\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ra qu\u00e2n, chia l\u00e0m hai l\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Thao.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 9 \u0110inh T\u1ef5 (1257)[37]<\/a> Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng sai ch\u00e1u ru\u1ed9t l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n, con c\u1ea3 Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5u, \u0111em qu\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p \u0110inh T\u1ef5 (17-1-1258), Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 huy, ra qu\u00e2n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf B\u00ecnh l\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean<\/i> (b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Thao). Th\u1ebf gi\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, qu\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat v\u1ec1 Th\u0103ng Long. Gi\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 Th\u0103ng Long. Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng lui binh xu\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean M\u1ea1c (kh\u00fac S\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea3y qua H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean). Vua h\u1ecfi \u00fd Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9, Th\u00e1i s\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ea7n ch\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ec7 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eebng lo<\/i>“[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 29-1-1258, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed Ho\u1ea3ng (t\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng sau n\u00e0y) ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng, ph\u00e1 gi\u1eb7c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea7u[39]<\/a>, chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh.[40]<\/a> K\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con l\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed Tr\u1ea7n Ho\u1ea3ng t\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, l\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng (1258). Ng\u00e0y 11-8-1259, M\u00f4ng-ke ch\u1ebft. Hai em M\u00f4ng Ke l\u00e0 A-ric Bu-Ke v\u00e0 H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t (Kubilai), tranh ng\u00f4i h\u00e3n. N\u0103m 1260, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00e3n. N\u0103m 1264, A-ric Bu-Ke xin h\u00e0ng. H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 Y\u00ean kinh (B\u1eafc Kinh ng\u00e0y nay), \u0111\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (1274) v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng (1279).<\/p>\n Trong 19 n\u0103m, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u1ea1i giao cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi[41]<\/a>. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 trong 28 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1264, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1272, L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u so\u1ea1n xong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd.<\/i><\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 1- 4 n\u0103m \u0110inh S\u1eedu (5-5-1277), Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0.<\/p>\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tin Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n L\u1ea5y c\u1edb Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u00ean ng\u00f4i[42]<\/a>, kh\u00f4ng xin ph\u00e9p, ng\u00e0y 20-8-1278, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t sai L\u1ec5 b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 S\u00e0i Thung sang “h\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i”, \u0111\u00f2i Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng sang ch\u1ea7u. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 1283, H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t sai Toa \u0110\u00f4 (Sogatu) \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh. Thua. B\u00e8n m\u1edf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi: chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Huy \u0111\u1ed9ng 50 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n[43]<\/a>, ng\u00e0y 21-7-1284, phong con trai l\u00e0 Tho\u00e1t Hoan (Toyan) l\u00e0m Tr\u1ea5n Nam V\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng A-ric Kha-y-a (Ariq-Qaya), \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t Nam T\u1ed1ng, th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i binh, c\u00f9ng \u00d4 M\u00e3 Nhi, h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Toa \u0110\u00f4 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, l\u1eadp th\u1ebf g\u1ecdng k\u00ecm, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 10 Qu\u00fd M\u00f9i (1283), Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng phong Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00e1ng t\u00e1m Gi\u00e1p th\u00e2n (1284), Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u, h\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y, b\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea7u, ki\u1ec3m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20 v\u1ea1n. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, qu\u00e2n ta thua to, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf Th\u0103ng Long, H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh, b\u00f4n ba nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. Hai vua Tr\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa An T\u01b0, em \u00fat Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfn cho Tho\u00e1t Hoan, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm k\u1ebf ho\u00e3n binh. Chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p n\u0103m Gi\u00e1p Th\u00e2n (1284) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u n\u0103m \u1ea4t D\u1eadu (1285), H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Toa \u0110\u00f4 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf tr\u1eadn T\u00e2y K\u1ebft. Tho\u00e1t Hoan, \u00d4 M\u00e3 Nhi, ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 T\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng hai n\u0103m \u0110inh H\u1ee3i (1287), H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t sai Tho\u00e1t Hoan, A B\u00e1t X\u00edch, \u00c1o L\u1ed7 X\u00edch, \u00d4 M\u00e3 Nhi, Ph\u00e0n Ti\u1ebfp \u0111em h\u01a1n 30 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n sang \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00e1o th\u00f9. Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng sai H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i binh tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef. Hai tr\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn V\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3n, th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m \u0110inh H\u1ee3i (1287) Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1edbp kho l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean. V\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m M\u1eadu T\u00fd (1288) H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean \u1edf tr\u1eadn B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u00d4 M\u00e3 Nhi, Ph\u00e0n Ti\u1ebfp, T\u00edch L\u1ec7 C\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. Tho\u00e1t Hoan ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 T\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng sang \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc ta n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t<\/b><\/p>\n B\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Histoire du Monde<\/i> c\u1ee7a Jean Duch\u00e9 (Ph\u00e1p)[44]<\/a> k\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft \u00c1-\u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ba l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea9y lui, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ghi: sau khi kinh \u0111\u00f4 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm, vua Annam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c Kubilai! Ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc: qu\u00e2n Nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng “h\u1ee3p th\u1ee7y th\u1ed5” n\u00ean r\u00fat v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “th\u1ee7y th\u1ed5”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf Iran, c\u00e1i l\u1ea1nh th\u1ea5u x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Moscou, Kiev. M\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 chuy\u00ean \u0111i ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng, c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ee7y binh ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y, \u1eaft thua. Thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, ti\u1ebfn sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, xin “m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh, vua Tr\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i: n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o ti\u1ec7n sang Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3. Ta l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u00eau th\u1ed5 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, khi\u1ebfn M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp. Thi\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Hai l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o Th\u0103ng Long. Th\u0103ng Long tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 tan n\u00e1t. Khi \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, qu\u00e2n ta \u00edt, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n, d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt, \u0111\u1eb7t \u1ed5 ph\u1ee5c k\u00edch \u1edf nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Khi thua, ta ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhanh, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng truy k\u00edch n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i, vua gi\u1ecfi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh gi\u00fap th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 n\u1eef ki\u1ec7t: Linh T\u1eeb Qu\u1ed1c M\u1eabu <\/i>(v\u1ee3 L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, m\u1eb9 Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng). Khi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd m\u1ea5t ng\u00f4i, b\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Thi\u00ean C\u1ef1c, l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9. B\u00e0 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh: Khi Th\u0103ng Long th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, “b\u00e0 \u1edf Ho\u00e0ng Giang, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i t\u1eed, cung phi, c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 con c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tay gi\u1eb7c, l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a gi\u1ea5u qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n<\/i>“[45]<\/a>. Khi Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 \u00e9p Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng, l\u1ea5y Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5u. Tr\u1ea7n Li\u1ec5u (anh Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh, cha Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n) u\u1ea5t \u1ee9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Linh T\u1eeb Qu\u1ed1c M\u1eabu \u0111\u1ee9ng ra h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i. Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n che ch\u1edf cho anh<\/i>. Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a cha,<\/i> m\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh gi\u00fap vua, gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean coi Linh T\u1eeb Qu\u1ed1c M\u1eabu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n,<\/i> c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sai. B\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m K\u1ef7 M\u00f9i (1259)[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ba l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean vai, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ba vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd <\/em>[47]<\/a> d\u00f9 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch g\u1eaft gao, nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft: Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0, Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u0169 L\u00e3o… v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng anh em trong h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Quang Kh\u1ea3i (con Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng), Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt (con Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng), Tr\u1ea7n B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng. Ba vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qu\u1ef3 m\u1ecdp d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n H\u1ed1t T\u1ea5t Li\u1ec7t, <\/i>m\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111e d\u1ecda.<\/p>\n B\u00ed quy\u1ebft: Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/i> D\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed trong thu\u1eadt cai tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tu th\u00e2n, s\u1eeda m\u00ecnh, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ba tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 thi Tam gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1227. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m Y\u00ean T\u1eed,<\/i> m\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. V\u1ecb tha, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. N\u00ean khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn Tam gi\u00e1o<\/i> l\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, hai \u00f4ng ch\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, tri\u1ebft, ti\u00ean phong, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Kho\u00e1 h\u01b0 l\u1ee5c<\/i>, Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ph\u00fa N\u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: C\u01b0 tr\u1ea7n l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea1o. <\/i>Trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn R\u1ed3ng<\/i> l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do s\u00e2u sa d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua Tr\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n Ri\u00eang Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, v\u1ecb vua \u201cv\u0103n v\u00f5 to\u00e0n t\u00e0i\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1eebng danh Kho\u00e1 H\u01b0 L\u1ee5c <\/i>v\u00e0 b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nam <\/em>[48]<\/a> l\u00e0 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n<\/i>, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a <\/i>n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng vua tr\u1ebb, cha m\u1eb9 m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, \u0111ang \u0111\u00eam b\u1ecf kinh th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ed1n l\u00ean Y\u00ean T\u1eed \u0111i tu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh Tr\u1ea7n C\u1ea3nh-Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng. L\u1eddi v\u0103n m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t bi \u0111\u00e1t ng\u1ee5 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean 19 tu\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ngai v\u00e0ng; v\u00ec b\u1ecb ch\u00fa [Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9] \u00e9p duy\u00ean trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng<\/i>, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c khi Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, l\u00ean l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng, n\u0103m 41 tu\u1ed5i (1258), sau khi th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u1ea7n th\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n L\u00e0 k\u1ebb h\u1eadu sinh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, <\/i>kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch b\u00e0i T\u1ef1a <\/i> s\u00e1ch Thi\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nam <\/i>nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i>, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u0103ng Th\u1ee5c, trong Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng<\/i>, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/p>\n \u201cB\u00e0i t\u1ef1a tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu kh\u00fac tri\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Thi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf. [\u2026] M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u00e1n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Thi\u1ec1n, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u01a1, h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh v\u1eady. Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng; l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho n\u00ean b\u1ea3o l\u00e0: \u201cPh\u1eadt v\u00f4 Nam B\u1eafc\u201d v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/i>\u201d[50]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Thi\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng: khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb,<\/b> nh\u01b0 Borri vi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, VIII v\u00e0 IX, ph\u1ea7n II, K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, sau n\u00e0y Alexandre de Rhodes ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Nhung vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng Tam gi\u00e1o, b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd Th\u00edch Ca, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch con chi\u00ean d\u1eb5m \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e0i v\u1ecb cha m\u1eb9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd ghi l\u1ea1i trong K\u00fd s\u1ef1 <\/i>v\u00e0 trong B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m ng\u00e0y,<\/i> cho ta nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng c\u1edb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd l\u00e0m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1eebng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nho s\u0129 <\/i>\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u coi \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u201cman di\u201d.<\/p>\n B\u00f4i nh\u1ecd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tam gi\u00e1o<\/b><\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII, ph\u1ea7n II c\u1ee7a K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong,<\/i> v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n: Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong <\/i>(D’une br\u00e8ve connaissance des sectes de la Cochinchine), l\u00e0 b\u00e0i v\u0103n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Secte<\/b><\/i>,<\/b> Borri d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef secte <\/i>\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. <\/i>Ch\u1eef secte<\/i> n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 ng\u1eef nghi\u00e3, ch\u1eef Secte<\/i> \u1ea9n nghi\u00e3 x\u1ea5u, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i k\u00edn<\/i>, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 <\/i>(gourou) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 khe kh\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n [51]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef secte<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng Borri v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 <\/i>\u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef secte<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng, \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 “d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng” r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sectes<\/i> n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn, u m\u00ea<\/i>, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt, thanh l\u1ecdc. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Borri c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng: ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng s\u00e3i<\/i>. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf, nhan nh\u1ea3n, trong \u0111\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u00ean trong, khi c\u1ea7n h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng m\u1ed5 b\u1ee5ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng [52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 \u00fd t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Tam gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong l\u00e0 qu\u1ef7 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh<\/i>, Borri c\u00f2n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng “ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c” v\u1ec1 Th\u00edch Ca c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o; c\u1ed1t bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i “gi\u00e1o ho\u00e1” v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trong s\u1ea1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Borri “m\u00f9 t\u1ecbt” v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho “ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chung” c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t, de Rhodes v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 sau n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u00dd ch\u00ednh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII (ph\u1ea7n II, K\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong)<\/i> l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca [53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Cristoforo Borri b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i qua v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Th\u00edch Ca. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Xaca [Th\u00edch Ca, vi\u1ebft theo ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt] sinh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Xi\u00eam [?] m\u00e0 \u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u1edbi Aristote tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi. Theo Borri, Xaca sau khi suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 leo l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Xaca ng\u1eafm ch\u1ecb H\u1eb1ng (l’\u00e9toile Diane), sinh ra trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00eam, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, sinh trong ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a r\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea5u m\u00ecnh trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00eam<\/i>. Xaca k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 <\/b>(Il conclut que toutes les choses, tant physiques et naturelles que morales, ne sont rien<\/b>). \n
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